Psychological Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Fundamentals and Beyond
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Child and Adolescent Studies. Family, Couple and Systemic Therapy. Jung and Analytical Psychology. Selected Fiction, Biography and Memoir. Psychological Treatment of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Fundamentals and Beyond Author s: American Psychiatric Publishing Published: Clinical Psychology Catalogue No: Also by Martin M.
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Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder : fundamentals and beyond
Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: The heterogeneity of the population and the complexity of the disorder have been contributing factors. However, cognitive-behavioral treatments are showing great promise, particularly when delivered with pharmacotherapy and tailored to the unique characteristics of each OCD subtype.
After explicating the general, underlying features of the disorder, the contributors to this volume describe evidence-based behavioral and cognitive approaches, such as exposure and ritual prevention and cognitive restructuring. Jung and Analytical Psychology. Along with improvement in OCD, tics and muscle tensing also improved. Another study disclosed that different types of traumatic experiences are significantly greater among diagnosed individuals of compulsive hoarders. An award-winning researcher, Dr. Please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours. Saiz, and Ml Bousono.
The chapters in this volume, written by prominent specialists, provide practical, step-by-step descriptions of psychological approaches to treating OCD. After explaining the general, underlying features of the disorder, contributors describe evidence-based behavioral and cognitive approaches, such as exposure and ritual prevention and cognitive restructuring.
They also discuss how to apply these strategies with specific presentations of OCD, including fears of contamination; doubting and checking; incompleteness concerns; religious, sexual, and aggressive obsessions; and compulsive hoarding.
However, this segregation cannot show whether the same genetic factor is causing OCD across the family but the stratification of the samples by sex probands gives the evidence of heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is found that genes do their work via environment. There might be some non-shared environmental possibilities that may lead to the expression of OCD. These expressions could be pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections PANDAS , difference in parenting, and school activities [5].
Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with Chronic Tic Disorder
These studies provide good evidence of the transmission of OCD within families and twins but researchers still cannot offer a specific genetic paradigm for OCD and cannot specify exactly how genes and environments inversely influence one another. Secondly, the neuroscience paradigm mainly emphasizes the function of the brain and neurotransmitters.
Research findings suggest that OCD symptoms may involve communication errors among different parts of the brain, including the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex both in the front of the brain , the striatum, and the thalamus deeper parts of the brain. A series of parallel circuits involving cortical and subcortical regions are believed to be responsible for the intonation of repetitive behaviors.
Abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems- chemicals such serotonin, dopamine, glutamate and possibly others that send messages between brain cells are also involved in the disorder [6] , [7]. Even though the neuroimaging studies have pointed to cortico-basal ganglia circuits as being dysfunctional in OCD, it is still not clear what the functional abnormality is in these circuits in OCD and how they contribute to the expression of OCD symptoms.
Although it has been established that OCD has a neurobiological basis, the ultimate cause is still unknown.
INTRODUCTION
There has been some great improvement in the last decades in understanding the genetics and neurobiological factors related to OCD. Both genetic and neuroscience paradigm give their own explanations according to the research. This research provides good information for future studies.
However, the majority of the genetic research has been done in developed countries such as America because of the advancement and availability of technology. Also, the limited sample size of twin studies is not enough to make generalizations. Genetic research pointed to different genes but cannot specify how each of these genes reacts in specific environment.
Since, neuroscience is a new field its research area is very broad enough so that it cannot give absolute answer for OCD symptoms. These biological paradigms only provide the possible causes, but they cannot suggest specific treatment. Thirdly, like genetic and neuroscience paradigms, socio-cultural paradigm exposes its own explanation of OCD.
This paradigm focuses on the environmental influences and ignores both biological factors. Social influences including the stressful life events, social and occupational impairment have great influence in development of OCD. Many studies have pointed out that life-stress plays vital role in the onset and continuance of OCD. In addition, it is reported that past negative life events are significantly higher in pediatric OCD individuals compared to the control group.
Another study disclosed that different types of traumatic experiences are significantly greater among diagnosed individuals of compulsive hoarders. The fundamental assumption of the characteristics of OCD is that the presence of stress and its subsequent reaction triggers the impulsive thoughts, rituals and following emotional distress.
A study shows that individuals with more severe OCD symptoms tend to have poorer social functioning [8]. Although the socio-cultural paradigm tries to give conclusive causes of the symptoms of OCD, it cannot offer proper and effective treatment for this disease.
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Moreover, this paradigm does not focus on the individual because each individual with OCD might not be influenced by the society or culture in the same degree. Fourthly, there are several different psychological paradigms in terms of explaining and giving treatment for OCD which are beyond the genetic, neuroscience and social paradigms. The origin of the illness lay in the regular conflict between Ego and Superego and also sexual and aggressive impulsions. By using the regular techniques of free association and therapist interpretation, psychoanalysts try to help patients discover and overcome their underlying conflicts and defenses.
The traditional psychodynamic psychotherapy could not bring any significant change in the OCD patients during different trials [11]. Moreover, there are so far no verified data is found that shows improvement of using this therapy in the treatment of OCD [12].