La Flor del Desierto: Fondecyt, Stgo de Chile. Mineralium Deposita 41, Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 8 1 , Jahrbuch der Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Vol. Sernageomin, Stgo de Chile. Mineralogical Magazine, 77 6 , Mineralium Deposita 33, Domeyko collection of the University La Serena, Chile.
The Geology of Chile. The Geological Society London , pp. Anhui Anqing Huaining Co. Ore Geology Reviews 31, Ore Geology Reviews 14, Journal of Rare Earths 18 3 , Mineral Deposits 20 1 , Geology and Prospecting 32 5 , Geology and Prospecting 18 11 , ; Chaoyi Wang Geology and Prospecting 24 12 , ; Bailin Chen Mineral Deposits 13 3 , Fujian Fuzhou Fuqing Co.
Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang Mineral Deposits 22 4 , Geology of Fujian 25 2 , ; Jinzhang Zhang Mineral Deposits 32 4 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 15 4 , Mineral Deposits 25 2 , Gold Science and Technology 18 3 , Geology and Exploration 45 4 , Geology and Prospecting 36 1 , Geotectonica et Metallogenia 34 2 , Northwestern Geology 38 1 , Beijing Sinotop Appraisal Co.
Geology and Exploration 46 3 , Gansu Science and Technology 28 8 , , Gold Science and Technology 19 4 , Geology and Exploration 47 5 , Xiaodong Mao and Sijing Huang Geology and Prospecting 44 1 , Geology of Chemical Minerals 20 2 , Acta Geoscientica Sinica 26 suppl.
Gold Science and Technology 21 4 , Mineral Deposits 28 suppl. Gold Science and Technology 21 6 , Geology and Prospecting 22 3 , ; Canhui Huang Guangdong Non-Ferrous Metal Geology 1 , Zuwei Wang and Yongzhang Zhou Geotectonica et Metallogenia 26 2 , Guangxi Baise Leye Co. Geology and Prospecting 22 11 , ; Zhenxian Zhang Guangxi Geology 15 2 , Mineralium Deposita 38 1 , Gold 14 12 , Kongsbergite ] Xilin Li and Yutang Dai Kexue Tongbao 34 17 , Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 19 4 , Advance in Earth Sciences 19 suppl , Geological Bulletin of China 25 6 , Hebei Baoding Fuping Co.
Acta Mineralogica Sinica 6 4 , Geological Survey and Research 28 4 , Geology and Prospecting 43 2 , Fengshan Liu and Guohui Zhang Earth Science Frontiers 14 5 , Mineral Deposits 32 2 , Mineral Resources and Geology 24 1 , Acta Mineralogica Sinica 4, Geology and Prospecting 42 2 , Geology in China 34 2 , Hebei Geology and Mining Information 34 4 , Report on the Sino-Canadian Gold Project Gold Science and Technology 17 1 , Geology and Prospecting 30 1 , ; Dianhao Huang Mineral Deposits 18 3 , Heilongjiang Daxing'anling Huma Co.
Gold Science and Technology 22 1 , Geology and Exploration 46 4 , Ore Geology Reviews 37, Gold Science and Technology 13 5 , Mineral Deposits 28 1 , Changchun School of Metallurgy and Geology Gold Science and Technology 20 2 , Henan Luoyang Luanchuan Co. Jingwen Mao and Bierlein, F.
Meeting the Global Challenge, Vol. Geology and Prospecting 38 3 , Yanjing Chen, Pirajno, F. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration 29 5 , Geology and Exploration 47 2 , Mineral Deposits 23 1 , ; Yongfeng Li Mineral Deposits 25 suppl. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 25 3 , ; Hao Wang Geology and Exploration 46 6 , Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou Mineral Deposits 3 1 , ; Zhijun Wang Zongli Deng and Shoujing Jiao Journal of Chengdu College of Geology 17 3 , Jingwen Mao, Goldfarb, R.
Mineralium Deposita 37, Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 33 1 , Geology and Prospecting 27 7 , Geology and Prospecting 28 7 , , Geology and Prospecting 27 8 , Geology and Mineral Resources of South China 16 4 , Geology and Prospecting 34 4 , Geology and Prospecting 38 5 , Chao Chen and Fapeng Xie Northeastern Geological Science and Technology Information 11 2 , Hunan Changsha Liuyang Co. Siwei He and Minyun Sun Geology and Prospecting 22 3 , ; Zhengqin Li Geology and Prospecting 39 5 , Kongsbergite ] Guogao Yang and Wenfeng Zhu Acta Mineralogica Sinica 14 3 , ; Weining Zhou Mineral Resources and Geology 8 4 , Geology and Prospecting 30 2 , Geology and Prospecting 21 5 , ; Zhengqin Li The Canadian Mineralogist 38, ; Xingmin Luo Mineral Deposits 29 suppl.
Dianhao Huang and Baolin Wang Geology and Prospecting 34 2 , Ore Geology Reviews 20, Geology of Chemical Minerals 25 4 , Tianwei Guo and Zhongwen Han Geochemical Journal 40, Mineral Deposits 24 4 , Gold Science and Technology 20 1 , Acta Petrologica Sinica 30 1 , Jidong Guan and Xiaohong Chai Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 25 1 , Geology and Prospecting 42 1 , Siziwang Banner Siziwang Co. Geology and Prospecting 37 2 , Geoscience 25 5 , Mineral Deposits 10 3 , Mineral Deposits 33 4 , Harqin Banner Kalaqin Co.
Progress in Geophysics 26 4 , Hexigten Banner Keshiketeng Co. Fengyue Sun and Li Wang Mineral Deposits 30 5 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 19 3 , Geological Review 48 5 , Ongniud Banner Wengniute Co. Metal Mine 4 , Qunxue Gao and Ming Qian Gold Science and Technology 19 2 , Xiulan Nie and Wanrong Hou Northwestern Geology 47 2 , West Ujimqin Banner Xiwuzhumuqin Co. Mineral Deposits 26 2. International Journal of Coal Geology 71 , Jiangsu Nanjing Lishui Co. Mineral Deposits 4 4 , , Jiangxi Fuzhou Chongren Co.
Uranium Deposits of the World. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg , pp. Geology and Prospecting 23 6 , Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li Geological Review 50 1 , Mingxing Shi and Guirong Gao Resources Survey and Environment 27 2 , Mineral Resources and Geology 20 4 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 6 3 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 7 1 , Geology and Prospecting 32 5 , ; Weining Zhou Mineral Deposits 12 2 , Acta Petrologica Sinica 28 1 , Liyan Zhang and Jigang Tang Journal of Precious Metallic Geology 9 1.
Gold Science and Technology 17 3 , Yanbian Chaoxianzu Helong Co. Huanchun Duan and Shirong Zhu Mineral Resources and Geology 11 3 , Mineral Deposits 21 suppl. Dianfen Chen and Wenmao Zhou Mineral Deposits [Kuangchuang Dizhi] 14 2 , Gold Science and Technology 15 3 , Liaoning Chaoyang Jianping Co. Ore Geology Reviews 35, Science in China Series D: Mineral Deposits 22 2 , Geology and Exploration 46 1 , Earth Sciences 48 4 , Geology and Prospecting 44 4 , Kongsbergite ] Shuhua Wang Acta Mineralogica Sinica 12 3 , Ore Geology Reviews 23, Gold Science and Technology 18 2 , Mineral Deposits 26 4 , Liaodong Peninsula Yingkou Gaizhou Co.
Geology and Prospecting 34 3 , Ore Geology Reviews 22, Minerals, 7 8 , Haixi Da Qaidam Co. Mineral Deposits 25 3 , Mineral Deposits 32 1 , Shaanxi Baoji Feng Co. Geology and Mineral Resources Research 16 1 , Kongsbergite ] Peiyu Yang and Dequan Shuai Geology and Prospecting 36 4 , , Gold Geology 21 3 , Mineral Deposits 21 4 , Mineral Deposits 32 5 , Geology and Prospecting 43 4 , Baichuang Guo and Dongdong Zhao Gold Science and Technology 20 4 , Geological Journal of China Universities 16 2 , Geological Bulletin of China 29 9 , Yuehong Deng and Fu Huang Express Information of Mining Industry 3 3 , Gold Science and Technology 18 5 , , Geology and Prospecting 37 1 , Geological Survey and Research 31 3 , Mineral Deposits 21 3 , Journal of Geomechanics 10 2 , Geology in China 39 1 , Mineral Deposits 20 3 , Geological Bulletin of China 29 6 , Shandong Geology 17 1 , Geology and Exploration 47 3 , European Journal of Mineralogy 15 1 , Dongshan section; Dakaitou section; Jiuqu section.
Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 22 2 , , Geological Journal of China Universities 6 2 , Shanxi Datong Lingqiu Co. Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang Mineral Deposits 18 1 , 21; Shaozhi Zhou Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration 32 5 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 12 3.
Geology and Prospecting 29 11 , , 28; Shaozhi Zhou Geology and Prospecting 35 3 , , Debao Mao and Baofeng Shen Mineral Deposits 31 1 , Mineral Deposits 28 4 , Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen Journal of Guilin University of Technology 26 3 , Geological Bulletin of China 29 7 , Geotectonica et Metallogenia 23 3 , Geology in China 37 2 , ; Zhimin, Z. Economic Geology, 4 , Geology and Prospecting 10 2 , Geoscience 24 1 , Scientia Geologica Sinica 34 4 , American Mineralogist 64, Tibet Lhasa Damxung Co.
Mineral Deposits 29 6 , Acta Petrologica Sinica 29 4 , Mineral Deposits 31 4 , Mineral Deposits 30 3 , Acta Geoscientica Sinica 33 4 , Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 20 1 , Earth Science Frontiers 11 1 , Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 22 3 , Chinese Journal of Geology 25 1 , Fuquan Yang and Hai Wu Mineral Deposits 33 2 , Gold Geology 8 1 , Mineral Deposits 27 5 , Xinjiang Geology 25 3 , Xinjiang Geology 25 4 , Geology and Prospecting 39 2 , Geology and Prospecting 37 3 , Geology and Prospecting 29 7 , Geology in China 39 3 , Mineral Deposits 32 6 , Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 27, Acta Petrologica Sinica 24 3 , Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 30 3 , Ore Geology Reviews in press.
Mineral Deposits 25 4 , Wen Yan and Chaoyang Li Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry 11 4 , Zhejiang Lishui Longquan Co. Ore Geology Reviews 12, Mineral Deposits 13 3 , ; Wenhui Geng Geology and Prospecting 31 4 , Silver-bearing and associated minerals in El Zancudo deposit, Antioquia, Colombia. Resource Geology 57, Ore Geology Reviews, 72, Praha 20, 2, Silver-bearing veins in the Radetice ore deposit near Pribram and their mineralization.
Acta Montana, 67, in Czech. Acta Universitatis Carolinae — Geologica, , vol. Mineralien aus dem Uranrevier Horni Slavkov. Lapis 34 , ; 70 in German. Silber, Uran, Arsen und Heilquellen: Lapis 36 , ; Kongsbergite ] Fojt, B. Praha 24, in Czech with English abstract. Bernard JH et al. The Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland: Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin. Mineral species first described from Greenland.
Canadian Mineralogist, Special publication no.
In Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium P. The minerals of Greenland. Mineralogical Record 24 2: The Skaergaard PGE and gold deposit: Journal of Petrology, 56 8 , A contribution to the debate on its origin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Shalaby, Eugen Stumpfl, Hassan M. Similar limitations applied against diminutive, familiar, and colloquial variants not recognized as names proper, and "those that lead to confusion regarding sex"; [10] however, current law [11] allows registration of diminutive names.
In daily life, such women omit the "Mary of the Aznar , or M. The Registro Civil Civil Registry officially records a child's identity as composed of a forename simple or composite and the two surnames ; however, a child can be religiously baptized with several forenames, e.
Until the s, it was customary to baptize children with three forenames: Nowadays, baptizing with three or more forenames is usually a royal and noble family practice. In Spain, upon marrying, one does not change one's surname. In some instances, such as high society meetings, the partner's surname can be added after the person's surnames using the preposition de. This format is not used in everyday settings and has no legal value. In the generational transmission of surnames, the paternal surname's precedence eventually eliminates the maternal surnames from the family lineage.
Contemporary law allows the maternal surname to be given precedence, but most people [ citation needed ] observe the traditional paternal—maternal surname order. The two surnames of all siblings must be in the same order when recorded in the Registro Civil. Patrilineal surname transmission was not always the norm in Spanish-speaking societies. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century, [ citation needed ] when the current paternal-maternal surname combination norm was adopted, Hispanophone societies often practised matrilineal surname transmission, giving children the maternal surname, and, occasionally, giving children a grandparent's surname borne by neither parent for prestige — being perceived as gentry — and profit, flattering the matriarch or the patriarch in hope of inheriting land.
The Spanish naming customs include the orthographic option of conjoining the surnames with the conjunction particle y , or e before a name starting with 'I', 'Hi' or 'Y', both meaning "and" e. Not every surname is a single word; such conjoining usage is common with doubled surnames maternal-paternal , ancestral composite surnames bequeathed to the following generations — especially when the paternal surname is socially undistinguished.
When a person bears doubled surnames, the means of disambiguation is to insert y between the paternal and maternal surnames. In case of illegitimacy — when the child's father either is unknown or refuses to recognise his son or daughter legally — the child bears both of the mother's surnames, which may be interchanged.
Occasionally, a person with a common paternal surname and an uncommon maternal surname becomes widely known by the maternal surname. With similar effect, the foreign paternal surname of the Uruguayan writer Eduardo Hughes Galeano his father was British is usually omitted. As a boy, however, he occasionally signed his name as Eduardo Gius , using a Hispanicised approximation of the English pronunciation of "Hughes".
Such use of the second last name by itself is colloquial, however, and may not be applied in legal contexts. This pattern was also in use in other Basque districts, but was phased out in most of the Basque-speaking areas and only remained in place across lands of heavy Romance influence, i. To a lesser extent, this pattern has been also present in Castile, where Basque - Castilian bilingualism was common in northern and eastern areas up to the 13th century.
In Spanish, the preposition particle de "of" is used as a conjunction in two surname spelling styles, and to disambiguate a surname. Bearing the de particle does not necessarily denote a noble family, especially in Castile and Alava , the de usually applied to the place-name town or village from which the person and his or her ancestors originated; however, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the usage of de spread as a way of denoting the bearer's noble heritage to avoid the misperception that he or she is either a Jew or a Moor. In that time, many people, regardless of their true origins, used the particle, e.
Miguel de Cervantes , Lope de Vega , etc. During the eighteenth century, the Spanish nobility fully embraced the French custom of using de as a nobility identifier, however, commoners also bore the de particle, which made the de usages unclear; thus, nobility was emphasised with the surname's lineage. In Hispanic America, this spelling convention was common to clergymen e. In the Philippines , y and its associated usages are retained only in formal state documents such as police records, but is otherwise dropped in favour of a more American-influenced naming order.
To communicate a person's social identity , Spanish naming customs provide orthographic means, such as suffix-letter abbreviations, surname spellings, and place names, which denote and connote the person's place in society. A man named like his father, might append the lower-case suffix h. For more on the -z surnames in Spanish see Influences on the Spanish language. Anonymous foundlings were a naming problem for civil registrars, but such anonymous children were often named toponymically , after the town where they were found.
Because most foundlings were reared in church orphanages, they were often given the surnames Iglesia or Iglesias church[es] and Cruz cross. Blanco connoting "blank" here, rather than the more usual "white" was another option. A toponymical first surname might be followed as second surname by Iglesia or Cruz.
In Spain, legal and illegal foreign immigrants retain use of their cultural naming customs, [24] yet upon becoming Spanish citizens , they are legally obliged to assume Spanish-style names a name and two surnames. Formally, Spanish naming customs conflate his name "George" and his middle-name "Albert" to the composite name "George Albert", and his sole surname, "Duran", is duplicated as his paternal and maternal surnames.
Historically, flamenco artists seldom used their proper names. According to the flamenco guitarist Juan Serrano , this was because flamenco was considered disreputable and they did not want to embarrass their families:. We have to start with the history of the gypsies in Spain. They gained a bad reputation because of the minor crimes they had to commit to survive.
They did not have any kind of jobs, they had to do something to live, and of course this created hostility. And Flamenco was the music of the Gypsies, so many high society people did not accept it — they said Flamenco was in the hands of criminals, bandits, et cetera. And the girls, that maybe liked dancing or singing, their parents said, "Oh no, you want to be a prostitute!
This tradition has persisted to the present day, even though Flamenco is now legitimate. Many Spanish names can be shortened into hypocoristic , affectionate " child-talk " forms using a diminutive suffix, especially -ito and -cito masculine and -ita and -cita feminine. Sometimes longer than the person's name, a nickname is usually derived via linguistic rules. Nacho Duato born Juan Ignacio Duato. The common English practice of using a nickname in the press or media, or even on business cards such as Bill Gates instead of William Gates , is not accepted in Spanish, being considered excessively colloquial.
The usages vary by country and region; these are some usual names and their nicknames:. The official recognition of Spain's other written languages — Catalan , Basque , and Galician — legally allowed the autonomous communities to re-establish their vernacular social identity , including the legal use of personal names in the local languages and written traditions — banned since [26] — sometimes via the re-spelling of names from Castilian Spanish to their original languages. The given names are officially in one language Basque or Spanish but often people use a translated or shortened version.
A bilingual Basque-Spanish speaker will not necessarily bear a Basque name, and a monolingual Spanish speaker can use a Basque name or a Basque hypocoristic of an official Spanish name; e. Some Basque-language names and surnames are foreign transliterations into the Basque tongue, e. Miguel , or Ane English: In some cases, the name's original-language denotation is translated to Basque, e. Recently, Basque names without a direct equivalent in other languages have become popular, e. Aitor a legendary patriarch , Hodei "cloud" , Iker "to investigate" , and Amaia "the end".
Some Basque names without a direct Spanish meaning, are unique to the Basque language, for instance, Eneko , Garikoitz , Urtzi. After Franco's death and the restoration of democracy in Spain, many Basque adults changed their Spanish names to the Basque equivalent, e.
Instead of the traditional Basque adaptations of Romance names, he proposed others he made up and that in his opinion were truer to the originals and adapted better to the Basque phonology. For example, his brother Luis became Koldobika , from Frankish Hlodwig. Basque surnames usually denote the patronymic house of the bearer; e. Sometimes, surnames denote not the house itself but a characteristic of the place, e. Before the 20th century all Basque men were considered nobles indeed, some Basque surnames, e.
Irujo or Medoza , were related to some of the oldest Spanish noble families , and many of them used their status to emigrate with privileges to other regions of the Spanish Empire, especially the Americas, due to which some Basque surnames became common to the Spanish-American world; e.
Until , Spanish was the single official language of the Spanish civil registries and Basque surnames had to be registered according to the Spanish phonetical rules for example, the Spanish "ch" sound merges the Basque "ts", "tx", and "tz", and someone whose surname in Standard Basque would be "Krutxaga" would have to write it as "Cruchaga", letter "k" also not being used in Spanish.
Although the democratic restoration ended this policy, allowing surnames to be officially changed into their Basque phonology, there still are many people who hold Spanish-written Basque surnames, even in the same family: This policy even changed the usual pronunciation of some Basque surnames. For instance, in Basque, the letter "z" maintained a sibilant "s"-like sound, while Spanish changed it; thus, a surname such as "Zabala" should be properly read similar to "sabala" Basque pronunciation: However, since the letter "z" exists in Spanish, the registries did not force the Zabalas to transliterate their surname.
In the Basque provinces of Biscay and Gipuzkoa , it was uncommon to take a surname from the place town or village where one resided, unless one was a foundling; in general, people bearing surnames such as Bilbao after the Basque city of Bilbao are descendants of foundlings. However, in the Basque province of Alava and, to a lesser extent, in Navarre , it was common to add one's birth village to the surname using the Spanish particle de to denote a toponymic , particularly when the surname was a common one; for instance, someone whose surname was Lopez and whose family was originally from the valley of Ayala could employ Lopez de Ayala as a surname.
This latter practice is also common in Castile.
Basque compound surnames are relatively common, and were created with two discrete surnames, e. Finally, the nationalist leader Sabino Arana pioneered a naming custom of transposing the name-surname order to what he thought was the proper Basque language syntax order; e.
Thus, Zabalatar Miren means "Miren, of the Zabala family". The change in the order is effected because in the Basque tongue, declined words such as Zabalatar that apply to a noun are uttered before the noun itself; another example of this would be his pen name, Arana ta Goiritar Sabin. This Basque naming custom was used in nationalist literature, not in formal, official documents wherein the Castilian naming convention is observed. The Catalan -speaking territories also abide by the Spanish naming customs, yet usually the discrete surnames are joined with the word i "and" , instead of the Spanish y , and this practice is very common in formal contexts.
Furthermore, the national language policy enumerated in article Nevertheless, there are Catalan surnames that conform to neither the current spelling rules nor to the traditionally correct Catalan spelling rules; a language-correction certification can be requested from the Institut d'Estudis Catalans , for names such as these: Thus, shortened Catalan names taking the first portion of the name are probably influenced by the Spanish tradition.