La mujer ideal (eLit) (Spanish Edition)

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It is the second most populated nation in Latin America. The population trend is even expected to grow in size in a little over thirty years. With a population that keeps increasing it was the first nation in to establish a family planning program. In spite of these promising numbers contraceptive use in rural areas is still far lower than that of urban areas. There are still persisting inequalities between levels of sexual experience between females and males. This shared cultural belief stems from the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church which has had great influence over Latin American cultures.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Women in Mexico A Mexican saleswoman. Women in Maya Society. Women in Aztec civilization. Soldaderas and Women's suffrage.

Gender inequality in Mexico. Violence against women in Mexico. Retrieved 3 January Retrieved April 20, , from http: Inequality in capabilities between men and women in Mexico. A context of structural and generalized violence" PDF. Retrieved 12 March The women of colonial Latin America. Colonial Patterns, Prehispanic Influences. Human ethology, culture, and the birth of Mexico.

Greenwood Press, Westwood, Conn. Daily life in colonial Mexico: The journey of Friar Ilarione da Bergamo, University of Oklahoma Press, p Limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico. Mothers Making Latin America. Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico. University of Florida Press , p. Retrieved 6 April Mexico" Archived at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed September 7, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Retrieved March 3, Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U. Justice fails in Ciudad Juarez and the city of Chihuahua".

Archived from the original on 3 March Retrieved 19 March Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world. Cabrera, "Demographic dynamics and development: The role of population policy in Mexico. Institute for Communication Research Adolescents in Latin America: Facing the Future with Skepticism. New York, New York: University of Arizona Press The Women of Mexico City, Stanford University Press Penn State Press, University of Nebraska Press Sex and Gender in Modern Mexican Fiction. University of Minnesota Press Gender, Public Order, and Work Discipline.

Duke University Press, Women of the Mexican Countryside, Gender and Representation in Mexico. Columbia University Press Fitzroy and Dearbon Gosner, Kevin and Deborah E. Women, Power, and Resistance in Colonial Mesoamerica. Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, Reproduction and Its Discontents in Mexico: Childbirth and Contraception from to University of North Carolina Press Johnson, Lyman and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, eds.

The Faces of Honor: University of New Mexico Press Mesoamerica," in Encyclopedia of Mexico , vol. Fitzroy and Dearborn Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Hispanic American Historical Review 82, no. The Feminist Movement in Mexico to Women and the Anti-Alcohol Campaign.

Edited by Stephanie Mitchell and Patience A. Woman Suffrage in Mexico. University of Florida Press Los Recogimientos de mujeres: Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico. Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico. Duke University Press Edited by William H. Soldaderas in the Mexican Military. University of Texas Press Indian Women of Early Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press Conflicts over Marriage Choice, Gender and the Mexican Revolution: Cambridge University Press Soto, Shirlene.

Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality Cornell University Press, Eugenics, Nationalism, and Welfare in Post-revolutionary Mexico, The Secret History of Gender: Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, University of Arizona Press, Public Celebration and Postrevolutionary Discourse in Veracruz. Spain is a transcontinental country , having territory in both Europe and Africa.

On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it is bordered by France and the Principality of Andorra. Mainland Spain is a mountainous country, dominated by high plateaus and mountain chains. The Meseta Central often translated as "Inner Plateau" is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain. Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia. Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and orographic conditions: Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above The fauna presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and Eurasia , and the great diversity of habitats and biotopes , the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions.

The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the relief, the climate and latitude. Spain includes different phytogeographic regions, each with its own floristic characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, biotic factors. The Spanish Constitution of is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of As a result, Spain is now composed of 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy thanks to its Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation.

The constitution also specifies that Spain has no state religion and that all are free to practice and believe as they wish. The Spanish administration approved the Gender Equality Act in aimed at furthering equality between genders in Spanish political and economic life. Spain is a constitutional monarchy , with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament , the Cortes Generales General Courts.

By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress. The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies Congreso de los Diputados with members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate Senado with seats of which are directly elected by popular vote, using a limited voting method, and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.

Health and education systems among others are managed by the Spanish communities, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. The Spanish Constitution of "protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions". According to Amnesty International AI , government investigations of alleged police abuses are often lengthy and punishments were light.

El método del Matchmaking

Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its LGBT community. The Spanish State is integrated by 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, both groups being the highest or first-order administrative division in the country. Autonomous communities are integrated by provinces, of which there are 50 in total, and in turn, provinces are integrated by municipalities.

In Catalonia, two additional divisions exist, the comarques sing.

The concept of a comarca exists in all autonomous communities, however, unlike Catalonia, these are merely historical or geographical subdivisions. Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They were created after the current constitution came into effect in in recognition of the right to self-government of the " nationalities and regions of Spain ". This territorial organisation, based on devolution , is literally known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies".

The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the Statute of Autonomy. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical and contemporary identity, the limits of its territories, the name and organisation of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according to the constitution.

Citas en línea

Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as nationalities , were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also took that denomination in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance to their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community, [] the Canary Islands, [] the Balearic Islands, [] and Aragon.

The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own parliaments and regional governments. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. Only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy. Aside of fiscal autonomy, the nationalities —Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia—were devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, among them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time.

In addition, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Navarre have police corps of their own: Nonetheless, recent amendments to existing Statutes of Autonomy or the promulgation of new Statutes altogether, have reduced the asymmetry between the powers originally granted to the nationalities and the rest of the regions. Finally, along with the 17 autonomous communities, two autonomous cities are also part of the State of Autonomies and are first-order territorial divisions: These are two exclaves located in the northern African coast.

Autonomous communities are subdivided into provinces , which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are integrated by municipalities. The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State.

Spanish Lace: History, Production and Gender

The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the territorial division by Javier de Burgos , and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that are integrated by a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself.

In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community. After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in , Spain's foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomatic relations , enter the European Community , and define security relations with the West. As a member of NATO since , Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities.

Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to co-ordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political co-operation mechanisms. Spain has maintained its special relations with Hispanic America and the Philippines.

Its policy emphasises the concept of an Ibero-American community, essentially the renewal of the concept of " Hispanidad " or " Hispanismo " , [ citation needed ] as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. Spain claims Gibraltar , a 6-square-kilometre 2. Then a Spanish town, it was conquered by an Anglo-Dutch force in during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of Archduke Charles , pretender to the Spanish throne. The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in by the Treaty of Utrecht , in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown [] stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first.

Since the s Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty. The Spanish claim makes a distinction between the isthmus that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the one hand, and the Rock and city of Gibraltar on the other. While the Rock and city were ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain asserts that the "occupation of the isthmus is illegal and against the principles of International Law ". Another claim by Spain is about the Savage Islands , a claim not recognised by Portugal.

Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, therefore claiming that there is no Portuguese territorial waters around the disputed islands. On 5 July , Spain sent a letter to the UN expressing these views. Spain claims the sovereignty over the Perejil Island , a small, uninhabited rocky islet located in the South shore of the Strait of Gibraltar.

Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in The incident ended when both countries agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty. Besides the Perejil Island, the Spanish-held territories claimed by other countries are two: Portugal stance has been the territory being de iure Portuguese territory and de facto Spanish.

The Spanish Armed Forces are divided into three branches: Since , CO2 emissions have risen notably, not reaching the reduction emissions promised in the Kyoto Protocol for fighting climate change. In the period more than half of the years have been qualified as dry or very dry. Spain is the country in Europe more exposed to climate change effects, according to Al Gore. Electricity from renewable sources in Spain represented The country has a very large wind power capability built up over many years and is one of the world leaders in wind power generation. Spain also positioned itself as a European leader in Solar power, by the country was second only to Germany in installed capacity.

Spain's capitalist mixed economy is the 14th largest worldwide and the 5th largest in the European Union , as well as the Eurozone 's 4th largest. Unemployment stood at By the mids the economy had recommenced the growth that had been disrupted by the global recession of the early s. The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.

With the government budget in balance and inflation under control Spain was admitted into the Eurozone in Since the s some Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America. Spain is the second biggest foreign investor there, after the United States. Spanish companies have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India. The reason for this early expansion is the booming interest towards Spanish language and culture in Asia and Africa and a corporate culture that learned to take risks in unstable markets.

In the Economist Intelligence Unit 's quality of life survey placed Spain among the top 10 in the world. Crop areas were farmed in two highly diverse manners. They included the humid regions of the north and the northwest, as well as vast arid zones that had not been irrigated. More than half of the irrigated area was planted in corn , fruit trees , and vegetables. Other agricultural products that benefited from irrigation included grapes, cotton, sugar beets , potatoes, legumes , olive trees , mangos, strawberries , tomatoes, and fodder grasses. Citrus fruits , vegetables, cereal grains , olive oil , and wine—Spain's traditional agricultural products—continued to be important in the s.

Because of the changed diet of an increasingly affluent population, there was a notable increase in the consumption of livestock, poultry, and dairy products. Increased attention to livestock was the reason that Spain became a net importer of grains. Ideal growing conditions, combined with proximity to important north European markets, made citrus fruits Spain's leading export. Fresh vegetables and fruits produced through intensive irrigation farming also became important export commodities, as did sunflower seed oil that was produced to compete with the more expensive olive oils in oversupply throughout the Mediterranean countries of the European Community.

In , Spain was the second most visited country in the world, recording 82 million tourists which marked the fifth consecutive year of record-beating numbers. Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure has made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. Castile and Leon is the Spanish leader in rural tourism linked to its environmental and architectural heritage.

Spain is one of the world's leading countries in the development and production of renewable energy. Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are nuclear 8 operative reactors , gas , coal , and oil. Spain has the most extensive high-speed rail network in Europe, and the second-most extensive in the world after China.

On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese bullet train and the French TGV. There are 47 public airports in Spain. Also, more than 30 airports with the number of passengers below 4 million. In the 19th and 20th centuries science in Spain was held back by severe political instability and consequent economic underdevelopment.

Despite the conditions, some important scientists and engineers emerged. Since the Mobile World Congress has taken place in Barcelona. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid , the most populated areas lie around the coast. In , Spain granted citizenship to 84, persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco.

They reside primarily on the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or telecommute. Substantial populations descended from Spanish colonists and immigrants exist in other parts of the world, most notably in Latin America. Beginning in the late 15th century, large numbers of Iberian colonists settled in what became Latin America and at present most white Latin Americans who make up about one-third of Latin America's population are of Spanish or Portuguese origin. Around , Spaniards emigrated in the 16th century, mostly to Peru and Mexico.

During the same period perhaps , went to Latin America. The Spanish Constitution of , in its second article, recognises several contemporary entities — nationalities — [m] and regions, within the context of the Spanish nation. Spain is de facto a plurinational state. In some cases some of the territorial identities may conflict with the dominant Spanish culture. Distinct traditional identities within Spain include the Basques , Catalans , Galicians , Andalusians and Valencians , [] although to some extent all of the 17 autonomous communities may claim a distinct local identity.

It is this last feature of "shared identity" between the more local level or autonomous community and the Spanish level which makes the identity question in Spain complex and far from univocal. Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several Sub-Saharan countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern, South Asian and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons, Germans , French and others.

The arrival of the gitanos , a Romani people , began in the 16th century; estimates of the Spanish Roma population range from , to over one million. Their origin is unclear. Historically, Sephardi Jews and Moriscos are the main minority groups originated in Spain and with a contribution to Spanish culture. According to the Spanish government there were 5. According to residence permit data for , more than , were Romanian, about , were Moroccan , approximately , were British, and , were Ecuadorian.

This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension. Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after Cyprus , but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast.

In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from to , with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.

COLONIAL SPANISH TERMS

In , the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish Social Security. In alone, more than half a million people left Spain.

Spain is legally multilingual, [] and the constitution establishes that the nation will protect "all Spaniards and the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions. The constitution also establishes that "all other Spanish languages"—that is, all other languages of Spain—will also be official in their respective autonomous communities in accordance to their Statutes , their organic regional legislations, and that the "richness of the distinct linguistic modalities of Spain represents a patrimony which will be the object of special respect and protection.

Occitan is spoken by less than 5, people, only in the small region of Val d'Aran. In the North African Spanish autonomous city of Melilla , Riff Berber is spoken by a significant part of the population. In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the islands, English and German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism workers.

State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The institute was inspired by the philosophy of Krausism. The health care system of Spain Spanish National Health System is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the World Health Organization.

Roman Catholicism , which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam, [] Judaism, [] and evangelical Christianity [] is also recognised in law. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.

The Spanish constitution enshrines secularism in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a "state character," while allowing for the state to "cooperate" with religious groups. However, significant anomalies remain, including the presence of a blasphemy law in statute, which theoretically criminalises criticism of religion. A blasphemy prosecution in Spain has happened as recently as There have been four Spanish Popes.

Later, they became Doctors of the Church. The Society of Jesus was co-founded by Ignatius of Loyola , whose Spiritual Exercises and movement led to the establishment of hundreds of colleges and universities in the world, including 28 in the United States alone. Protestant churches have about 1,, members. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has approximately 46, adherents in congregations in all regions of the country and has a temple in the Moratalaz District of Madrid.

The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from Morocco and other African countries. The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number of Hindus , Buddhists , Sikhs and Muslims. After the Reconquista in , Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries. Late 19th-century colonial expansion in northwestern Africa gave a number of residents in Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara full citizenship.

Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria. Judaism was practically non-existent in Spain from the expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62, Jews in Spain, or 0. Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews. Approximately 80, Jews are thought to have lived in Spain prior to its expulsion. Other sources suggest , converts mostly after the pogroms of and upwards of , expelled.

The descendants of these Sephardic Jews expelled in are given the Spanish nationality if they request so. Culturally, Spain is a Western country. Almost every aspect of Spanish life is permeated by its Roman heritage, making Spain one of the major Latin countries of Europe. Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to Catholicism, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music has been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography.

The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire. The earliest recorded examples of vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which Maimonides, Averroes, and others worked, the Kharjas Jarchas. During the Reconquista , the epic poem Cantar de Mio Cid was written about a real man—his battles, conquests, and daily life.

It is also remarkable the Valencian chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch written in Valencian. The Baroque is the most important period for Spanish culture. We are in the times of the Spanish Empire. Other writers from the period are: Realism offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'. In the spirit of general "Realism", Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of romanticised or stylised presentations.

The group that has become known as the Generation of was marked by the destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by US gunboats in , which provoked a cultural crisis in Spain. The "Disaster" of led established writers to seek practical political, economic, and social solutions in essays grouped under the literary heading of Regeneracionismo. The Generation of or Novecentismo. The next supposed "generation" of Spanish writers following those of '98 already calls into question the value of such terminology.

While still driven by the national and existential questions that obsessed the writers of '98, they approached these topics with a greater sense of distance and objectivity. Salvador de Madariaga , another prominent intellectual and writer, was one of the founders of the College of Europe and the composer of the constitutive manifest of the Liberal International. All were scholars of their national literary heritage, again evidence of the impact of the calls of regeneracionistas and the Generation of for Spanish intelligence to turn at least partially inwards.

The Spanish Legion declares war on obesity

Spain is one of the countries with the most number of laureates with the Nobel Prize in Literature , and with Latin American laureates they made the Spanish language literature one of the most laureates of all. The Spanish writers are: Saramago was also well known by his Iberist ideas. The Generation of '50 are also known as the children of the civil war. Seneca was a philosopher during the time of the Roman Empire. That is the case of Ibn Arabi , Averroes or Maimonides. Humanist Luis Vives during the Renaissance. Enlightenment in Spain arrived later and less strong as in other European countries, but during the XIX century liberal ideas arrived into Spanish society.

At the end of the century, socialist and libertarian ideas also flourished particularly strong at the intellectual level, with thinkers as Francisco Pi i Margall , Ricardo Mella or Francisco Ferrer Guardia. Most contemporary philosophers include Fernando Savater and Adela Cortina , creator of the term aporophobia.

Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and American artistic movements. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish and influences in Spain, especially in Andalusia is still evident today.

There are many other autochthonous styles such as the Pre-Romanesque art and architecture , Herrerian architecture or the Isabelline Gothic. Francisco Goya painted during a historical period that includes the Spanish Independence War , the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the raise of contemporary state-nations.

The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time.

There were two Schools of special flair and talent: Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including Oscars for recent films such as Pan's Labyrinth and Volver. Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles; developing a pre-Romanesque style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the Romanesque and Gothic streams.

There was then an extraordinary flowering of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The arrival of Modernism in the academic arena produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo , Santiago Calatrava , Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco , a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular. Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival is one of the main ones on its genre. The most popular traditional musical instrument , the guitar, originated in Spain. Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week is one of the most important fashion weeks in Europe.

Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep Mediterranean roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:.

Food is traditionally conserved by salting, like Spanish ham , or immersed in olive oil , like Manchego cheese. Atlantic Spain — the whole Northern coast, including Asturian , Basque , Cantabrian and Galician cuisine — vegetable and fish-based stews like caldo gallego and marmitako. While varieties of football had been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century.

Basketball , tennis , cycling, handball , futsal , motorcycling and, lately, Formula One are also important due to the presence of Spanish champions in all these disciplines. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the Summer Olympics that were hosted in Barcelona , which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for water sports , golf and skiing.

The most outstanding athletes figure: Rafael Nadal is the leading Spanish tennis player and has won seventeen Grand Slam titles second in most [] and hold the record with the most number of ATP World Tour Masters singles titles.

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In their respective regions, the games of Basque pelota and Valencian pilota are populars. Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious Roman Catholic , national and regional observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.

There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. Some of them are known worldwide, and every year millions of people from all over the world go to Spain to experience one of these festivals. While its most famous event is the encierro , or the running of the bulls , which happens at 8: Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway , which brought it to the general attention of English-speaking people.

As a result, it has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,, people attending every year. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the country. For other uses, see Spain disambiguation. Country in Southwest Europe. Show map of Europe. Hispania and Visigothic Kingdom. Spanish transition to democracy and Spanish society after the democratic transition.

List of islands of Spain. Spanish Constitution of List of Spanish monarchs and Monarchs of Spain family tree. Human rights in Spain. LGBT rights in Spain. Political divisions of Spain. Autonomous communities of Spain. Nationalities and regions of Spain. Provinces of Spain and Municipalities of Spain. Foreign relations of Spain. Renewable energy in Spain. Science and technology in Spain. List of Spanish autonomous communities by population.

List of metropolitan areas in Spain. Spanish people and National and regional identity in Spain. Health care in Spain and Abortion in Spain. Religions in Spain Roman Catholicism. World Heritage Sites in Spain. Castles in Spain and Cathedrals in Spain.

Basque literature , Catalan literature , Galician literature , and Latin American literature. Mediterranean portal Spain portal. The latter term is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kinds, including foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognised as the official name by many international organisations.

In each of these, Spain's official name Spanish: Regne d'Espanya , IPA: Espainiako Erresuma , IPA: Reiaume d'Espanha , IPA: Aragonese , Asturian , and Occitan locally known as Aranese have some degree of official recognition. In the same month the number of citizens with Spanish citizenship reached 41,, The number of foreigners i.

Archived PDF from the original on 24 September Archived from the original on 25 March Retrieved 26 April Retrieved 14 April Datos Provisionales" in Spanish. Archived from the original on 28 June Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 8 September United Nations Development Programme. Archived PDF from the original on 22 March Retrieved 23 March Archived from the original on 27 December Archived from the original on 27 October Retrieved 30 September The Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on 20 September Melbourne Journal of International Law. Retrieved 23 October Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G Archived from the original on 13 November Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 9 August The radiocarbon datations give the following dates: Retrieved 17 November The Library of Iberian Resources Online.

Chapter 1 — Hispania". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September La lengua de los dioses: Nueve razones para amar el griego in Greek. Legal Traditions of the World. Dhimma provides rights of residence in return for taxes. The Jews of Islam. Dhimmi have fewer legal and social rights than Muslims, but more rights than other non-Muslims. Ethnic Relations , Thomas F. Esfera de los Libros.

Spain — Castile and Aragon". Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 1 March Muslim Spain — ". Archived from the original on 27 February Archived from the original on 12 March Archived from the original on 6 March Archived from the original on 9 July Retrieved 13 August A Jewish Guide for Coping and Suffering. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Archived from the original on 28 March Retrieved 18 January Five Hundred Years of Exodus. Archived from the original on 24 September Spain — The Golden Age".

Archived from the original on 9 August Islam as its followers know it. Archived from the original on 29 June The Library of Iberian resources online. Archived from the original on 21 September Spain — Spain in Decline". Spain — Bourbon Spain". Independence of Spanish America. Archived from the original on 23 July Archived from the original on 5 April Archived from the original on 21 October Archived from the original on 2 October Archived from the original on 1 May Archived from the original on 13 June Archived from the original on 24 June Archived from the original on 25 August Archived from the original on 2 September Retrieved 2 September Archived from the original on 28 October Archived from the original on 29 October Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid".

Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 27 October Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament". Retrieved 30 April Archived from the original on 4 November Retrieved 1 November Archived from the original on 19 April Retrieved 5 May Retrieved 1 May

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