Quando lamore è venuto a cercarmi (Forever) (Italian Edition)

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It is a choice that I fretted at far greater length than will appear on the page. I am grateful to Linda Lee, Tim Kirk, Michele Rossi, Gino Belloni, and my fellow translators of the Middlebury Bread Loaf workshop for their excellent questions and suggestions that kept me pondering deeply the process of rendering culture and language between contexts.

On the Death of Leonardo Bruni from Arezzo Passing through Uccellatoio, Piovano Arlotto paused to ex- change a few words about business with Agnolo the innkeeper there. Then he dismounted and was leading his horse into the stable when somebody — highly agitated and in a terrible hurry — called out to him: You must help me!

What has become of that wisdom, learning, doctrine, and eloquence in Greek and Latin letters of yours? Where are those speeches worthy of Cicero that dazzled the entire world? Can it be that Fame and all the Muses who once bowed before you have now abandoned you so that you find yourself in this fix? I leave my body and all my possessions. See what has become of me. Think of how I feel.

I am very uncertain about my fate because I know the kind of life I led, especially in regard to my sin of greed, for which I made every type of wretched deal just to accumulate money and possessions. It cost me dearly but I never stopped wanting more. Piovano was absolutely transfixed, such that he remained there still as a statue for a full quarter hour. When he regained his composure, he mounted and rode to Florence. For my part, I want to follow what that holy man, Brother Ja- copone da Todi said in one of his lauds, which is steeped in morals and good common sense: All is mine, I laud Since I rejoice and give, by God!

And they gave charitably to wickedness together with the intention from that point on to do their utmost to always indulge themselves. Apparvemi vostro padre e salutommi e disse: Io mi ti raccomando. Vedi se tue farnetichi: A vision came to me just before daybreak, and it feels like a thousand years passed before you arrived Piovano, I beg you, do this good act and quickly, and for our part your money is not better spent than in buying Nastagio and me a half carafe of Malvasia.

I come here only to realize that you want me to work? And if he had lived eight more days, he would have been hanged. I would not waste one coin on him. But if you two want to buy a jug of Malvasia for the three of us, I will teach you an enchantment, one that dispels the morning fog, so that it will never disturb you. Her most recent works are: Renato Filippelli, , authored eight books of poetry during his lifetime: His complete works were recently published: Tutte le poesie, Gangemi Editore, Author of six critical books and numerous educational text- books as well as newspaper and literary journal articles, Filippelli is a deeply religious poet with strong roots in Southern Italy.

His major themes are historical and cultural focusing on the plight of Southern Italy, on nature and on the minority of exploited or abused creatures and persons. These are the first English versions of his work. Ti strapperanno con oscura forza, ignara e dolce, dalla solitudine. Io sentii da lontano il suo schioppo. Nulla gli dissi, lo guardai negli occhi. They will tear you, with dark strength you, unknowing and tender, from solitude. Slobber oozing hatred will drip on your innocence.

To a Dog They killed you one morning, and you were old and so tired that not even a cry rose from your throat, few drops stained the dirt road. I heard the gunshot from afar. I said nothing, looked at him in the eyes. He approached you, the coward, pointed his arm at you, checking to see if you would fight back, then he touched you no longer afraid. But you were still alive, you raised your eyes to his face, veiled by the agony, but without rancour, sad, slowly you licked his hand with your faithful mouth.

Quelle erano le nostre donne, negli scialli del pianto: There appeared our women, wrapped in shawls of mourning proud figures who surrendered to hunger and came down from the mountains. They were behind their lined up pails, gestures of fretful but determined creatures, earth rekindling their faces with each breath of shame.

And so too the British soldier showed compassion for those shadows hovering at dusk: Oh My Beloved Dead The South burned you with staunch sun oh my own dead, my restless dead shy figures like the twisted roots of my life where a declining light deepens. The subdued event of shadows that descend from you to the sea I feel pass over me, as the earth feels the vast murmur of the grass in the rapid sweep of wind E tu fosti una statua di silenzio coi figli stretti intorno ai tuoi ginocchi, e mamma ti guardava dalla soglia.

Cadde tutta la vigna giovinetta. Tu rimanevi come un capitano fiero davanti alla sua schiera morta. They circled you with their snickers prostrating the delicate shoots, the roots planting their machine guns they searched your eyes to find your agony. As though you were a statue of silence with your children clinging to your knees and Mother watching from the doorway. All the young vineyard fell.

You remained like a proud captain in front of your dead ranks. From Ritratto da nascondere, , Tutte le poesie Grass Grass is born on the edge of the roads it lives on a drop of light. Over the centuries the human grass of the South felt the harsh steps of men, ignorant and on purpose, press down then leave, it bent over without dying, laid down curled up in the knots of its roots, in the slow agony of its land.

Allora, in quel lontano chiarore si sbatteva, con lunghe ali di gioia, come un gabbiano, la mia infanzia. Then, in that faraway brightness writhed my childhood like a seagull with long wings of joy, Now my blind soul digs furrows in the Earth like a mole. His collections of poetry include Otto febbraio Scheiwiller, ; Giorni di scuola Edimond, ; Piccole poesie per banconote Polistampa, ; Corpuscolo Einaudi, ; Vecchi filmati Manni, and Mancanze Einaudi, He is also the author of the critical work Il cieco e la luna.

Parlava… Le carezzai piano piano i capelli.

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Era tornata la calma sembrava. La mattina le carezzai i capelli. Poi, tutta la giornata. Spoke in her sleep. I slowly, slowly stroked her hair. Things turned calm it seemed. In the morning I stroked her hair. And again, at night, upon going to bed my hand reached for the silk of her tormented little head.

Era anziano e malato. Era stato un buon pianista. E adesso, in poltrona, leggeva una partitura, eseguendola in mente. He was old and sick. He had been a fine pianist. And now, in his armchair, he read a score and played it in his head. And thought is something no less incredible, if you think about it, this nothing that becomes word and movement, the stream of terms that exercises its right to be pronounced in silence and flow here transcribed, the immaterial within the material -or perhaps in its void -like Grace in its mortal body.

Her PhD is in Paleoanthropology, and her studies took her to Middle Paleolithic excavations in France and Germany, where her long- dormant love of languages was rekindled. After a second visit to Italy in , she began studying Italian at the University of Ari- zona, beginning with Italian and proceeding through all the undergraduate courses. She discovered her passion for translat- ing with the very first poem in a level Italian literature class, and began translating WWII-era short stories in with Beppe Cavatorta.

He is the editor of several books and anthologies: Bal- leriniana with Elena Coda, , A.

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He is also the author of Scrivere contro Writing against, , in which he recreated a profile of experimental writing in Italy from the be- ginning of the twentieth century to the late s. Cavatorta also specializes in the theory and practice of translation and cultural interchange. He has published his translations of several American poets into Italian in the anthologies Nuova poesia Americana: San Francisco New American poetry: San Francisco, and Nuova poesia Americana: New York New American poetry: In he edited for Mondadori Poesie — Poems, — , the collected poetry of Luigi Ballerini.

Cavatorta is finally the co-editor with Luigi Ballerini of Those who from afar Look Like Flies, an anthology of Italian poetry from Officina to the present. The second volume is in the making. In , after living in various small towns throughout Italy, he settled in Rome, where he taught elementary school for the rest his life. With Il seme del piangere The seed of tears, the poet returns to the style of his early collections and more traditional poetic forms. The comprehensive col- lection Tutte le poesie The collected poems; published by Garzanti in contains numerous previously uncollected poems.

Caproni was an amateur violinist, and music is central to this collection, in which the rhythm of the poems mirrors that of the hunt, a symbol for the attempt to capture meaning through poetry. After the death of Caproni in , Giorgio Agamben edited a new collection of his poems entitled Res amissa Things removed.

Le riconosceva una per una, come il pastore riconosce le sue pecore, e nel sole infinito che batteva su di esse fermava a lungo lo sguardo su quelle pietre cariate — sul suo paese tagliato dalla rotabile a fondo valle, con tutte le case vecchie ad eccezione della sua e di poche altre, candide pei muri di calce al sole.

Her eyes came to rest on each, confirming them one by one, as a shep- herd does his sheep. And as the endless sun beat down on them, her gaze came to rest at last upon those crumbling stones — upon her village divided by the road at the bottom of the valley, upon all the old houses with their white-washed walls except for hers and a few others glowing in the sun. But, she regained her composure — she had quietly accepted this new force growing in her; it was almost as if she had discovered that she was pregnant again. And without answering the children, filled with a profound sense of calm, she took them back to the place of her self-imposed exile over the stable in Casanova.

And looking at those planks, with cracks as wide as a finger letting the sour stink of the animals waft up, looking at her children who were so vulnerable, she wanted to explain to them the thing that she could not explain even to herself—she would have liked to instill in them at least a little of the immense hot tide that was in her, that thing that she seemed no longer able to contain.

But she could say only this to her children, who had probably forgotten their question anyway: Right now they are there, and our house is no longer our own. She laid them gently on the planks, in the pungent warm air that came up from the barn, and as soon as they had fallen asleep, she had drifted back into her thoughts. In her mind, she was climbing up the ridge and staring one-by-one JIT Un uomo, pensava Rina, simile alla gente nostra — un uomo con le nostre parole liguri sulle labbra ma incomprensibile per il significato diverso che in lui prendevano le stesse parole usate da lei o dette dalla sua gente a lei.

E le pareva proprio di sentirsi ancora una volta incinta ripensando alla sera in cui il tenente con un libro in mano era disceso in cucina dalla camera a lei usurpata. Io ammirerei suo marito se fosse qui con noi. Li ripeteva lenti — erano versi penetrati in lei lentamente, una nostalgia di lui, non ligure, per lei e i monti della Liguria di lei. Li aveva scritti suo marito in guerra e cosa poteva capire del loro lamento il tenente fascista? She saw the lieutenant in her most private room sleeping in her bed, with a machine gun on her pillow.

He is a man, thought Rina, not unlike our people — a man who speaks our Ligurian dialect, but is somehow incomprehensible; he spoke the same words that she used and that others spoke to her, but their meanings were twisted and distorted coming from his lips. She saw again in her mind the lieutenant entering her house for the first time with his men, and she finally concluded this: Because this is what she had felt: And now the warm and infinite wave that was in her grew as she replayed in her mind the Fascist officer in the semi-dark kitchen giving her orders with a voice that had tried in vain to be kind, while his men were taking over her rooms and her kitchen utensils.

Rooms and utensils that they had stolen, just as they had stolen the Ligurian words — stolen, not in the sense that those things belonged to her the partisans had also used those rooms and things, except that in that case, it was natural and right, as if she herself had used them , but rather, she recognized, because the Fascists had used those very things against her, by making her an instrument in their scheme, and thus turning her against every true thing.

And it felt again as if she were pregnant, thinking of the night when the lieutenant had come down to the kitchen, down from the bedroom he had stolen from her, with a book in his hand. I would admire him if he were here with us. In any case, here is a truly beautiful poem, with words that even I understand. Now Rina repeated the verses to herself from memory, just to make them real again. She recited them slowly — they were verses that entered her slowly: E la paura le era venuta la notte, dormendo con la madre vecchia e i bambini in cucina. Cui essi risposero una sola cosa: E allora mentalmente disse: He had written these words in war.

What of their lament could this Fascist lieutenant possibly understand? But it was exactly this that infuriated her: And because of this, she felt him now, with those intimate words coming from his mouth, more than ever her enemy over there in her bed; he was clearly a wrong that must be righted at all cost. And now I can say that we will go back tomorrow. The woman had fallen sound asleep in front of the JIT Volle lei stessa chiudere gli occhi ai morti e prima che ad ogni altro a Sardegna morto col pugno chiuso.

When the first firing began, she told the children, who had been startled awake, that a show had begun. The October nights were becoming quite cold, so Rina hurried quickly to the house that was finally hers again. There were still fresh droppings from mules and horses on the road through Loco, and in the house an unbearable musty smell of strangers.

But why had that hot wave inside her not cooled? She had heard that four partisans had been killed, finished off by the lieutenant just before he left, each with a shot to the neck, and that was foremost in her mind — more than the intense joy that her house was her own again. Really, and she felt quite sincere thinking this she would have preferred to lose the house than to have these men lose their lives.

Because she felt vaguely that they had died for her, so that she could take back her house—for herself, for her children, and also for her husband, whenever he might return. She left her children with her mother, saying: Il Natale diceva Pablo Ma il Natale non era sotto quegli alberi vetrificati di gelo e di luna. She wanted to close the eyes of the dead herself, and first among them, Sardegna who lay with fist clenched. A fist, even when abandoned on the cement that way, that before was truly hard and Ligurian, despite his assumed name of Sardegna.

And at last, without a tear, she knew that she had found a match for that immense, almost living thing in her belly: Per- haps it was one of the last chestnut husks, weighed down by the snow. All four of them were focusing on those soft thuds each clump fell, echo- ing the distant muffled rumble of mortar fire. If they were pleased that Pablo continued talking, it was only to see the cloud of vapor coming out of his mouth in the glimmer of the moonlit: It was not even down in the valley where the Trebbia River, choked with enormous ice floes, bottle-green under the moon, no longer flowed along the village that kept all its lights extinguished; and it was not even in the city: With almost every blast — maybe while someone a child, a little girl, a mother died because of that strike, under the rubble of a wall -- another clump of snow slid from the trees, and fell softly as Pablo continued talk- ing, and someone died.

But while the bells were silent, and not one single light was on, why did Pablo, continue to speak on that night between the 24th and 25th of December of Christmas that was no longer there, either, a few kilometers away from the village? The clumps of snow continued to fall softly, echoing the distant mortars. It was a night, this is certain: Le traduzio- ni sono comparse sulla rivista El Ghibli - e su altre riviste online e cartacee. Le sue raccolte poetiche sono state tradotte in varie lingue, tra cui francese, spagnolo, norvegese, finlandese, sloveno e afrikaans.

Le sue poesie sono state pubblicate in oltre 50 antologie e libri di testo. Libri e tascabili Prairie Pub Poems tascabile, poesia. Wind Songs tascabile, poesia Thistledown Press, Saskatoon, Prairie Pub Poems poesia. Thistledown Press, Saskatoon, Pear Seeds in My Mouth tascabile, poesia. Sesame Press, Windsor, Jan Lake Poems poesia. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, Hold the Rain in Your Hands: Coteau Books, Regina, Poems Across Borders poesia. Air Canada Owls poesia. Nightwood Editions, Madeira Park. West Into Night poesia. Jan Lake Sharing poetry chapbook.

Privately printed, Saskatoon, with Jim Harris. Birchbark Meditations poetry chapbook. Writers of the Plains, New Mexico, Icons of Flesh poesia. Ekstasis Editions, Victoria, Today I Belong to Agnes poesia. Leaving Holds Me Here: Selected Poems poetry.

Frog Hollow Press, Victoria, Smoky Peace Press, Grande Prairie, Halo of Morning tascabile, poesia. Leaf Press, Lantzville, Language of Horse poesia online; tascabile, poesia Coracle Press, Montreal, Road Apples tascabile, poesia Rubicon Press, Edmonton, What We Miss poesia. Looking Back Sometimes I am shaken by a desire to return to that child I was- endless days under a vast sky, sun omnipresent as the mongrel that dogged my footsteps. A half-century and more removed, I remember each day bloomed wonder.

Never bored, I did not realize how poor we were, having so much. Perhaps it is our nature to hold hard to what causes least pain? To indulge moments of nostalgia is no act of foolishness. Sguardo sul passato A volte sono scosso da un desiderio di ritornare il bambino che ero — giorni infiniti sotto un cielo immenso sole onnipresente come il cane bastardo che mi tallonava. La raccolta si articola in cinque parti: Suspension of Belief Cables, ropes and wooden slats create a seemingly fragile sagging arc high above the crash and dash of Capilano Canyon.

In my eyes this is not a bridge — but rather, some adult deceit designated to instill fear in a small boy. Father takes my hand, envelops it in warmth, strength and security a child comes to accept as truth. Beneath my feet faith and trust teeter and sway side to side, nothing beneath me but a void my fear has filled. Mio padre mi prende la mano, la avvolge col calore, la forza e la sicurezza che un bambino riconosce come veri.

Sotto i miei piedi fede e fiducia traballano e oscillano fianco a fianco, niente sotto di me se non un vuoto colmato dalla mia paura. The Thief Reflects Tell me, what have I stolen from you that you have missed? Surely you know I have taken only inessential fragments you would have shed without my help. I can in no way be dismissed as common thief, nor as cheap trickster. You must agree I am a thief of impeccable taste: I did choose you. Night is never dark enough for some. There will always be things to hide. Cold speaks its own language. The deafest ear will hear something.

Fear not the night, the dark, the cold. It is ourselves that we need to fear. An open heart will always be hurt. Close it if you must. Di sicuro sai che ho preso solo frammenti inessenziali li avresti sperperati senza il mio aiuto. Non posso proprio essere liquidato come ladro comune, o dozzinale truffatore. Devi convenire che sono un ladro di gusto ineccepibile: Sempre ci saranno cose da celare. Il freddo parla la sua propria lingua. Paura non avere di notte, freddo, buio. Di noi stessi che dobbiamo aver paura. Tutti i cuori muoiono. Closed hearts only the pain of no. Only a fool tries to stop the wind.

The same fool tries to stop hurt. The open hand feels good about itself.

The closed hand always wonders why. Hourglass The evidence lies everywhere. We ignore the image — the bottom half, its increasing sand. It is funerals we attend with growing frequency that give us pause, make us feel the measure, the urgency, the anticipatory snare drum roll. Beat by beat, grain by grain. I cuori chiusi solo la pena del no. Solo un folle tenta di fermare il vento. Lo stesso folle tenta di fermare il male. Clessidra Le prove sono ovunque.

Make it Last A flash of orange and black through sun-splattered aspen leaves, the faintest glimpse of baltimore oriole; or the brilliant scarlet shoulder sheen as a red-winged blackbird warbles from its wind-bent cat-tail perch; or a high-above dissonant clamour of a passing startle of snow geese etched white on unmarred blue: Beauty surrounds us — no charge, no previous experience needed. Beauty is Where You Find It Why deny Beauty can illuminate a January day when wind has taken a break and the air is a hush, a blanket of expectation?

Even that miserly sun, that furtive fox creeping ever southward, bounces brilliant diamond facets off sculpted snow, mauve with shadow. This winter postcard pleases me, even though I do not stand long admiring the chill wonder of glistening snow, caught JIT Nature dies with such flamboyance, such acrylic outbursts. I gaze at this flaunting of fiery hues and unbidden names flash into my mind. I have seen too many friends too soon to the grave. La natura muore con tale fastoso sfolgorio, tali deflagrazioni acriliche.

Io fisso questo sfoggio di sfumature fiammeggianti e spontanei i nomi nella mente mi saettano. Ho accompagnato troppi amici, troppo presto alla tomba. I loro elogi funebri rammentano come ogni foglia del verde acero deve flambare e cadere. March Musing Alone with my thoughts I reflect on so many themes, but so often these musings return to you, the centre of my world and the wonder of it all, the serendipity, if indeed such matters ever are, that we managed somehow, with all the infinite permutations and random rolls of the dice, to found each other.

For we have saved each other and we have both been saved. In the finding, lay the saving; in the saving, lay the finding. Nel trovarsi, sta il salvarsi; nel salvarsi, sta il trovarsi. Sei motivi per cui scrivo poesie Biagio Marin was born in in Grado, a fishing village on the coast between Venice and Trieste, in a region under Austrian rule until He studied in Florence and Vienna before the First World War, and then, after service in the Italian army during the war, also in Rome.

He spent his working life in Northern Italy as a schoolteacher, schools inspector and finally as a librarian in Trieste. He published his first collection of poetry in More than thirty further volumes followed, almost all in the dialect of Grado, where he lived in retirement from until his death in From the s onwards he was recognised as an important and distinctive voice, a poet writing with apparent simplicity in traditional rhym- ing forms in a quite unprovincial way, whose dialectal colouring was in fact not a serious barrier for readers from other parts of Italy.

His rate of publication increased rather than diminished in old age, which saw him produce some of his best work. El corpo mio el gera una biondura de gran al vento ne la grande istae e ne le vene el veva la frescura de le rogie che score trasognae. Me son in paradiso! No one sees it.

My death has been maturing for so long, the sickle only flashing at the wheat. I look at it and think that I feel strong and then I shiver walking down the street. My body was a blonding field of grain on which the wind of a great summer played, and it had coolness in its every vein from little streams that flowed by half-asleep. I am in paradise! Poplars still tremble in the light enraptured with the breeze, and the world is at ease in this hour before night. Stirred I turn round and mark how the blue turns to gold, JIT Tra sera e note, Carne, carne tu geri JIT Gera quela la vita mia: Profumi persi e prumitinti de cu sa quale ignote fioridure: Flesh wants children to come the full moon and the sun, wants every crust and crumb to take on fleshly form.

You were rich black earth wanting to make corn, you were solid stone from which a house is born. I was born to stand watching on one side life which is just a cloud for the wind to unwind. It has unwound your hair, your breast it has undone, and your beauty is now where such things with God have gone.

All faded All faded and nothing was there: That was the life I led: Lost fragrances that came JIT The light, the light, the wicked light seducing with its playfulness, above, below, and anywhere it liked, and lasting just an hour, or less. Wondrous the tricks Wondrous the tricks put on by flowers that are not made to last, by clouds in the blue air above sailing untroubled past. Never shall I turn you down, for you I always thirst, loving you with infirm mind much more than solid earth. Those parties of the apple trees drunk on the open sky, till the fine petals founder when a windy witch storms by!

You, spring, are just crazy, summer, you burn the heart, and sun, you shine into the blood that revels in your heat. I want to stay in your abyss in any of its ways. Lassa la vita a largo e che la vaga a pico; el to barco xe cargo del to nemico. E ninte mai more nel mondo: La mutassion origina el canto; JIT Let life sail the seas, let it go and capsize, you have in your hold your foe and your prize. Nothing has passed Nothing has passed and died, and all is present and alive: My life has been an act of love, which light fed with its food, and now light carries it away down a more silent road.

It was a sunny dawn when one late June into the world I came in joy. He held the sun in his heart and fist, that naked laughing little boy. Silence calls to me Silence calls to me, and I obey. The ancient yearning of the heart is summoned from its deep hideaway. Thus it melts into the shadows, becoming rhythm, then words that make lasting music and then fly, JIT It is painful, the secret that the silence sets free. The night has icy hands; it lays them on my heart; there are no more faraway comets on which to depart. I am scorched earth.

Rain kisses on me now: She has published articles on Fenoglio and Pavese as well as on popular culture and language pedagogy.

The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Food from My Frontier (Enhanced Edition)

Taccuino Americano edited by Michelangelo LaLuna. A pediatrician, an artist, and a poet, he has not received the large-scale attention given to Pound, Yeats, and Eliot since he had neither love for the American academy, nor for the academic critic. His most consist- ent principle in sixty years of writing was the use of natural speech rhythms: A poem, he said, is not made of thoughts, but of words like pigments, and the poet is a word-user who depicts the artistry of language.

Words in a poem cease to represent symbols for ideas, and become the real matter of actuality — exorcising the word in its relation with things. Words are, for Williams, a semantic revelation born hic et nunc, free voices of his American contemporary reality. Color of flower, Blood-bright berry none, nor flame-rust On leaf, nor pink gall-sting on stem, nor Staring stone, Ay de mi!

Bed, book-backs, walls, floor, Flat pictures, desk, clothes-box, litter Of paper scrawls. So sit I here, So stand, so walk about. Beside The flower-white tree not so lonely I: Torn petals, dew-wet, yellowed my bared ankles. Love Song from Al que quiere! Yellow, yellow, yellow it eats into the leaves, smears with saffron the horned branches that lean heavily against a smooth purple sky! There is no light only a honey-thick stain that drips from leaf to leaf and limb to limb spoiling the colors of the whole world — you far off there under the wine-red selvage of the west!

Letto, dorsi di libri, pareti, suolo, Immagini stese, scrittoio, cassoni, groviglio Di scarabocchi. Petali lacerati, umidi, ingiallivano le mie nude caviglie. Giallo, giallo, giallo corrode nelle foglie, chiazza con zafferano i bicorni rami che pendono pesanti contro un liscio cielo porporino! It is this that rouses a tumult in my breast. At mere sight of you my voice falters, my tongue is broken. Straightway, a delicate fire runs in my limbs; my eyes are blinded and my ears thunder. I grow paler than grass and lack little of dying.

The Hard Listener from The Wedge The powerless emperor makes himself dull writing poems in a garden while his armies kill and burn. Al solo mirarti la mia voce vacilla, la mia lingua si disfa. Immediatamente, un fuoco delicato corre per le mie membra; i miei occhi si oscurano e le mie orechie tuonano. Di rado una canzone. Dovrebbe essere una canzone — fatta di dettagli, vespe, una genziana — qualcosa di immediato, cesoie aperte, occhi di donna — risveglio centrifugo, centripeto JIT Good Christ what is a poet — if any exists?

He is on the editorial board for the second tome of Those Who From Afar Look Like Flies University of Toronto Press, forthcoming , a bilingual anthology of contemporary Italian poetry, and his most recent translations have been published in the Journal of Italian Translation. Damiano Gurisatti is a high school teacher in Italy. His primary research interests concern ancient Greek literature and philosophy, with a particular focus on ancient Christian literature.

He also has a strong interest in the language, literature, and culture of his native Friuli. His main research interests lie in twentieth-century Italian literature and cultural history, with a particular focus on representations of the Holocaust, antifascist exiles in the United States, and Italian dialect poetry. Pierluigi Cappello was born in Gemona del Friuli in In , the Friuli earthquake forced his family to relocate from Chi- usaforte, a little village in the Fella valley at the foot of the Carnic Alps, to another small town, Tricesimo, closer to the larger city of Udine.

It is in this area that he lived for most of his life, first in a prefabricated building donated by the Austrian government, and then — for only a few years before his premature death in — in De Thomasis, Gurisatti, Maglianti-Cappello. In , a motor accident put him in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Writing from the Edge: On a personal level, as a resistance to the severe disability caused by a motor accident in his youth; secondly, De Thomasis, Gurisatti, Maglianti-Cappello.

In Italian and especially in Friulian, Cappello prefers fairly common and yet evocative words, that are decontextualized from their original pragmatic use and given a new, poetic meaning. As a result, his language is refined but not pedantic. Who he sings to — other than to his own doubles — remains an open question, but certainly his verses are not directed JIT More than a loner, Cappello presents himself as an exile, living at the periphery of Italy as well as at the outer limits of lan- guage, particularly when writing in Friulian. Despite the phisical hindrance that forced him to remain sedentary, he was in exile from his native Chiusaforte, the village abandoned after the earth- quake.

Indeed, he experienced exile within his own land, Friuli, a land historically prone to emigration: Estrangement is a characteristic technique of Cap- pello, who in his later poems see Parole povere, written in Italian describes Chiusaforte and its former inhabitants from a detached, peripheral perspective as well as from a position of profound sympathy.

They are the result of a year-long process of discussion and exchange between Sandro-Angelo de Thomasis and myself. Our work on the Friulian verses which constitute the major part of the lyrics anthologized here would not have been possible without the invaluable linguistic expertise and cultural advice of Damiano Gurisatti. I wish to thank both Damiano and Sandro for their friendship and for this adventure between three languages, Friulian, Italian, and English. And I sing simply to console myself. Stanza from a traditional Friulian song, documented since Giovanni Gortani, Saggio di canti popolari friulani and popularized throughout the last century by the widespread practice of choruses and, more recently, by folk music revival.

According to musicologist Roberto Frisano, the original context of these lines is probably to be sought in the realm of concealed love, but to date they are commonly deemed to embody a sort of motto of Friulian philosophy and lifestyle. X Today that is cold winter cold mirror on the leaf and my heart quakes like a bare branch; today that to speak is to leave and love of myself drowns itself between the word spoken and that one yet to speak; listen to me well, for well I know how to die for myself, Donzel, figure of love: XIII On the hill with light grass of January as long as the ray that fizzles out in it to be able to rest, to rest And then setting forth once again with the soul as a path that is bitter bitter bitter vivarium for verses.

Loves II Yours is my mouth, love, upon your taste my shame for being alive now that I touch you that I caress you and I stride you like a cat at night along the walls I stride you like a cat along the walls albeit I know that in the calculus of love two minus one gives less than zero and one plus one should give one, albeit it remains now that you go my tasting you on your skin on mine the dripping of your hair inside yours is my fear of forgetting myself. Within the circle of green of your eyes from tired that it was, deeper denser the world will be born. X I taste the air that you ruffle with your hands this giving and withdrawing of yourself shining in the dark here the hunger, there the bread of my hunger you flowery in the midst and a flower the rock that ceases to flourish in me; I taste this air and it would be enough if for living the fear of living were not less far than yourself.

Nowhere To Write Moon If less bitter at the awakening were the enchantment here would be your living, where it shines a little farther away. Within the shining of the moon that I see shining as if perfect on the leaf now that I have written it. Without earth and without sky JIT Una sarchia la terra magra di un orto in salita la vestaglia a fiori tenui la sottoveste che si vede quando si piega.

Uno impugna la motosega e sa di segatura e stelle. Uno cade dalla bicicletta legata e quando si alza ha la manica della giacca strappata e prova a rincorrerci. Uno manda via i bambini e le cornacchie con il fucile caricato a sale. Uno bussa la mattina di Natale con una scatola di scarpe sottobraccio aprite, aprite. One hoes the poor soil of a slanting garden the nightgown with faint flowers the underskirt visible when she leans over. One holds the chainsaw and he smells of sawdust and stars. One breaks the air with his yell because timber crushed his arm it went crack like a great branch breaking and I was there, I was little.

One falls from the tied bicycle and when he gets up his sleeve is ripped and he tries to run after us. One sends away kids and crows with his gun loaded with salt. One all muscles and stains on his undershirt Isolina bring me some coffee, he says. One knocks on Christmas morning with a shoebox under his arm open, open. Uncle has arrived, he has arrived hush-hush from France, he says, loudly. One leaves home covering an eye with her palm while from the uncovered eye she cries. One laughs and has a big gap in her front teeth another also laughs, but she has neither gaps nor front [teeth. Una perde la testa quando viene la sera dopo una bottiglia di Vov.

Una ha la gobba grande e trova sempre le monete per strada. One kicks a cat and loses her slipper while doing it. One loses her mind when the night comes after a bottle of Vov. One has a huge hump on her back and always finds money on the street. One with his own words there and then sets up a strike destined to fail you always say you gotta work but you never say come and get paid mister, he said.

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And it is already the remembrance of a remembering. One reads Mickey Mouse he likes Tarzan movies and Laurel and Hardy and he made himself a canoe at home which is too big to go through the door. One says to me, at this point you should put the word amen because this would be a prayer, as you made it. And I say that I like the word amen because it smells of prayer and of rain inside the earth and of pity inside the silence but I would not put the word amen because I have no pity for you all because I only have my eyes in yours and the joy of the vanquished and a great sadness.

In this column from October, , Pasolini addresses the problem of the mass migration of impoverished southern Italians to the north, and in particular the issue of the absence of decent housing in and around the city of Rome. In doing so he criticizes a newly released film by the director Luchino Visconti, Rocco and His Brothers, about a family of farmers that leaves its native Lucania in search of a better life in the northern industrialized city of Milan. Paola Bonifazi, of the University of Texas at Austin, who encouraged this project, and whose course on postwar Italian films inspired it.

Manno - Immagine sognata n. Mondadori, , Le conseguenze di questo stato di cose sono spaventose: Bel modo di risolvere i problemi, non le sembra? Cordialmente Guido Cristini Beh no: The consequences of this state of things are frightful: I would like to know what you think of this problem a consequence of the ill-fated fascist laws, never revoked, regarding urbanization all the more since it refers to characters whom you have made protagonists in your novels.

The latter, I mean, are well aware of the existence of the sub-proletarian world on the periphery of Rome, formed in large part of these very same non-residents: In reality we Marxists struggle a little to believe in the actual existence of a sub-proletariat: Ma anche questo, tutto sommato li trasforma: Egli infatti ha diritto di vivere come vuole e dove vuole. Il non concedere la residenza significa fare un processo alle inten- zioni: E infatti le borgate, volute dai fascisti, e consacrate dai democristiani, sono veri e propri campi di concentramento.

Visconti The problem of the non-residents is really something which tes- tifies to this new phase of the sub-proletariat of the capital almost entirely emigrated from the South. In fact — coming in contact with a new social reality, with new and immediate difficulties — the most passive, inert, resigned sub-proletarians are coming back to life: But even this ultimately transforms them: At least, they no longer consider sacred that which really is not.

It is a pitiful first step. And in fact, in these last months, we have seen a collective, organized movement by the non-residents, who have thus made their status public, have made anyone who possesses a minimum of human and political conscience take notice: That an Italian citizen can be a non-resident is monstrous. In fact he has the right to live how he wants and where he wants. Not granting residency amounts to punishing someone for their inten- tions3: But aside from the particular monstrosity of this phenomenon, it forms part of a more general and urgent problem: For that matter there is no work in the miserable southern towns from which the greater part of the non-residents originate.

Of course, a concentration camp is always the best solution…And in fact the JIT Il film affronta il problema degli emigrati meridionali a Milano: Gli altri rispondono a schemi: Io avrei richiesto a Visconti un maggiore coraggio di approfondimento psicologico: Tutti gli altri sistemi lasciano assolutamente indifferenti uomini come Cioccetti e soci.

Visconti suburbs, desired by the fascists, and consecrated by the Christian Democrats, are true and proper concentration camps. The film deals with the problem of southern emigrants in Milan: I am not deeply familiar with the relationship between the southerners and Milan: The others answer to type: They do not depart from these types, that, at times weigh so much on the character as to make the plot a bit melodramatic, and often confused. I would have asked Visconti for greater courage in having psychological depth: Psychological depth — which, naturally, is then rendered entirely concrete, simple, visual, plastic, through the direct use of artistic expression — which indeed Visconti used in Terra Trema.

I have made this Viscontian digression in order to say that regarding the problem of Roman non-residents, or rather regard- ing Rocco and brothers who live by the dozens, by the hundreds of thousands in the suburbs, that what is needed on the political level is not optimism in the facile and sentimental sense of the word: To pose the problem, to render it an object of indignation, is not enough: We need either to fight without rest, without taking a breath, with the utmost dedication, as many unionists - who are true and proper saints — are doing, or to analyze the problem with the most courageous and merciless intention of getting to the bottom of it and voicing it.

All the other approaches leave men like Cioccetti and his as- sociates indifferent. It covers everything from shanty towns arising spontaneously from abandoned construction sites to massive, cheaply built apartment blocks. Modena Co- mune, , pp Da Verga a Gramsci, di Luchino Visconti Interessato come sono ai motivi profondi che turbano e rendono inquieta, ansiosa del nuovo, la esistenza degli italiani, ho sempre visto nella questione meridionale una delle fonti principali della mia ispirazione. Devo precisare che in un primo tempo mi sono accostato a questa questione, posso dire anzi di averla scoperta, per una via puramente letteraria: La sola letteratura narrati- va alla quale, nel quadro del romanzo italiano, sentivo di potermi riaccostare, dopo le letture giovanili, nel momento in cui col mio primo film affrontavo, sia pure i limiti imposti dal fascismo, un tema contemporaneo della vita italiana, era quella di Mastro Don Gesualdo e dei Malavoglia.

Devo dire che, fin da allora, maturai il progetto di fare un film da questo romanzo. Poi venne la guerra, con la guerra la Resistenza e con la Resistenza la scoperta, per un intellettuale della mia formazione, di tutti i problemi italiani, come problemi di struttura sociale oltre che di orientamento culturale, spirituale e morale. Gramsci non soltanto mi persuase per la acutezza delle sua analisi storico — politiche che mi spiegavano fino in fondo le ragioni, il carattere del Mezzogiorno come grande disgregazione sociale e come mercato di sfruttamento di tipo coloniale da parte della classe dirigente del nord, ma per- JIT Luchino Visconti, Il cinema, Adelio Ferrero, ed.

Modena Comune, , pp Luchino Visconti: From Verga to Gramsci Interested as I am in the deeper causes that agitate and trouble the existence of Italians, the changes that create anxiety, I have always seen in the southern question7 one of the main sources of my inspiration. I must point out that I came across this question in an earlier period. In fact I can say that I discovered it by a purely literary route: That happened in — 41 while I was working on Ossessione9, my first film, in which I was confronting, albeit within the limits imposed by fascism, a contem- porary theme of Italian life.

At that moment, the only narrative literature, in the realm of the Italian novel, which I felt I could be close to, after my juvenile readings, was that of Mastro-don Gesualdo and of I Malavoglia I have to say that, since then, I had mulled over a project to make a film from the latter novel. Then the war came, with the war the Resistance, and with the Resistance the dis- covery, for an intellectual of my background, of all the problems of Italy, such as being problems of social structure, as well as cultural, spiritual and moral tendencies.

The differences, the contradictions, the conflicts between North and South became a passion for me beyond the fascination exercised on me, as a northerner, by the mystery of the Mezzogiorno11 and of the islands, still to my eyes very similar to the terra incognita dis- covered by the Mille of Garibaldi Vittorini had sounded a good alarm with his Conversations The mythic mode in which up to that moment I had enjoyed Verga was no longer sufficient for me. I felt impelled by the need to discover the historical, economic and social bases upon which the southern tragedy had developed, and it was above all through the brilliant writing of Gramsci14 that I was granted the possession of a truth which still waits to be decisively addressed and resolved.

Gramsci not only persuaded me by the acuteness of his historical-political analysis which explained to me down to their roots the reasons, the nature of the Mezzogiorno as a great social disintegration and as the product of exploitation of the colonial kind on the part of the ruling class of the North, but JIT Un film nasce da una condizione generale di cultura. La questione dei rapporti tra fratelli e tra figli e la madre non mi ha certo interessato meno di quella che una simile famiglia provenisse dal Sud, fosse una famiglia meridionale.

Si rifletta a questo: Visconti because, unlike other important southern authors, he gave me a practical, realistic course of action for transforming the southern question into the central question of the unity of our country: Furthermore, Gramsci enlightened me on the special, irreplaceable role of the southern intellectual in the cause of progress, once they were able to remove themselves from feudal servility and from the myth of the state bureaucracy A film is born out of a general cultural condition. Wanting to deal with the southern question, I could begin only from the highest artistic level reached on the basis of such material: Looking closely, however, even in Terra Trema16 I tried to bring economic conflict into focus as the source and reason for all of the dramatic development.

The keystone of the states of mind, the catalyst, of the psychology and of the conflicts, is thus for me primarily social, even if the conclusions which I reach are only human and relate concretely to single individuals. However, the blood which flows through history is filled with civil passion, with social issues. Rispondo alla seconda questione. Vi sono tuttavia almeno due modi di trattarlo. Visconti that is gaining acceptance is that of a Mezzogiorno and of a Sicily and of a Sardinia transformed by the presence of a higher number of asphalt roads, of factories, of land redistribution, of the guar- antee of local autonomy, I wanted to listen to the deeper voice that comes from the southern reality: Perhaps I have pushed this theme in an energetic and even violent way, but no one can reprove me for having forced it in an arbitrary and propagandistic way.

I could avail myself of the comfort of the tabloids that record daily the odyssey of the southern workers who go north in search of work and better fortune. But as easy as it might be for me to affirm that the story of Rocco and His Brothers could very well appear in one of those crime-sheet stories17, I would assert that they are quite typical. In the entirely imagined details of my characters and events, I believe I have posed a moral and ideological problem which is typical of the histori- cal moment in which we live and that is typical of a spirit open, on the one hand, to hope and a desire for a southern rebirth, but on the other hand is continually driven by inadequate remedies towards desperation, or towards utterly partial solutions, such as the individual insertion of every single southerner into a way of life imposed from the outside.

In this context I have set my story that, as has been noted, leads to crime, highlighting an aspect of the southern character that seems to me of great importance: I respond to the second question The theme of defeat, of mockery by society of the most generous individual impulses, is a theme as modern as ever. In any case there are at least two ways to deal with it. There is an aesthetic and complacent way which I do not hesitate to define as asocial, even anti-social. On the other hand, there is a way that examines the conditions of defeat in the context of the difficulties imposed by the established order and that, the more it is enriched by hope and energy, the more it reveals through artistic representation the real face of the obstacles — the JIT Verga arrestava il suo processo inventivo e analitico alla prima fase di questo metodo.

Esasperazione e forzatura polemica di tutti i conflitti? Visconti enlightening flip side of the coin. Verga halted his inventive and analytical process at the first phase of this method. Here, in Rocco, it is not by chance that this character is Ciro, the brother turned laborer, who not only has demonstrated an ability, not romanticized or fleeting, to make for himself a place in life, but who has acquired consciousness of the new obligations that come with new rights. As it turned out, and I have to say without my realizing it, the ending of Rocco managed to be a symbolic ending, I would say emblematic of my convictions about the South: As you can see I have arrived at social and even political con- clusions, having followed through all of my films only the road of psychological investigation and the faithful reconstruction of a human drama.

Tu n'en- tends point de bruit dans nos cabanes: Les femmes ne s'ecrient point les vnes les autres. La mort foudaine de l'vn de nos Capitaines, en fuite d'vn different qu'il auoit eu auec le Capitaine de ceux qui habitent fur l'emboucliure de noftre Riuiere, nous a fait croire que cet homme tenu pour vn grand Sorcier, 1' auoit tu6 fecretement par fes fortileges: Tu es noftre Pere, fois auffi noftre Arbitre: The sudden death of one of our Captains, following upon a quarrel that he had had with the Captain of the people living at the mouth of our River, made us believe that that man, who is regarded as a great Sorcerer, had killed him secretly by means of his sorcery.

Our hearts were already arousing the old-time hatred that we had had for those peoples, and we were on the point of cutting one another's throats and making war on one an- other; but thy words banished that Demon. Thou art our Father; be also our Umpire. Speak in our councils ; thou shalt be heard. We will always refer our disputes to thee. We see well that thou lovest us, suffering and fasting and praying for us as thou dost, day and night. Let us go this moment and find the Deputy of the English, 1 and speak to him as follows: Paint these words; and our Patriarch will act as our Ambassador, and will carry them to your Governors, accompanied by our chief men; and, after that prohibition, if any one gets drunk in secret, he shall be punished according as our Father shall decree.

Thy prayers, and those of the little chil- dren, and the recourse that we have to God, make us see the vanity and powerlessness of those Jugglers and of their sorcery. How many times have we seen persons in the last extremity, whom we thought be- witched, restored to health upon praying to him who is the master of all the Demons! The most noted and the most feared of their num- ber, named Aranbinau, — who had, in time past, raised his hatchet against the Father to kill him, upon finding him catechizing a nephew of his, — has shown himself so docile to the Father's words that he now makes profession of having him as an inti- mate friend.

Prends done courage, demeure auec nous, puifque nous fommes prefts de t'obeyr. Tu es noftre compatriote; nous fommes tous de mefme nation. Tu es noftre maiftre ; nous fommes tes difciples. Tu es noftre pere; nous fommes tes enfans, ne nous abandonne pas a la furie des Demons. Ne croy pas qu'ils foient allez bien loing: Nous fommes tefmoins que les principaux Anglois de ces contr6es te refpedtent.

Les Patri- archies de l'Acadie nous ont dit qu'ils t'auoient efcrit, que tu pouuois reuenir en noftre pays quand tu voudrois. Que deuiendront ceux qui mourront fans baptefme, [no] ou fans confeffion en ton abfence? Thou art our fellow-country- man; we are of the same nation. Thou art our master; we are thy disciples.

Thou art our father, and we thy children ; do not abandon us to the fury of the Demons. Think not that they have gone far away; they will come and cut our throats as soon as thou leavest us. Deliver thyself, and us too, from the trouble of so many journeys, which are so long and so difficult that one can carry nothing with him — which often exposes us to the danger of dying from hunger. We are witnesses that the principal Englishmen of these regions respect thee.

The Patriarchs of Acadia have told us that they had writ- ten thee that thou couldst return to our country whenever thou shouldst choose. The Huron and Algonquin Savages can expect some help from our Fathers and, through their mediation, from the French ; but the Abnaquiois can claim from us only their instruction, pure and simple. Ils n'atten- dent aucune grace des Anglois, par la faueur des Iefuites: Si bien [1 1 1] qu'ils n'ont point d'efperance, ny pour le parti- culier, ny pour le public, de tirer aucune vtilit6 temporelle de la venue de nos Peres en leur pays.

C'eft luy feul qui leur fait receuoir auec ardeur les enfeigne- mens qu'on leur donne: Or iugez maintenant, dit le Pere, fi on peut aban- donner ces peuples, a moins que d'abandonner Iefus- Chrift, qui prie fortement en leurs perfonnes, qu'on le tire du danger d'vn precipice eternel. Peut-on ] RELATION OF 41 their midst a Father and his companion in need of all things, having for house only their bark cabins, for bed only the earth, for food only their own salma- gundis. They look for no favor from the English through the Jesuits' mediation.

They have no thought of coming to Kebec to trade, for they were notified in the year that one or two Canoes were enough for coming every year to renew the alliances which they have with the new Christians of saint Joseph. Consequently [in] they have no hope, either as individuals or as a people, of reaping any temporal advantage from the coming of our Fathers to their country.

It is God alone who has given them the grace and strength to persevere so long in acts of piety, without master, without teacher, and without guide. It is he alone who makes them receive with ardor the teachings that are given them. It is he alone who plants deep in their hearts the esteem and affection which they have for their Father. It is he alone who makes them offer such strong and unceasing resistance to the Demons of whom I have just spoken, and who in truth ap- peared unconquerable in a country where there are no laws directed against Sorcerers, or against drunk- enness, or against polygamy, or against enmities and mortal hatreds.

God is their sole and only law. Can one leave as prey to the Demons so many persons, and so many nations, each composed of ten or twelve thousand souls, without [] having compassion on them? Les quitter, c'eft quitter Iefus-Chrift: Vt quid dereliquifti me? Ut quid dereliquisti me?

The Pioneer Woman Cooks: Food from My Frontier (Enhanced Edition) by Ree Drummond on Apple Books

People fight very often for reeds, and despise laurels and palms. VNE lettre enuoyee des Trois Riuieres, nous four- nira vn Iournal, de ce qu'ont fait cette annee les Hiroquois en ce nouueau monde. Les voyes de Dieu ne font pas moins iuftes, pour eftre cachees. II abbaifle fouuent ceux qu'il veut exalter. II enuoie vn homme chercher des Aneffes pour luy faire trouuer vn Royaume.

II exerce vn berger a tourner vne fronde, pour luy donner la vidtoire d'vn Geant, les Hiroquois ont quali iufques a prefent, fait plus de bien en la Nouuelle [] France, qu'ils n'y ont fait de mal. God's ways are none the less just for being hidden. He often humbles those whom he intends to exalt. He sends a man in search of She-asses, in order to make him find a Kingdom.

He trains a shepherd in the use of a sling, to give him the victory over a Giant. Up to the present time, the Hiroquois have done almost more good than harm in New [] France. They have delivered many souls from the fires of Hell, while burning their bodies in an elemental fire. For it is true that they have converted many per- sons, and that they are the instruments which God has used for deriving the sweet from the bitter, life from death, glory from ignominy, an eternity of pleasure from a moment of suffering, — severe indeed, but recompensed a hundredfold.

When the Hurons were in affluence, and the Algonquins in prosperity, they mocked at the Gospel, and tried to murder those who proclaimed it in their country, — accusing them of being sorcerers, who made them lose their lives by secret means, spoiled their grain, and caused drouths and inclement weather; and regarding them as traitors, who held communication with their enemies for the purpose of selling their country.

Difons done que les Hiroquois ont rendu des hommes riches penfans les rendre pauures: Mais il faut que ie confeffe, que s'ils ont fait du bien par cy-deuant, qu'ils paroiflent main- tenant a nos yeux comme des monftres, qui font prefts de nous engloutir. As soon as the Hiroquois who, before the good news of the Gospel was carried to them, were, as a general rule, subdued by our Savages [] had cast them into the abyss where they still are, these poor people came to throw themselves into our arms, — asking shelter and protection from those whom they had regarded as traitors; seeking the friendship of those whom they had tried to murder as Sorcerers ; urging that the life of the soul might be granted them, since they were losing that of the body; and desiring entrance into Heaven, since they were being driven out from their own lands.

And, it seems to me, I can say, with a very great appear ance of truth, that the Algonquins, and the Hurons, and numerous other Nations whom we have in- structed, would have been lost if they had not been ruined; that the greater part of those who came in quest of baptism in affliction, would never have found it in prosperity ; and that those who have found Paradise in the Hell of their torments, would have found the true Hell in their earthly Paradise. Let us say, then, that the Hiroquois have rendered men rich, thinking to make them poor; that they have made saints, thinking to make victims of wretched- ness; in a word, that we owe to them without, how- ever, being under any obligation to them the conversion and sanctification [] of many souls.

But I must confess that if they have done good, as indicated above, they appear now in our eyes like monsters ready to devour us. Mais que la porte du falut foit fermee aux nations plus peuplees qui habitent les riues de la mer douce des Hurons? C'eft ce qu'on appelle vn grand malheur, auquel neantmoins les hautes puifsaces peuuet aif6- met remedier, nonobftant les defordres de la France, caufez par des Hiroquois auffi barbares que ceux de l'Amerique: The gain is greater than the loss in this traffic. But that the door of salvation should be closed to the more populous nations dwelling on the shores of the fresh-water sea of the Hurons ; that the new Churches of Jesus Christ, founded and established by the piety of France, should be ruined, and so many new Chris- tians delivered to the jaws of these Lions; that the Gospel laborers and the Pastors of this fold should be banished and driven away from their flocks, — that is what may be called a great misfortune, which, however, the high mightinesses 3 can easily remedy, notwithstanding the disorders of France, caused by Hiroquois as barbarous as those of America.

But that is straying too far from my goal ; let us begin our narrative. They were in ambush at the river of la Magdelaine, six leagues, or thereabout, above three Rivers. That Squad, commanded by a man named Toratati, fell into their hands and was entire- ly defeated. On the 10th of May, Father Jacques Buteux as related in the first Chapter of this Relation was put to death, with a Frenchman accompanying him, named Fontarabie. Pierre, ou ils alloient dreffer leur embufche, les tailla en piece pour la plufpart. C'eft ainfi que les Hiro- quois groffiffent leurs troupes. A young man who had killed one of the Hiroquois who surprised them, was burnt and tormented in a horrible manner, on the same spot.

On the 1 6th of the same month, the Algonquins of three Rivers, having learned of the defeat of their people, went out to lie in wait for the [] Hiroquois as they passed ; but they fell into the trap which they intended to set for their enemies, for another band of Hiroquois — concealed near Lake St. Pierre, where they were going to lay their ambuscade — cut them -into pieces, for the most part. On the same day, there arrived from Montreal a Huron soldier of Toratati's company, who had escaped from the hands of the Hiroquois.

He reported that this Captain had been burnt, and that those of his band that were left had been given their lives. It is thus that the Hiroquois swell their troops. On the 15th of the same month, a Huron woman, who was working at Montreal cultivating Indian corn, was carried off by the Hiroquois, with two of her children. These wretches hide in the woods, behind tree-trunks or in holes which they make in the ground, where they pass two and three days sometimes, without eating, in order to lie in wait and surprise their prey.

On the 2 1 st, a French soldier and a Savage — cross- ing the great River, in a Canoe, before the Fort of three Rivers — were attacked, and both wounded, the Savage dying of his wounds two days afterward. Les Hiroquois montent das leurs Canots, ils font feu de tous coftez, pourfuiuans cette cha- loupe; qui mettant la voile au vent, fe tira de ce danger. Eftant abordee proche du Fort des Fran- cois, quelques foldats f 'embarquent, les Sauuages les fuiuent dans leurs Canots, ils donnent la chaffe aux Hiroquois, les preffent de fort pres: These wanton Rascals abound every- where, and at all times.

On the 8th of June, two Hurons who were stretch- ing a line to catch some fish, near the Islands of the river called three Rivers, were butchered. As this place is very near the French settlements, some men hastened hither, on hearing the noise, and pursued the Hiroquois, who made their escape, leaving behind their equipage, and the scalps of the two men whom they had killed. On the 19th of the same month, three Canoes arrived by the river of three Rivers, bringing word that the Hiroquois had made their way very far into the country of the Attikamegues, and had defeated them for the third time.

On the 2nd of July, at five o'clock in the morning, when some Hurons were going out to fish opposite the Fort of the French, on the other side of the great river, which is of considerable width at this place, the Hiroquois, who were in ambush, rushed upon them; but they [] jumped into the shallop of the French who had come to escort them. The Hiroquois took to their Canoes and opened fire in all directions, pursuing the shallop, which spread its sail to the wind and extricated itself from this danger.

Having reached land, near the French Fort, some soldiers entered it; the Savages followed them in their Canoes, and they gave chase to the Hiro- quois, pressing them very hard. But as they are adroit, they halted, protecting themselves from our firearms; and seeing that the Lion's skin could not cover them, they tried to use that of the Fox. Ils furent plus heureux que les autres: The Hiroquois said they were led by a man named Aontarisati, their Captain, and that he wished to speak to the French, and to the Savages who were their allies. They were told, in answer, to go down opposite the French Fort, and there they should receive an interview.

They [] repaired thither immediately, and from that place sent two Canoes to the quarters of the French. One carried a young Huron whom they had captured, whom they put ashore at a spot a little above the Fort, to go and see his kinsfolk who were among the French; this was in order that he might incite them to desert the French side. The other Canoe did not approach the land, but called out from its position on the water, and asked that the three Captains — of the French, of the Algonquins, and of the Hurons —should cross the river in order to go and treat with their people ; and they said that they would, on their side, send the three most prominent men of their number.

This proposal was ridiculed; and, meanwhile, some Canoes approaching for the purpose of corrupting our Hurons and bringing them over to their side, one of them was captured, which carried three Hiroquois ; two of these were Captains, who were noto- rious on account of the murders they had committed in all the French settlements. They were more fortunate than the rest, for our Fathers instructed and baptized them before their death.

They had two encounters, and fought stoutly and resolutely, without our learning the degree of success on the side of the Hiroquois; as for our own people, they returned on the seventh of August, hav- ing lost two men, and bringing back many wounded. On the 1 8th of August, four inhabitants of three Rivers, on going down a short distance below the settlement of the French, were pursued by the Hiro- quois, who killed two of them, as it was reported, and carried off the other two, to sacrifice them to their wrath.

On the 19th, the repulse was much greater. Mon- sieur du Plessis Kerbodot, Governor of three Rivers, taking with him forty or fifty Frenchmen and ten or twelve Savages, had them embark in shallops to give chase to the enemy, to recover, if possible, the pris- oners and the cattle belonging to the French, which, it was believed, had been carried away.

After sail- ing to a distance of about two leagues above the Fort, he perceived the enemy in the undergrowth at the edge of the woods, and landed in a place that was full of mud and very disadvantageous. Some one pointed out to him the advantage [] of the enemy, who had the forest for shelter. He went for- ward, advancing headlong ; but his ardor made him lose his life, as well as those of fifteen Frenchmen. During this engagement some Hiroquois, detached from their main body, slew a poor Huron and his wife who were at work in their own field, not far from the French settlements.

Ie n ay encore perdu quvn Ongle. Vne Dame honoree pour fa vertu, a efcrit a quelque perfonne en France, qui auoit connoiflance du fieur de Normanville, qu'il fembloit auoir eu quelque prefentiment de fa prife. II eft probable difoit-il a cette Dame vn peu deuant que de tomber entre les mains de ces Bar- bares qu'eflant tous les iours dans les occafions, ie pourray eflre pris des Hiroquois: But they re- tired, not knowing how to make use of their victory, and suffered the French to finish their harvests and garner their crops in peace, but not without sorrow.

On the 23rd of the same month of August, a visit was made to the scene of the engagement, where these words were found written on a Hiroquois buckler: Germain, Onneiochronnons and Agneehronons. I have as yet lost only a Finger-nail. Normanville, a young [] man of skill and bravery who understood the Algonquin and Hiroquois lan- guages, had written these words with a piece of charcoal, wishing to convey the information that the seven persons whose names were seen, had been taken by the Hiroquois known as the Onneiochronnons and Agneehronnons, and that he had himself up to that time received no further injury than the tearing out of a finger-nail.

I greatly fear that these poor victims have been sacrificed to the rage and fury of those Barbarians. A Lady, honored for her virtue, has written to some one in France, who was acquainted with the sieur de Normanville, that he seemed to have had some presentiment of his capture. Vne lettre dattee du premier de Nouembre, parle en ces termes. Noel Tekoiierimat fen va promptement armer la ieuneffe, qui eft icy en aflez bon nombre, pour obuier a ce malheur: Voila ce que porte cette lettre. A letter, dated the first of November, conveys the following information: They add that, when spending the night near the burnt Rock, they heard the Hiroquois singing as they are wont to sing when they torture their prisoners.

A good many of our Neophytes have gone out hunting in that direction, and I greatly fear lest they may fall into the snares of those hunters of men. Noel Tekouerimat is setting out immediately to arm the young men, who are here in considerable num- bers, in order to avert such a disaster ; but he would very much like to have Monsieur our Governor give him a French escort.

To crown all our calamities, we are informed that the Hiroquois intend to rally together all their forces, in order to [] come and destroy us next Winter. Such is the report made by the fugitives, and the reason which they give is very probable. Le Demon fcait bien prendre fon temps. But the Sontoua- heronnons made answer that they had upon their hands enemies near home ; and, if they would come and help destroy these, they themselves would join them later on for the purpose of destroying the French.

The Agneehronnon Hiroquois accepted the condition and sent their troops to join those of the Sontouaheronnons, — who, with this assistance, have destroyed the Neutral nation, which was on their borders. Consequently, they are obliged to join forces with the Hiroquois called Agneehronnons, for the purpose of coming to make war on the French. Those are the contents of the memoirs which have served as material for writing this Chapter.

The Demon well knows how to seize his oppor- tunity. Seeing that old France is rent asunder by her own children, he wishes to destroy the new, in order to reestablish his Dominion [] and his King- dom, which is steadily going to ruin, owing to the conversion of these poor north Americans, of whom some Thousands have already entered into Heaven by the door of faith, of Baptism, and of a holy life.

Those who remain, forming a Church of great inno- cence, cry out: Let not the Hiroquois stifle to death the germ of your belief, and the seed of the faith, and the plant of the Gospel, which we have received through your agency. If ye love Jesus Christ, protect those who love him and are baptized in his name. Ie ne mens point, il me femble que c'eft auiourdhuy que tu m'as baptiz6, ie vieilly, mais la foy ne vieillit point en moy. I'ayme autant la priere au bout de quinze ans, que le premier iour, que tu m'as inftruit. Voire mefme ie ne change quafi [] plus de lieu, ie pafferay l'Hyuer prochain a Ka-Miskoua- ouangachit, que vous nomez S.

Iofeph, comme j'y ay pafle le precedent. Ie fuis quafi tout Francois. France, who is constantly emptying herself into foreign countries, [] does not lack men to build up Colonies. God grant that she may have charity enough to send them to a place where they will live holier and easier lives, and where they would be the defense and aid of Jesus Christ, who honors men so highly that he chooses to save them by the help of men.

Let us finish this Chapter with a letter that a Savage Captain, a good Christian, sent to Father Paul le Jeune, who is laboring in old France for the salva- tion of the new. I seem to see thee, when thy letter is read to me ; and I seem to be with thee, when I speak to thee by the mouth, or the pen, of Father de Quen. I do not lie; it seems to me only yesterday that thou didst baptize me. I am grow- ing old, but the faith is not growing old in me. I love prayer as much, at the end of fifteen years, as on the first day when thou didst instruct me.

We are Changing in all things, we people of this coun- try ; but I assure thee that I never shall change in regard to what thou didst teach me, and what we are now taught by him who governs us in thy place. Indeed, I make hardly any further change, [] even in my location ; I shall pass the coming Win- ter at Ka-Miskouaouangachit, which you call St. Joseph, as I passed the last one. I am almost wholly French. I'eufle volontiers veu la robe que tu m'enuoyes; on dit qu'il y a de Tor deffus. Nous ferons bien toft des ames de tref- paffez: Dis-luy qu'il donne fecours a ceux qui font baptifez.

C'eft la fin de mon difcours. That was not because it is beautiful, but because they like, and are glad to see, what comes from us. I would have been pleased to see the robe that thou art going to send me ; it is said that there is gold upon it. Didst thou not have this thought: Make haste to come, and to bring us many sword-bearers, in order to drive away the Hiroquois from our heads. We shall soon be departed souls ; do not wait until we are in the grave before coming to see us.

It is thy good friend, Noel Tekouerimat, who writes to thee, and who says that he will always pray to God for thee, and for those who give us aid. Tell him to give aid to those who are baptized. That is all I have to say. Ces Memoires eftans tombez entre mes mains, j'ay creu que ce feroit faire tort au public de renfermer ce threfor dans les feules Maifons des Vrfulines. As these Memoirs have fallen into my hands, I thought it would be wronging the public to confine the enjoyment of this treasure exclusively to the Houses of the Ursulines. Accordingly, I have extracted therefrom the greater part of the facts which I shall relate in this Chapter.

Mother Marie de saint Joseph was born in Anjou, on the seventh of September, in the year 16 She was the daughter of Monsieur and Madame de la Troche, of saint Germain, persons of virtue, worth, and quality. Or ie dirois volontiers que c'eft la le plus grand peche qu'elle ait iamais commis contre la purete. That Royal Virgin and Mother of Virgins diffused in this little one's heart the love of purity and of Religion before she knew what purity and Religion were, unless it may be said — a thing which some persons remarked — that she was notably precocious in the use of her reason.

The valet de chambre, or footman, who brought her in his arms, gave her on the way some improper caresses; the poor child began to cry and to resist, in so strange a manner that this aston- ished man had much difficulty in framing a falsehood to conceal the cause of her tears. Now I would willingly assert that this was the greatest sin against purity she ever committed.

Though she gave me a very exact account, in new France, of all the acts of her life, I can say to render honor and glory to the source of all goodness that I do not remember hav- ing noted any fault that approached, even remotely, a serious offense. Speaking to me, then, afterward about that man's caresses, which were over in a mo- ment, she still wept hot tears, — not that she believed she had committed any fault in the matter, but from a holy jealousy for purity, lamenting with sorrow that, after having been so expressly dedicated and attached to the blessed Virgin, [] she should have had that unfortunate experience, to the detriment of her purity.

Arriua certain iour qu'vn homme de condition la voulant agacer, la baifa par furprife; elle, en fe retournant, luy donna vn foufflet fi ferre qu'il le fentit bien, quoy qu'il ne fuft porte - que de la main d'vn enfant. Bona arbor, bonos fruttus facit. D'vn bon arbre il vient de bons fruidts. Monsieur her father, seeing that she was of an amiable disposition, took pleasure in opposing her in this inclination, — often telling her that he wished to marry her to a little Gentle- man of her own age; and often making her little presents, which he said were sent to her from him. The poor child resisted and grieved so greatly, tak- ing this raillery for earnest, that Madame her mother, perceiving that she was beginning to waste away with melancholy, begged Monsieur her husband to forego this diversion.

It happened, one day, that a man of condition, wishing to tease her, kissed her by surprise; she turned around and gave him so smart a blow in the face that he felt it sharply, al- though it was delivered only by the hand of a child. Her good mother, upon perceiving this, not only did not disapprove of her conduct, but even kissed and caressed her, and gave her full permission to bestow alms, and to visit the poor whom she fed, — taking the child with her, in order to give her pleasure, when she went to dispense her own charities.

Bona arbor bonos fructus facit, — " From a good tree come good fruits. Madame fa mere la conduifit elle-mefme a Tours, en l'aage de huidt. She envied the lot of a little shepherd- girl whom she saw somewhere, because she was freed from the trouble of wearing gloves, of adjusting a mask, of keeping little ornaments that were given to her, and of adapting herself to the fashion.

Her father and mother, seeing that she was delicate, and of so sweet a disposition, besides being so different in her ways from persons of her condition who are reared for the world, wished [] to induce in her a disposition to consecrate herself entirely to God, if he should deign to call her to his service. Madame her mother herself took her to Tours, at the age of eight or nine years, and gave her in charge of the good Ursuline Mothers, on whom Our Lord has conferred much grace for the rearing of youth in his fear and his love.

She gained an empire over them by her deference and courtesy, and by the little serv- ices she rendered them, — so that they regarded her as their little mistress, and were never jealous at see- ing her loved more than the others, and even to such a degree that the Nuns employed her to teach the others.

And although she was very merry-hearted, and liked her little amusements, it was always with- out detriment to her devotions. She applied herself with great pleasure to reading the lives of Saints, especially of those who had toiled in the conversion of souls ; hence it was that she loved and honored with peculiar fervor the Apostle of the Indies, St. Francis Xavier, making his life her innocent [] delight, — so that she often stole away from her companions, and deprived herself of her amusements, in order to find time to read it. Ie ne fcay ii la delicateffe de fon naturel, ou la con- tention qu'elle apportoit pour acquerir la vertu, la firent tomber malade: Comme elle fe fentit entierement guerie, elle de- manda permiffion de retourner en fon petit Paradis: Elle l'obtint, mais non pas fans peine: She was not long with her parents before she recovered her former health.

She did not discontinue her devotions, de- spite the distance separating her from the house and the guidance of the Ursuline Mothers. She confessed and received communion with much frequency; she gave some time to silent prayer; she talked about God, and incited the servants to the practice of the virtues, with such well-grounded argument that Monsieur and Madame de la Troche were unable to conceive how a girl of her age could attain such heights, unless she were endowed with very ex- traordinary grace.

She obtained it, but not without difficulty; for the new [] in- tercourse and the new conversations that she had had with her parents had bound them so closely together on both sides that, when the question of parting came up, I do not know which suffered more, the parents or the child. She has since said that the love they bore her, and the confidence which her good mother manifested in her, above her brothers and sisters, had exerted so sweet a charm over her that the violence she did to herself in leaving them came near making her fall down in a swoon from grief.

A mefme temps qu'elle eft rendue a la maifon des Vrfulines, elle [] entre dans vn nouueau Combat. Elle prie, elle coniure les Meres de la receuoir en leur Nouitiat, pour eftre Religieufe. La Mere de faindt Bernard qui 1'aymoit vniquement, iugea qu'il luy falloit donner ce con- tentement, auec obligation neanmoins de fortir ii Meffieurs fes parens la vouloient retirer: You would have said that the Spirit of God made her fly, and exult in her triumph, after that noble victory.

At the same time when she was restored to the house of the Ursulines, she [] entered on a new Struggle. She prayed, she conjured the Mothers to receive her into their Novitiate, that she might become a Nun. She was told that she was not old enough, — that she was only thirteen or thereabout, and that fourteen was the required age.

This repulse and her own fervor made her pine away ; she gave heed where the Su- perior and the Nuns were to pass, where she waited for them, and implored them on her knees to take pity on her. They answered her that she was out of health and they must rather speak about sending her back to her honored parents than about admitting her to the Novitiate.

The poor child sighed, and protested that the Novitiate would be her cure. Mother de saint Bernard, who loved her fondly, de- cided that it was necessary to grant her this satisfac- tion, with the condition, however, that she must leave if her parents wished to withdraw her.

She agreed to what was required from her, that she might enjoy what she herself was asking for ; and God gra- ciously caused her to find her health in this place of benediction. Voicy comme cette faueur luy fut accordee. I'auoue qu'il eft bon que les parens fondent les volontes de leurs enfans: Let us see how that favor was granted her.

MONSIEUR and Madame de la Troche, seeing that their daughter was entering upon her four- teenth year, and that she was pressing them urgently to permit her to enter the Religious life, repaired to Tours for the purpose of testing her thoroughly ; for, although they had offered her to God from the time she was in her cradle, in case he were pleased to ac- cept her for his house, yet, in spite of that, the love which they bore her made them resolve not to give her up, except for good cause, and until they were fully convinced of the genuineness of her call.

As soon as they arrived, they took her out of the Monas- tery and, keeping her with them, planted two bat- teries, capable of overthrowing any other calling less strong than hers. I admit that it is well for parents to sound their children's wishes, for one cannot rely upon every order of mind; but it must also [] be admitted that God does not always call so loudly, and make himself so clearly heard, that the child's attention cannot be diverted, and the child itself withdrawn from the place where Our Lord destined for it the grace of his salvation.

Toutes ces offres ne la touchoient point; mais 1' amour qu'elle fentoit pour vne mere fi aimable, luy dechiroit les entrailles, quand elle penfoit a la repa- ration. On la fit done rentrer au Conuent des Meres Vrfu- lines, ou le Demon qui preuoioit la faintete' de ce braue fujet, luy liura vne furieufe attaque. II luy 6talle dans vn beau iour, toutes les raifons que Mon- lieur fon pere luy auoit apportees pour la diuertir de f on deflein: II efface de fa memoire toutes les repar- ties, que Dieu luy auoit fuggerez.

Madame her mother kissed and caressed her, and offered her every endearment calculated to win the heart of a young Lady of her condition. All these offerings failed to touch her ; but the love that she felt for so kind a mother rent her heartstrings when she thought of parting from her. But as she had a very high-spirited disposition, she stoutly resisted her natural tenderness; and then Our Lord put into her mouth such beautiful passages of Scripture, and thoughts from the holy fathers, touching the blessedness of the Religious life, and she quoted them [] with such fluency and eloquence, that her parents and several persons of quality who heard her were struck with surprise, and decided that no further resistance must be made to the spirit that makes eloquent the tongues of children.

Accordingly she was made to return to the Convent of the Ursuline Mothers, where the Evil One, fore- seeing the sanctity of this valiant subject, made a furious attack upon her. He displayed to her in a clear light all the reasons that her father had adduced to divert her from her purpose, effacing from her memory all the rejoinders with which God had in- spired her.

He aroused all the tenderness felt by her for -a mother who was never tired of seeing or of lov- ing her. The shock was so great and the darkness so thick that, feeling her strength wavering, she flung herself, as if she were a lost creature, into the arms of the blessed Virgin, offering all the devotions of which she could think, in order to win her heart and obtain, by her mediation, deliverance from this temptation.

Le iour qu'elle prit le faindt habit de la Religion, luy fut encore vn iour de combat. On a couftume d'habiller les filles en ce dernier iour de leur fiecle, conformement a l'eftat qu'elles auroient tenu dans le monde. On luy fit auffi porter le nom de faindt Bernard: Vous euffiez dit qu'elle commencoit par ou plufieurs acheuent. I'e- ftois rauie d'eftonnement, dit la Mere de 1' Incarnation, de voir en vne fille de quatorze ans, non feulement la maturite de celles qui en ont plus de vingt- cinq, mais encore la vertu d'vne Religieufe defia bien auancee. Rien de puerile ne paroiffoit en fa ieu- neffe, elle gardoit fes Regies dans vne fi grande ] RELATION OF 85 belong to God, and to follow the maxims of the Gos- pel, [] made her resolve, in the presence of the blessed Virgin, to drink the bitterness of her son's cup, and to persevere constantly in his house, even though all these torments should accompany her until death.

It is the custom to dress the girls, on this last day of their secular life, in a manner befitting the rank that they would have held in the world. Our Novice appeared, to the view of Madame her mother, so composed, so modest, that, when the latter approached her to give her the last Farewell, she seized and embraced her, and held her so long clasped to her bosom that Monsieur de la Troche, seeing her speechless and well- nigh in a swoon, snatched her from her mother's arms to conduct her to the door of the Monastery whence she had come.

This separation drew some tears from the daughter's eyes, and left the mother in a deep melancholy.

As soon as the former entered the Monastery, her parade dress was removed, and the one that she had so ardently desired was given her, with the customary ceremonies. She was also made to bear the name of saint Bernard ; we shall relate hereafter how [] she took that of saint Joseph.

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You would have said that she was beginning where many leave off. Nothing puerile showed itself in her youth: Les deux ans de fon Nouitiat fainctemet efcoulez, Meffieurs fes parens luy vindrent liurer la derniere bataille: Monlieur fon pere luy reprefente, qu'il n'y a encore rien de fait, qu'elle eft encore dans la plaine poffeffion de fa liberty, qu'il ne faut que trois paroles pour l'enchainer, en forte qu'il n'y aura plus de remede a fon repentir. Leur deflein n' eftoit pas de refifter a Dieu: La liaifon des cceurs ne fe rompt bien fouuent qu'a- - 53] RELA TION OF ibsi 87 followed her Rules with so great exactness that one would have said she was born for these observances ; and the high sacrifice of the understanding and will, which causes so many persons great exertions, seemed to come to her by nature.

In a word, her disposi- tion, which was ever invariably cheerful, made her very lovable and very welcome to all the Communi- ty ; and she watched so carefully over herself that it was not necessary to admonish her twice in regard to the same thing; indeed, she even regarded herself as admonished and reprimanded for the faults that she saw corrected in her companions. It suffices to render this very authentic and truthful testimony, that, from her entrance upon her Novitiate until her death, she always endeavored to respond faithfully to the grace of her calling.

Madame her mother brought to bear the rest of her rhetoric, and showed all her affection, all her love, and all her tenderness, — assur- ing her daughter that she would receive her with open arms, if the life of a Religious order that was far from easy was in the slightest degree distasteful to her; she protested that she could not, without violence, be separated from her. Monsieur her father represented to her that no decisive step had yet been taken, that she was still in full possession of her liberty ; but that it needed only three words to bind her so that there would be no further remedy for her repentance.

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Their design was not to resist God, but to oppose a calling founded on shifting sand. Noftre Nouice ne pouuoit quitter Dieu, ny fes parens: II luy fit voir dans fon fommeil, vne efchelle femblable a celle de Iacob: Elle en voypit plufieurs qui tomboient a la renuerfe des le premier pas, ou des le premier degre de 1'efclielle: He who utters the word " mother " [] utters the name of one who loves; and he who speaks of a well-born child, speaks of a heart full of love and respect.

Our Novice could forsake neither God nor her parents. She would have wished either that her mother might become a Nun with her, or that her parents might convert their house into a Monastery of her Order; for to speak of separation was to speak of death. She would rather have died a thousand times than quit the plow-handle and turn back ; and poor nature suffered, in her, strange convulsions and anguish at the thought that she was about to deprive herself, for the rest of her days, of her good mother's delightful conversation.

He who holds all nature suspended in his hand, who knows the number of the stars, who gives force to the winds, and sets bounds to the floods and storms of the sea, cured her of this temptation in a moment. He caused her to see in her sleep a ladder like that of Jacob ; with one end it touched the heavens, and with the other it rested on the earth. Many people were climbing this ladder, aided by their good Angels, who gently wiped away the sweat [] which the toil and exertion called forth from their foreheads and their entire faces.

Some of them she saw who fell backward at the first step, or at the first round of the ladder; others tumbled headlong from the middle ; and a small number, surmounting the diffi- culties of a road so straight and so steep, arrived at last at the top, and gained the victory. Si toft que noftre ieune Profeffe fut enrollee en la milice de Iefus-Chrift, on luy mit les armes en la main pour combattre fes ennemis, fcauoir eft l'igno- rance des petites filles qu'on luy donna a.

Cet exercice qui eft bas dans les ames mercenaires, l'efle- uoit a la dignite des Anges gardiens. It needed no questioning of GEdipus for the explanation of this enigma ; the Spirit of God was its interpreter. He cracked the stone, and made her taste its kernel. That love of the child of Adam which held her fettered by the eyes and heart of flesh, was changed in an instant to a love which does not destroy nature, but sanctifies it, — a love stronger, but freer ; a love which regards not time, but eter- nity. Her fidelity in resisting that stifling love ; her greatness of soul in never revealing it to her parents, for fear that they would take advantage of it to oppose her calling ; her resolve to suffer, for the rest [] of her days, the tyranny of that love, rather than take a backward step and desert her post, — won for her that holy and unfettered love which, after freeing her from her bondage, gave her the means to offer to God, in deep peace, a veritable sacrifice, — or, rather, an entire holocaust of herself; uniting herself closely to him in separating herself from all his creatures, by means of the vows of her profes- sion, which she took at the age of sixteen.

And never after that time did the love of her parents cause her trouble ; and the fear of severing her connection with them was so banished from her heart that she after- ward, without any difficulty, put more than a thousand leagues' distance between herself and them. As soon as our young Professed nun was enrolled in the army of Jesus Christ, weapons were put into her hands to combat his enemies, — namely, the ignorance of the little girls given her to teach, and the evil tendencies of their nature.

This pursuit — a low one, to mercenary souls — raised her to the dignity of the guardian Angels. De la vient qu'affez fouuent elle demandoit a fa Superieure difpenfe de voir les perfonnes dont elle croyoit que la conuerfation fe pafferoit fans fruid:. LA Mere de S. If she instructed them in civility, if she taught them to read or write, or if she made them learn some work, she always made her instruc- tion bear on their salvation, gently inculcating in them how they were to sanctify these occupations, and derive therefrom help for their salvation.

In a word, her sole object, during almost all her life, was to cause God to be known and loved by those with whom she had intercourse. Conversation that did not have to do with piety she could not endure ; and if any one by some digression of too great freedom wished to draw her into talk which savored of the world, she would lead him back again with a holy dexterity ; or if he were persistent, she would retire from the Grating or else would take the liberty to speak to him according to her feelings, without respect to human considerations, saying that one must not be less free and less bold in upholding the good than some [] were in destroy- ing it.

Hence it was that she not infrequently asked her Superior to excuse her from seeing those whose conversation she believed would be fruitless. Joseph possessed an intelligence that was quick, clear, and highly enlightened. Eftant done fur le point de prendre cet eflor, Noftre Seigneur luy fit voir ce que ie vay raconter. Ces beautez mifes en leur iour, brilloient auec vn merueilleux 6clat: Elle y vit entrer vn Religieux de fa con- noiflance, qui fut incontinent enchant6 auffi bien que les autres.

Ce qui l'efpouuenta plus fortement dans ce danger, fut, que ne pouuant retourner en arriere, elle fe voyoit comme dans la contrainte de fe ietter dans ce precipice. Mais au moment qu'elle fe croy- oit perdue, il parut vne troupe ou vne compagnie de ieunes gens, faits iuflement comme les Sauuages de la nouuelle France, qu'elle n'auoit pas encore veus: L'vn d'eux portoit vn guidon efcrit de certains mots d'vne langue eftragere.

Being, then, on the point of taking this flight, Our Lord made her see what I am about to relate. She found herself, in the quiet of night, at the entrance to a large square surrounded on all sides by shops. These beautiful things, advantageously displayed, shone with a marvelous brilliancy; so that all those who entered this square were immediately enamored of them.

She saw enter there a Friar of her acquaint- ance, who was forthwith enchanted, as well as the others. What most frightened her in this danger was, that, not being able to retreat, she saw herself apparently forced to throw herself into this abyss. But, just as she thought herself lost, there appeared a troop or company of young people having exactly the appearance of the Savages of new France, whom she had not then seen. One of them bore a standard inscribed with certain words in a strange tongue. She, greatly astonished, heard a voice which came from these olive-colored people, and which said to her: En fuite de ce deffein, elle fe tranfporta a Tours pour en obtenir quelques-vnes de Monfeign.

In a word, they put her in a place of safety. It is true, she did not at once know this, and she did not take her Benefactors for Savages ; but it must also be owned that the fondness she had always had for the salvation of souls, increased in ardor every day in her heart after this vision ; and that the reading of the Relations, which were sent every year from Canada, gave her most fervent desires to undertake things which she held as chimer- ical, not thinking the day was ever destined to come when she could realize them. She spoke about them often to Mother Marie de 1' Incarnation, who burned with the same fire, which they both regarded as folly, — not seeing with what fuel it could be fed, and unable to conceive that persons of their sex and condition were destined ever to be sent even unto the ends of the world.

In pursuance of this plan, she repaired to Tours, to obtain some from Monsei- gneur the Archbishop and from Mother Frangoise de St. Bernard, Superior of their Convent. Bernard, Superieure de leur Monaftere. Toute la Maifon des Vrfulines eftoit en feu, il n'y en auoit pas vne qui ne fouhaitat cette feconde place, exceptee noftre ieune Profeffe. Vous euffiez dit que le Demon [] luy auoit donne vn coup de maff ue fur la tefte: C'eft pourquoy s'eftant ouuerte a fa chere compagne la Mere de l'lncarna- - 53] RELA TION OF i6ji 99 sieur the Archbishop approved this enterprise, con- trary to the expectation of those who knew how much he was naturally opposed to things so new and unprecedented.

He ordered the Superior to give to Madame de la Pelterie Mother Marie de l'lncarnation, whom she asked for expressly, and to choose, by the advice of some persons whom he named, a companion for her. The whole House of the Ursulines was on fire, there being no one, except our young Professed Nun, who did not wish for this second place. You would have said that the Evil One [] had given her a blow on the head with a cudgel. She was colder than ice ; she seemed stunned and abashed ; and that great love that she felt for a good whose realization had appeared to her so advan- tageous, but impossible, was changed into a great aversion when she saw herself empowered to claim it.

And, although she honored Madame de la Pelte- rie as a saint, yet she regarded her, as well as the one who had been accorded her, as lost. It is a strange thing that the affairs of God are always attended with abhorrence and crosses. All her light was changed to darkness, her affections to estrange- ment, and her love to hate. It is true, this noise and din were only in the kitchen or in the courtyard among the servants, — I mean, in the lower story of the passions; for she always had, in the inmost depths of her heart, and in her soul's highest cham- bers, a secret esteem for a calling so exalted.

Hence it was that, upon unbosoming herself to her dear companion, Mother de l'lncarnation, these phantoms vanished, the curtain was withdrawn, and the day appeared to her, more beautiful than ever. La-deffus' on fe met en deuoir d'en choifir vne autre. On expofe le faindt Sacrement, on fait les Prieres de quarante heures, afin que Dieu prefi- daft a cette 61edtion.

Sa Prieure demeura fans parole: Those who knew her talents, and who had a love for this great work, believed that matters must not rest there ; they urged Mother de 1' Incarnation to ask for her as companion. The Superior lent her a deaf ear. Thereupon the task of choosing another was undertaken: Strangely enough, in so great a num- ber, those with whom this choice rested could reach no conclusion except in favor of our Candidate ; in the case of all the others, there was something or other that proved an objection.

Accordingly, she went again to find the Mother Prioress, prostrated herself, and conjured her to be favorable to her in this emergency, unless she knew her to be unaccept- able to God. Her Prioress remained speechless; love made her fear to lose a girl whom she had tenderly nurtured, [] who had given her so much satisfaction, and who gave great promise for her house.

These reiterated demands, and the fear of resisting God and not yielding him what he desired, made her pass the whole night without sleeping ; and in this silence Our Lord took possession of her with such power, and gave her so much knowledge con- cerning the calling of her dear daughter, that she submitted, with the provision, however, that her parents should give their consent.

Le courrier trouua Meffieurs fes parens a Angers. II leur prefenta les lettres de leur chere fille. Mon- fieur de la Troche les [] lifant demeura tout paine" d'6tonnement. Madame de la Troche ; ayant vn peu repris fes efpris, commande qu'on mette les cheuaux au caroffe pour aller promptemet empefcher ce voyage. Aum-toft dit, auffi-toft fait. Comme elle auoit defia vn pied dans le caroffe, parut vn Pere Carme, qui ayant appris le fujet d'vn voyage fi foudain, luy dit, Madame ie vous arrefte, permettez que ie vous die vn mot en voflre maifon.

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