Canada in Crisis (2) : An Agenda for Survival of the Nation

Indigenous peoples in Canada

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  • Canada in Crisis (2)

    • Countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe , snowshoes , the toboggan , lacrosse , tug of war , maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. The word "Canada" itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning "village" or "settlement". Aboriginal cultural areas depend upon their ancestors' primary lifeway , or occupation, at the time of European contact. These culture areas correspond closely with physical and ecological regions of Canada.

    In both of these areas the salmon was of chief importance. For the people of the plains, bison hunting was the primary activity. In the subarctic forest , other species such as the moose were more important. For peoples near the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River , shifting agriculture was practised, including the raising of maize, beans , and squash. One of the most noticeable symbols of Inuit culture , the inukshuk is the emblem of the Vancouver Winter Olympics.

    Inuksuit are rock sculptures made by stacking stones; in the shape of a human figure, they are called inunnguaq. Indian reserves , established in Canadian law by treaties such as Treaty 7 , are lands of First Nations recognized by non-indigenous governments. There are more reserves in Canada than there are First Nations, which were ceded multiple reserves by treaty. The traditional cultures of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still exert a strong influence on them, from spirituality to political attitudes. There are 13 Aboriginal language groups , 11 oral and 2 sign , in Canada, made up of more than 65 distinct dialects.

    In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government. Indigenous peoples were producing art for thousands of years before the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state.

    Like the peoples who produced them, indigenous art traditions spanned territories across North America.

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    Indigenous art traditions are organized by art historians according to cultural, linguistic or regional groups: Art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. Indigenous art with a focus on portability and the body is distinguished from European traditions and its focus on architecture. Indigenous visual art may be used conjunction with other arts.

    Shamans ' masks and rattles are used ceremoniously in dance, storytelling and music. The Indian Act banned manifestations of the Sun Dance , the Potlatch , and works of art depicting them. It was not until the s and s that indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin , Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to publicly renew and re-invent indigenous art traditions.

    Currently there are indigenous artists practising in all media in Canada and two indigenous artists, Edward Poitras and Rebecca Belmore , have represented Canada at the Venice Biennale in and respectively. The Aboriginal peoples of Canada encompass diverse ethnic groups with their individual musical traditions. Music is usually social public or ceremonial private. Public, social music may be dance music accompanied by rattles and drums.

    Private, ceremonial music includes vocal songs with accompaniment on percussion, used to mark occasions like Midewivin ceremonies and Sun Dances.

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    Traditionally, Aboriginal peoples used the materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada. Traditional percussion instruments such as drums were generally made of carved wood and animal hides. These musical instruments provide the background for songs, and songs the background for dances.

    Traditional First Nations people consider song and dance to be sacred. For years after Europeans came to Canada, First Nations people were forbidden to practice their ceremonies. The Canadian Census enumerated 1,, Aboriginal people in Canada, 4. In the 20th century the Aboriginal population of Canada increased tenfold. Indigenous people assert that their sovereign rights are valid, and point to the Royal Proclamation of , which is mentioned in the Canadian Constitution Act, , Section 25, the British North America Acts and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to which Canada is a signatory in support of this claim.

    Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples of the Americas in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions, cultural areas , with shared cultural traits. The urban Indigenous population is the fastest-growing population segment in Canada. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For Canadian-born people in general, see Canadians.

    Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music. Traditional beliefs Inuit religion. Settlement of the Americas and Paleo-Indians. List of archaeological periods North America. Canadian Indian residential school system and Sixties Scoop. The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Indian Health Transfer Policy Canada. First Nations government Canada. Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America. Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Aboriginal music of Canada.

    Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Indigenous peoples in Canada portal.

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    Building upon his analysis in the first volume of the series, Canada in Crisis: An Agenda to Unify the Nation, longtime federal employee Robert A. Battram goes. Canada in Crisis (2): An Agenda for Survival of the Nation (Paperback). Filesize: MB. Reviews. The publication is great and fantastic. It is probably the most.

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    Take a deep look into how to improve all areas of government, including economic policies, transportation systems, security of communications, security of energy and power, measures taken to combat extremism Join the author as he examines the many changes threatening Canada. Discover how the nation can defend itself, find solutions to its problems, and maintain its heritage, so that it can survive and thrive in Canada in Crisis: An Agenda for Survival of the Nation. Read on your iOS and Android devices Get more info. Capabilities Text to speech.

    About the author Robert A. Additional information Publisher Trafford Publishing. Content protection This content is DRM free. Additional terms Terms of transaction.