Liberating China

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The communications stations established by the Third Department of the Joint Staff Headquarters are not subject to the jurisdiction of the provincial military district and the major military region of where they are based. The communications stations are entirely the agencies of the Third Department of the Joint Staff Headquarters which have no affiliations to the provincial military district and the military region of where they are based. The personnel composition, budgets, and establishment of these communications stations are entirely under the jurisdiction of the Third Department of the General PLA General Staff Headquarters, and are not related at all with local troops.

As of the late s, SIGINT systems included several dozen ground stations, half a dozen ships, truck-mounted systems, and airborne systems. As of the late s, the Third Department was allegedly manned by approximately 20, personnel, with most of their linguists trained at the Luoyang Institute of Foreign Languages. Ever since the s, the Second and Third Departments of the Joint Staff Headquarters have established a number of institutions of secondary and higher learning for bringing up "special talents.

Though the distribution order they received upon graduation indicated the "Joint Staff Headquarters", many of the graduates of these schools found themselves being sent to all parts of the country, including remote and uninhabited backward mountain areas. The reason is that the monitoring and control stations under the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters are scattered in every corner of the country. In normal times, these two communications stations report directly to the Central Military Commission and the Joint Staff Headquarters.

Units responsible for co-ordination are the communications stations established in the garrison provinces of the military regions by the Third Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters. By taking direct command of military communications stations based in all parts of the country, the CPC Central Military Commission and the Joint Staff Headquarters can not only ensure a successful interception of enemy radio communications , but can also make sure that none of the wire or wireless communications and contacts among major military regions can escape the detection of these communications stations, thus effectively attaining the goal of imposing a direct supervision and control over all major military regions , all provincial military districts , and all group armies.

SIGINT stations, therefore, are scattered through the country, for domestic as well as international interception. Of the stations apparently targeting Russia, there are sites at Jilemutu and Jixi in the northeast, and at Erlian and Hami near the Mongolian border. There is a large facility at Dayi, and, according to Ball, "numerous" small posts along the Indian border. Other significant facilities are located near Shenyang , near Jinan and in Nanjing and Shanghai. Additional stations are in the Fujian and Guangdong military districts opposite Taiwan.

China also has ship and aircraft platforms in this area, under the South Sea Fleet headquarters at Zhanjiang immediately north of the island. There are also truck-mounted mobile ground systems, as well as ship, aircraft, and limited satellite capability. There are at least 10 intelligence-gathering auxiliary vessels.

As of the late nineties, the Chinese did not appear to be trying to monitor the United States Pacific Command to the same extent as does Russia. In future, this had depended, in part, on the status of Taiwan. This department is responsible for electronic countermeasures , requiring them to collect and maintain data bases on electronic signals. It is responsible for overseeing the political education, indoctrination and discipline that is a prerequisite for advancement within the PLA. The department prepares political and economic information for the reference of the Political Bureau.

The department conducts ideological and political work on foreign armies, explaining China's policies, and disintegrate enemy armies by dampening their morale. It is also tasked with instigating rebellions and disloyalty within the Taiwan military and other foreign militaries. The Liaison Office has dispatched agents to infiltrate Chinese-funded companies and private institutions in Hong Kong.

Their mission is counter-espionage , monitoring their own agents, and preventing and detecting foreign intelligence services buying off Chinese personnel. It includes highly trained soldiers, a team of commander, assistant commander, sniper, spotter, machine-gun supporter, bomber, and a pair of assault group. China's counterterrorist unit is drawn from the police force rather than the military. The Chinese Army fields large number of special operations groups and would appear to have a vast pool of manpower to choose from. However, it is believed that any significant terrorist activity within Chinese borders would draw the attention of the IAU.

China has reportedly developed a force capable of carrying out long-range air-borne operations, long-range reconnaissance, and amphibious operations. Formed in China's Guangzhou military region and known by the nickname "Sword of Southern China", the force supposedly receives army, air force and naval training, including flight training, and is equipped with "hundreds of high-tech devices", including global-positioning satellite systems.

All of the force's officers have completed military staff colleges, and 60 percent are said to have university degrees. Soldiers are reported to be cross-trained in various specialties, and training is supposed to encompass a range of operational environments. It is far from clear whether this unit is considered operational by the Chinese. It is also not clear how such a force would be employed. Among the missions mentioned were "responding to contingencies in various regions" and "cooperating with other services in attacks on islands".

According to the limited reporting, the organisation appears to be in a phase of testing and development and may constitute an experimental unit. While no size for the force has been revealed, there have been Chinese media claims that "over 4, soldiers of the force are all-weather and versatile fighters and parachutists who can fly airplanes and drive auto vehicles and motor boats". The Chinese navy has developed Type ballistic missile submarine , open source satellite imagery has shown that at least 4 of these have been completed. China is also developing the more advanced Type submarine , able to carry up to 24 JL-3 ballistic missiles each.

According to the United States Defense Department , China is developing kinetic-energy weapons, high-powered lasers, high-powered microwave weapons , particle-beam weapons , and electromagnetic pulse weapons with its increase of military fundings. The PLA has said of reports that its modernisation is dependent on sales of advanced technology from American allies "Some people have politicized China's normal commercial cooperation with foreign countries, smearing our reputation.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 's data, China became the world's third largest exporter of major arms in —14, an increase of percent from the period — China supplied major arms to 35 states in — A significant percentage just over 68 percent of Chinese exports went to three countries: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. China also exported major arms to 18 African states. Examples of China's increasing global presence as an arms supplier in —14 included deals with Venezuela for armoured vehicles and transport and trainer aircraft, with Algeria for three frigates, with Indonesia for the supply of hundreds of anti-ship missiles and with Nigeria for the supply of a number of unmanned combat aerial vehicles.

Following rapid advances in its arms industry, China has become less dependent on arms imports, which decreased by 42 percent between — and — Russia accounted for 61 percent of Chinese arms imports, followed by France with 16 percent and Ukraine with 13 per cent.

Helicopters formed a major part of Russian and French deliveries, with the French designs produced under licence in China. Over the years, China has struggled to design and produce effective engines for combat and transport vehicles. It continued to import large numbers of engines from Russia and Ukraine in —14 for indigenously designed combat, advanced trainer and transport aircraft, and for naval ships.

It also produced British-, French- and German-designed engines for combat aircraft, naval ships and armoured vehicles, mostly as part of agreements that have been in place for decades.

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There is a belief in the western military doctrines that the PLA have already begun engaging countries using cyber-warfare. Cyberwarfare has gained recognition as a valuable technique because it is an asymmetric technique that is a part of Chinese Information Operations. As is written by two PLAGF Colonels, Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, "Methods that are not characterised by the use of the force of arms, nor by the use of military power, nor even by the presence of casualties and bloodshed, are just as likely to facilitate the successful realisation of the war's goals, if not more so.

While China has long been suspected of cyber spying , on 24 May the PLA announced the existence of their cyber security squad. In , China decided to proceed with a nuclear weapons program.

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The decision was made after the United States threatened the use of nuclear weapons against China should it take action against Quemoy and Matsu , coupled with the lack of interest of the Soviet Union for using its nuclear weapons in defence of China. After their first nuclear test China claims minimal Soviet assistance before on 16 October , China was the first state to pledge no-first-use of nuclear weapons.

In , China tested a fully functional hydrogen bomb , only 32 months after China had made its first fission device. China thus produced the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history. China became a major international arms exporter during the s. China acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NPT in and supported its indefinite and unconditional extension in Nuclear weapons tests by China ceased in , when it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and agreed to seek an international ban on the production of fissile nuclear weapons material. In , China committed to provide assistance to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities.

The Zangger Committee is a group which meets to list items that should be subject to IAEA inspections if exported by countries, which have, as China has, signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty. In September , China issued detailed nuclear export control regulations. China began implementing regulations establishing controls over nuclear-related dual-use items in China also has decided not to engage in new nuclear co-operation with Iran even under safeguards , and will complete existing co-operation, which is not of proliferation concern, within a relatively short period.

Based on significant, tangible progress with China on nuclear nonproliferation, President Clinton in took steps to bring into force the US—China Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation. Beijing has deployed a modest ballistic missile force, including land and sea-based intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles ICBMs.

China's nuclear program follows a doctrine of minimal deterrence , which involves having the minimum force needed to deter an aggressor from launching a first strike. The current efforts of China appear to be aimed at maintaining a survivable nuclear force by, for example, using solid-fuelled ICBMs in silos rather than liquid-fuelled missiles. China's published deterrence policy states that they will "uphold the principles of counterattack in self-defense and limited development of nuclear weapons", but "has never entered, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any country".

It goes on to describe that China will never undertake a first strike, or use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state or zone. The PLA is responsible for the Chinese space program. The PLA started the development of an anti-ballistic and anti-satellite system in the s, code named Project , including ground-based lasers and anti-satellite missiles.

Only a few pictures have appeared since it was revealed in late Tests with speeds up to Mach 20 were reached around Military spending in the People's Liberation Army has grown about 10 percent annually over the last 15 years. According to SIPRI , China became the world's third largest exporter of major arms in —14, an increase of per cent from the period — A significant percentage just over 68 per cent of Chinese exports went to three countries: Following rapid advances in its domestic arms industry, China has become less dependent on arms imports, which decreased by 42 per cent between — and — Former-United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has urged China to be more transparent about its military capabilities and intentions.

Until the mids the PLA had extensive commercial enterprise holdings in non-military areas, particularly real estate. Almost all of these holdings were supposedly spun off in the mids. In most cases, the management of the companies remained unchanged, with the PLA officers running the companies simply retiring from the PLA to run the newly formed private holding companies.

The history of PLA involvement in commercial enterprises began in the s and s. Because of the socialist state-owned system and from a desire for military self-sufficiency, the PLA created a network of enterprises such as farms, guest houses, and factories intended to financially support its own needs. One unintended side effect of the Deng-era economic reforms was that many of these enterprises became very profitable.

For example, a military guest house intended for soldier recreation could be easily converted into a profitable hotel for civilian use. There were two main factors which increased PLA commercial involvement in the s. One was that running profitable companies decreased the need for the state to fund the military from the government budget.

People's Liberation Army

The second was that in an environment where legal rules were unclear and political connections were important, PLA influence was very useful. By the early s party officials and high military officials were becoming increasingly alarmed at the military's commercial involvement for a number of reasons.

The military's involvement in commerce was seen to adversely affect military readiness and spread corruption. Further, there was great concern that having an independent source of funding would lead to decreased loyalty to the party. The result of this was an effort to spin off the PLA's commercial enterprises into private companies managed by former PLA officers, and to reform military procurement from a system in which the PLA directly controls its sources of supply to a contracting system more akin to those of Western countries.

The separation of the PLA from its commercial interests was largely complete by the year It was met with very little resistance, as the spinoff was arranged in such a way that few lost out. The Central Military Commission adopted the song on July 25, The PLA's insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the Chinese characters for Eight One , referring to the Nanchang uprising which began on August 1, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Xi Jinping Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping Head of state: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Keqiang Congress Chairman: Li Zhanshu Conference Chairman: Scientific Outlook on Development. Constitution Previous constitutions Xu Qiliang Zhang Youxia. National Defense Mobilization Commission. Zhao Kezhi State Councilor. Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities. History of the People's Liberation Army. Military history of China before List of Chinese wars and battles.

Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army. People's Liberation Army Ground Force.

People's Liberation Army Navy. People's Liberation Army Air Force. People's Liberation Army Rocket Force. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March Learn how and when to remove this template message. Cyberwarfare in the People's Republic of China. ASAT program of China. Military budget of the People's Republic of China. Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army. Introduction of the March of the PLA instrumental.

China portal Communism portal War portal. The Military Balance Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Asia Times Online is a quality Internet-only publication that reports and examines geopolitical, political, economic and business issues. Retrieved 1 April China's Muslim Borderland illustrated ed. Retrieved 22 May Retrieved 28 March Sebastian Heilmann , editor, [ "Archived copy".

Archived from the original on 23 March Retrieved 11 May The Military Balance , p. Archived from the original on 4 November Retrieved 12 February Central News Agency Republic of China. Archived from the original on Those un-registered may not apply loan. Ministry of Defence Announced That the Conscription should be finished in high quality ".

Retrieved 20 December From a ferry, a Chinese fast-attack boat. Retrieved 11 June Retrieved 18 March Archived from the original on 19 March The Wall Street Journal. An Online Blue Army. The New York Times. Military Power of the People's Republic of China. The Frontiers of Modern Defence, p.

Arms Racing in the Western Pacific". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 31 January Retrieved 20 June It is also possible that during this decade the PLA Navy could deploy initial railgun and laser weapons. It is known that the PLA has invested heavily in both technologies. Retrieved 24 February South China Morning Post. History Dreyer, Edward L. Rousing the Dragon Bloomsbury Publishing, An Encyclopedia excerpt William W.

Whitson, with Chen-hsia Huang. Foreword by Lucian W.

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China's Military Transformation Polity Press, Military corruption in China: The China Quarterly, , Building for Regional and Global Reach. Roy Kamphausen, Andrew Scobell.

Forgotten A look at the changing roles of the Chinese militia system in the Communist era from its inception to the present. China's Path to Power Capability guidance, net assessments and strategic policy development. Andrew Scobell and Roy D. Right Sizing the People's Liberation Army: Kamphausen, Andrew Scobell and Travis Tanner, editors. The "People" in the PLA: Media Relations in China's Military: Ground Force Navy Air Force.

Military decorations of People's Liberation Army. Type 07 Type 99 camouflage Type 97 Service Dress. Armed conflicts Authorized defense products dealer. National security and law enforcement in China. Armed conflicts involving the People's Republic of China. Chinese Civil War —50 Kuomintang insurgency — Kuomintang Islamic insurgency —58 Battle of Chamdo Tibetan uprising Xinjiang conflict —present Tiananmen Square protests The Tibetan negotiators were not allowed to communicate with their government on this key point, and pressured into signing the agreement on 23 May , despite never having been given permission to sign anything in the name of the government.

The Dalai Lama, who by this time had ascended to the throne, chose not to flee into exile, and formally accepted the 17 Point Agreement in October For several years the Tibetan Government remained in place in the areas of Tibet where it had ruled prior to the outbreak of hostilities, except for the area surrounding Qamdo that was occupied by the PLA in , which was placed under the authority of the Qamdo Liberation Committee and outside the Tibetan Government's control.

In , Tibetan militias in the ethnically Tibetan region of eastern Kham just outside the Tibetan Autonomous Region, spurred by PRC government experiments in land reform , started fighting against the government. When the fighting spread to Lhasa in , the Dalai Lama fled Tibet.

The legacy of this action continues decades later. Jamling Tenzing Norgay , the son of Tibetan born Tenzing Norgay who was one of the first two individuals known to summit Mount Everest , said in his book, "I felt fortunate to have been born on the south side of the Himalaya , safe from the Chinese invasion of Tibet. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the process by which the People's Republic of China invaded and gained control over Tibet. Part of a series on the. Political status of Tibet. China portal Tibet portal. The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China. A history of modern Tibet, , the demise of the lamaist state. University of California Press. Goldstein; Gelek Rimpoche A History of Modern Tibet, The Demise of the Lamaist State. Answers to China's Questions. It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.

One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: A History of Modern Tibet. The Calm Before the Storm, Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, vol. Conversations with the Dalai Lama, Grove Press, , p.

History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, , p. Touching My Father's Soul: A Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest. Armed conflicts involving the People's Republic of China. Chinese Civil War —50 Kuomintang insurgency — Kuomintang Islamic insurgency —58 Battle of Chamdo Tibetan uprising Xinjiang conflict —present Tiananmen Square protests Sino-Soviet border conflict Korean War —53 Vietnam War — Timeline List of rulers European exploration Historical money.

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