Le financement des États en transition: vers une meilleure réponse (FINANCE ET INVE) (French Edition)

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Agricultural finance is crucial to support the growth of the agricultural sector. Indeed, it is essential for food security, job creation, and overall economic growth. After a brief background for setting the scene, the five key research areas presented in the synthesis2 are: The five areas of emphasis each examine the innovations and trends, with the first three looking at the needs and opportunities for small farmers and women and ways in improve their inclusion into the financial system.

The fourth area presents an approach and innovative tools for effective agricultural lending and market inclusion, and the fifth area focuses on innovations in using agricultural insurance as a tool to address one of the most important risks that inhibit agricultural finance, especially for smallholder households. Given the diversity of topics, the format of the research papers and summaries vary with the theme. The synthesis ends with key messages about the trends and lessons, including recommendations for policy interventions and further research and development.

This paper examines the effect of financial innovation on poverty reduction in rural northern Nigeria. Households from this part of the world are farmers hence, exposed to the vagaries of Climate Change. Assessing whether or not the poorest income quintile the poorest of the poor benefit from existing financial inclusive strategies, would inform policy makers and direct the attention of microfinance entrepreneurs to better innovate products that would increase financial inclusiveness and reduce poverty in developing countries.

The overarching objective of this case study work are to assess the extent of policy coordination in each of the five countries selected, to enable stakeholders to take well-informed decisions and actions, to strengthen policy and its coordination through either existing or new agricultural finance policy coordinating bodies, and to provide recommendations the AFSWG for its planned advocacy and implementation phase. The book explores the ways to work for the inclusion of smallholder farmers in particular and the rural population in general that allow for accelerated agricultural growth.

This book starts with the overview of the global trends in agricultural finance and it focuses on institutional and process innovations dealing with agricultural risk and the use of modern technology to improve financial services in rural areas. This briefing analyzes the development of agricultural finance in these three countries to distill from their example policy recommendations for how governments can meet the demand for agricultural finance while driving broader agricultural, economic, and political growth in their countries.

This resource book can act as a useful guide to MFIs engaged in providing financial services to the poor, particularly agricultural finance; community based organisations engaged in aggregation of farm produce and other practitioners in the area of agricultural financing. The study intends to identify and disseminate the best practices of MFIs that have successfully implemented agricultural lending operations targeting smallholders in Latin America and the Caribbean LAC.

The study main focus was on smallholders in loose value chains and subsistence farmers in order to support replication and expansion of scalable approaches. IFC research study seeks to understand the motivations of MFIs that venture into agricultural finance, how the products they offer have been structured, and how they were implemented, with a specific focus on agricultural finance programs and products that are designed for smallholders in loose value chains and non-commercial subsistence farmers.

At the end, the paper provides the key recommendations for MFIs serving or looking to serve smallholder farmers. This report, from the Fin4Ag Conference , seeks to highlight some of the challenges and opportunities that producers, traders, banks and other financiers face in a sector that is fast transforming itself.

La « monnaie libre », arme de désendettement massif

The book focuses on three main issues: Second, it examines the distinct risks associated with agricultural finance and how to assess and mitigate them. Third, it focuses on possible distribution channels for reaching the rural poor with modern technology. This includes mobile banking as well as scoring to increase efficiency and outreach in agricultural finance.

Agricultural Finance Yearbook , transformation of the agricultural sector: This year report examines various initiative that have been taken to imporve financial sector support to investment and business operations in the Ugandan agricultural sector in The study intends to draw broad lessons from the history of public participation and the support provided by international donors for agricultural finance in numerous countries.

It elaborates on the elements that are key to innovative agricultural finance: The study makes an attempt to identify several approaches or growth pathways for deploying investments to address smallholder finance. Based on a global review of cases, the report make recommendations on how donors, impact investors, multinational buyers, and commercial and social lenders can collaborate in different contexts to enable the provision of financial services to smallholders. This brief is a part of "Technical briefs on rural and agricultural finance" and it highlights lessons learned in the use of subsidies as instruments of agricultural development finance.

It then proposes how to strengthen agricultural finance particularly for small-scale farmers through five major approaches: T It concludes that the challenges imposed by RAF require the concerted effort of all portions of the bank. Also, it recommends that the whole core management team be committed to institutionalizing these new capabilities into bank staff and systems. This study documents African and international innovations and best practices at the policy, industry, supplier and client level to improve access to agricultural and rural financial services in southern African countries.

The overall objective of this study is to address and provide comprehensive answers to the questions as: What categories of public and private sector intervention are needed at the macro, meso, micro and client levels in order to address the rural and agricultural finance challenges in the region? What are the best African and international current practices in respect of each of these categories of intervention? What are the circumstances and main drivers that have enabled these practices to develop and bear fruit?

What is needed to enable such practices to be applied with success in the six study countries? This technical brief is a part of "Technical briefs on rural and agricultural finance" and it summarizes lessons from FAO work over the past years on how rural finance may facilitate poverty reduction. It target audience consists of development practitioners implementing related projects in the field. The brief summarizes the results from a FAO study analyzing the performance of 31 agricultural investment funds in developing countries.

This paper explores the recent and current USAID projects that address the issue of rural finance, and looks at how the projects are expanding access to rural finance. It is aimed at researchers and those agencies supporting them in order to provide some criteria for encouraging research results that increase policy effectiveness. It targets development practitioners that are not specialized in the subject have a growing interest in it. The document provides a set of policy recommendations designed to help promote the expansion of agricultural finance in Africa.

The brief focuses on specific agricultural finance policy measures that can make the biggest difference in expanding access to financial services for producers, agribusinesses and other agricultural value chain participants within the African context. This brief is a part of "Technical briefs on rural and agricultural finance" and it summarizes findings from several studies conducted by FAO during the development of its agricultural finance revisited series, concerning the role of government supervision in the development of agricultural financial markets.

The technical note aims to help country programme managers and project design teams to understand the transformation of agriculture and modern value chains and how this knowledge can be used to benefit the financial access and delivery processes; how to develop value chain financial services that benefit all types of farmers and agribusiness firms within value chains and the country as a whole; and the best way to develop a programme implementation strategy that will strengthen priority value chains through interventions that address capacity needs and financing, policy and support infrastructure requirements.

This technical note serves as a guide to the design of appropriate programme interventions that apply VCF approaches to the development of competitive agricultural value chains. It emphasizes interventions that promote financial inclusiveness and the overall development goals of governments, as well as those of technical and funding agencies. This technical brief is a part of "Technical briefs on rural and agricultural finance" and it summarizes key finding from a three-year microfinance lawyer training programme implemented by the International Development Law Organization.

During this programme, the role of the legal system in promoting greater access to finance was explored. It also draws some lessons in the design and management of CGSs and concludes by making policy recommendations. In view of the changing socio-economic conditions in rural India, Financing Agriculture is being positioned as a national journal on agri business which will continue to contribute to the growth of agriculture, rural development, microfinance, livelihood, environment, forestry and rural entrepreneurship along with social sectors.

It is planned to increase the periodicity of the journal from bi-monthly to monthly shortly so that our readers are updated on regular basis. The paper first defines a model for agricultural and rural finance, recognizing the interactions between agricultural value chains, non-farm enterprises and households. It frames the discussion from the perspective of demand for finance by defining the key problems in the value chain or household.

The paper then categorizes financial innovations that show promise in addressing these problems as well as those related to the policy environment, that affect the performance of the agricultural sectors and the well-being of rural households. This paper presents a literature review of issues related to recent subsidies and investments in the financial sector that have been designed to address the immediate effects of the crises and to develop the financial institutions necessary to modernize agriculture.

The literature consulted reflects a combination of academic sources and reports from the agencies and organizations involved in supplying financial services in developing countries. Against this background, this paper presents a review of subsidies as an instrument of agricultural development finance. The emphasis here is largely on agricultural credit, with less attention given to other financial services.

This paper focuses on credit primarily for small farmers rather than for large farmers and agribusinesses, which normally have better access to commercial credit sources. It does not delve into the rapidly expanding literature on agricultural value chain finance, which offers a viable alternative for reducing risk and costs in some types of agricultural finance while increasing access to funding for some smallholders who may otherwise not be reached unless there are subsidies or directives for financing them.

The paper is intended for decision makers in developing countries as well as staff in international agencies, financial institutions, nongovernmental organizations NGOs , and other organizations who make decisions about programs and policies affecting financial services, especially credit, for poor farm and nonfarm households in rural areas.

Rechercher

It is expected to serve as an input into the preparation of an official policy statement of the CABFIN donor consortium on the role and status of subsidies in agricultural finance worldwide. The main outcome of the conference is the Kampala Principles, 11 policy guidelines suggesting the actions most urgently required to foster the effective provision of financial services to the agricultural sector in Africa in the context of the Comprehensive AfricaAgriculture Development Program CAADP.

They also have the power to reach beyondthe African context and to represent the African voice within the international discussion on agricultural finance. This report is intended to provide an insight into the lively discussions of the conference, the business cases presented, and the elaboration on the Kampala Principles. The Agricultural Finance Yearbook for seeks to reflect the main issues, actions, successes and failures experienced in Uganda during the year, in the overall area of financial sector support to agriculture.

It is increasingly recognized, in Uganda, in Africa as a whole, and in the international community, that adequate access to financial services is vital for those who build productivity and earn their livelihoods in agricultural commodity value chains. The year has been notable in that lending to the agricultural sector by Tiers 1, 2 and 3 financial institutions has re-bounded to approach the levels recorded in and Another reason for the increase in lending to agriculture is due to a number of banks recognising business opportunities in the sector and developing products and approaches accordingly.

Improved flow of information on successful investments, as conveyed in knowledge products such as the Yearbook series, are an important part of this process.

Questions au Gouvernement

It is also hoped that banks that have moved in this direction will enhance their involvement in the sector, driven by the opportunities presented. Turning to Tier 4 institutions, a few SACCOs have recorded notable successes over the years, however, many have faced significant problems.

The Yearbooks for and included articles that described some successes and also some sound working linkages between SACCOs and commercial banks. The Yearbook, and particularly Articles 5. The overall importance of the SACCO sector is recognised, as it is clear that this type of member-owned financial institution, when properly managed and regulated, can offer effective and valuable services to its members, who are often living and working far from the branch network of commercial banks.

The Yearbook series, including this edition, is commended to all concerned to see improved linkagesbetween the financial and the agricultural sectors in Uganda. The report represents the synthesis of a series of studies into agricultural finance in Africa. The aim was to examine access to finance for agriculture in Africa, with a view to provide insight into the existing institutional environment and with the aim to identify strategies and tactics which would create an enabling environment for access to finance in commercially oriented agricultural value chains.

The development of SME Finance in the agricultural sector was also identified as an important issue to bring forward food security and to reach the Millennium Development Goals. IFC conducted analytical work with the objective of identifying appropriate approaches to calculate or reduce the main risks and costs that inhibit access to financial services in the agricultural sector in developing countries. This effort led to a report presenting several guidelines for policy and regulatory frameworks conducive to agricultural finance.

Questionnaire

The publication summarizes the key lessons learned from the knowledge generated at the conference. The publication serves to reinvigorate the passion and inspiration participants got from the conference to continue cracking the remaining tough nuts of rural and agricultural finance. This volume provides a global review of experiences and learning on the broad subject of value chain finance for agriculture in developing countries. Value chains in agriculture comprise a set of actors who conduct a linked sequence of value-adding activities involved in bringing a product from its raw material stage to the final consumer.

Value chain finance, as described in this volume, refers to the financial flows to those actors from both within the value chain and financial flows to those actors from the outside as a result of their being linked within a value chain.

The purpose of this book is to provide an understanding of the emerging field of agricultural value chain finance. The Stocktaking Report aims to provide the G Leaders with a summarized but comprehensive frame- work by which to understand the SME finance gap and its challenges. The first part of the report is con- ceptual and primarily consists of a review of the literature on SME Finance in the developing world; the second part of the report discusses the analysis of cases of SME Finance interventions compiled through a collective effort involving G member countries, non-member countries, development finance institutions, and private sector players.

Finally, the report highlights key recommendations that are proposed to the G Leaders in order to achieve significant and sustainable scale-up of SME access to financial services across the developing world. In this backdrop, this study is going to explore the role of institutional credit in agricultural production using the time series data for the period of to Cobb-Douglas production function is estimated using OLS and all the variables are transformed to per cultivated hectare.

Results show that agricultural credit, availability of water, cropping intensity and agricultural labor force are positively significantly related to agricultural production. The purpose of the Yearbook series is to highlight promising new initiatives used to assist in the financing of investment in agricultural value chains. Apart from positive examples, the Yearbook also serves to warn of problems that may be faced by investing farmers, processors and marketers of agricultural produce.

Thus the Yearbook warns of products and machines that are offered on the Ugandan market, but which are either fake, or sub-standard. These range from agro-chemicals and veterinary drugs, all the way through in terms of value to four wheel tractors. Above all, the Yearbook serves to both encourage financial institutions to support their clients' agricultural investments, and shows how best this can be done. The Ugandan Yearbook on Agricultural Finance for has just been published.

The report discusses key trends and drivers in land acquisitions, the contractual arrangements underpinning them and the way these are negotiated, as well as the early impacts on land access for rural people in recipient countries. The report looks at large-scale land acquisitions, broadly defined as acquisitions whether purchases, leases or other of land areas over 1, ha. While international land deals are emerging as a global phenomenon, this report focuses on sub-Saharan Africa. The report draws on a literature review; on qualitative interviews with key informants internationally; on national inventories of approved and proposed land acquisitions since in five African countries Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali and Sudan , as well as qualitative case studies in Mozambique and Tanzania; and on legal analysis of applicable law and of a small sample of land deals.

Los casos seleccionados fueron:. It then discusses how these good practices can be applied in the context of Pakistan. Private-sector finance has made a start in filling this long-established gap, widened over the last decade as public-sector financing frameworks for small-scale agriculture have been withdrawn. However, the flow of capital to agricultural SMEs needs to be scaled up. This paper looks at the barriers to doing so.

This paper seeks to show that while the reason for the missing middle is fairly straightforward, eliminating it requires a multi-track approach to match the complex pattern of demand, supply, and infrastructure features. Indeed, leases are one of the newer financial products now making their mark on agricultural value chains. The need for greater consultation before policies are introduced is perhaps the over-riding lesson from Farmers in developing countries are frequently exposed to the uncertainties of weather, prices and disease.

Many farmers live on the edge of extreme uncertainty, sometimes falling just below, and sometimes rising just above the threshold of survival. Farmers do not know whether rainfall will be good or bad over a season; they do not know the prices they will receive for produce sold; and they do not know whether their crops will be infected by disease. These risks are not under the control of farmers but some farmers have developed ways of coping and managing them. The purpose of the paper is to provide practitioners, policy makers and donors with a thorough overview of agricultural microfinance.

It is hoped that they can use this information to expand the access of farming-dependent households to sustainable financial services on a massive scale. The analysis in this paper was conducted without bias towards any specific institutional type or approach because there is enormous potential for cross-learning among traditional agricultural finance, agribusiness credit and microfinance. Although the paper focuses on lending, it also recognizes and explores the importance of deposit, insurance and money transfer services for both farming households and financial institutions.

This paper was produced as a desk review, supplemented by correspondence with the institutions in the case studies, visits to selected institutions and discussions with knowledgeable third parties.

This brief notes in its introduction that rural areas and the agricultural sector in developing countries have often been underserved by conventional financial institutions due to the higher transaction costs of these operations and the higher real and perceived risk associated with agricultural lending. In seeking to promote rural development, and considering the relative importance of agriculture in many of these economies, many governments have struggled to expand rural and agricultural finance.

In the s and s, governments saw it as their role to step in and provide credit, either through state agricultural banks or through directed credit programs facilitated by commercial financial institutions. While these programs may have had an immediate effect on the growth of targeted agricultural sub-sectors, loans available under these programs typically were costly to administer and included subsidized interest rates. Further, for political or social reasons governments often would treat the loans as grants, resulting in a culture of non-payment. With these failures as backdrop, the brief highlights that governments often face the fundamental problem: How can governments expand rural and agricultural finance, without repeating the mistakes of the past?

Instead of being a direct provider, governments can be far more effective by establishing and enabling environment for the private sector to supply financial services to rural and agricultural sectors. This case study analyzes the innovations and performance of bank and non-bank financial institutions sustainably expanding access to demand-driven rural and agricultural financial RAF services in Moldova during the last five years December —September The main objectives of this case study are to explore how RAF programs in Moldova have overcome the challenges of improving access to financial services for rural communities and the agricultural sector and to extract lessons applicable to other less-developed countries.

The case also considers improvements in the operating environment that have facilitated expansion of RAF services. The paper concludes with highlights of key lessons learned and an evaluation of the transferability of the innovations and results achieved. This paper discusses the challenges to ad factors affecting the success of institutions providing financial services for agricultural activities. The World Bank definition of rural finance is adopted here — the provision of a range of financial services such as savings, credit, payments and insurance to rural individuals, households, and enterprises, both farm and on-farm, on a sustainable basis.

It includes financing for agriculture and agro processing. Agricultural finance is defined as a subset of rural finance dedicated to financing agricultural related activities such as input supply, production, distribution, wholesale, processing and marketing. And the term microfinance is considered the provision of financial services for poor and low income people and covers the lower ends of both rural and agriculture finance.

Section 1 of this document provides readers with an overview of recent research in the area of rural and agriculture finance, and sets out the commonly held opinions. The following section then provides a discussion of the main challenges in the provision of financial services in rural areas — the paper amalgamates different lists from various sources that may constrain both supply and demand. Section 3 then points to what is working. It notes, of course, that there is not one clear model or set of guidelines that an institution can follow to ensure absolute success.

The final section discusses what is being learnt — including a summary of the lessons from urban microcredit that can be applied to rural areas. This paper points to the needs of vibrant rural financial markets for a supportive legal and regulatory framework as well as the necessary institutions to bring that framework to life. For example, it notes that agricultural enterprises do not benefit from secured lending laws if the necessary moveable or immovable property registries do not exist, or operate ineffectively.

It is the institutional infrastructure, together with the legal and regulatory framework, that enables the growth of a variety of viable financial institutions that are client oriented, mobilize deposits effectively and provide access to loans to a full range of farmers, agribusinesses, and other rural clients. The rural and agricultural finance institutional infrastructure implements and enforces the legal and regulatory framework, and provides support and other services to the agricultural and financial sector.

These institutions include both public and private institutions. Some work directly with the financial sector to support their operations and services to rural and agricultural clients. Other institutions provide services directly to rural enterprises, improving their access to finance and their bankability.

The purpose of this RAFI note is to provide an introduction to the types of institutions that comprise the supportive infrastructure for rural and agricultural finance, identification of how these institutions address various constraints to rural and agricultural finance, and the lessons learned from developing these institutions and their operations. Different aspects of rural and agricultural infrastructure are discussed, which fall under three main headings:. Based on desk reviews, consultant site visits and stakeholder consultation, CGAP identified a shortlist of institutions actively engaged in agricultural finance that showed the potential to achieve scale and sustainability.

Several case studies were selected from this shortlist and are presented in the present publication. These case studies present promising approaches to the sustainable provision of financial services to poor rural households reliant on agriculture. The five institutions or projects highlighted in the studies are:. El documento estudia tres temas interrelacionados: He wonders, however, if micro-finance a suitable way of financing seasonal crop loans, or longer term farm investments such as tube wells or terracing?

There seems to be a mismatch between micro-finance and on-farm investments, not least in respect of interest rates. The cost of funds, that is the interest rate, must be far enough below the expected return from the investment to cover the risk of loss and to allow the owner a reasonable surplus. Can farmers afford microfinance? The "old paradigm" rural development finance institutions have in some cases disappeared, and in others they have been converted into what are effectively specialist micro-finance institutions MFI. This article asks if new paradigm micro-finance effectively address the needs of farmers.

The author constructs an interesting table which compares the features of five possible uses of credit in a rural household - health needs, petty trade, milking cows, crop loans and minor irrigation - with the characteristics of typical microfinance loan products. He concludes that there is an increasing mismatch in suitability as one moves from health needs and petty trade to crop loans and irrigation. He then goes on to examine one particular feature in more detail - the mismatch of microfinance interest rates with on-farm rates of return.

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Je sais que vous le faites tout comme moi. Cependant, nous ne voterons pas ce budget sans quelques regrets. Applaudissements sur divers bancs. Mme Christine Pires Beaune. Applaudissements sur quelques bancs du groupe LaREM. On y trouve de bonnes choses: Franck Riester , ministre de la culture. Franck Riester , ministre. Ces annonces prouvent la prise de conscience des plateformes. Il y a du boulot. Merci pour vos applaudissements. Je le sais bien! Elle deviendra obligatoire dans les programmes scolaires. Mme Constance Le Grip. Je veux ici le rappeler: Ces initiatives sont louables, mais elles ne vont pas assez loin: Bruno Studer , rapporteur.

En tout cas, il est certain que des cas de manipulation existent. Il y en a ici des professionnels! Ugo Bernalicis, pour le groupe La France insoumise. Studer devra donc patienter encore un petit peu. Exclamations sur les bancs du groupe FI. Ils vont fermer, alors? Applaudissements sur les bancs du groupe LR et sur plusieurs bancs du groupe FI. Non que nous partagions toutes les dispositions de cette proposition de loi: Vous, le Gouvernement allez donc discuter? Mais avec qui vous battrez-vous?

Pas avec un interlocuteur, avec un algorithme! Je me demande donc bien quel genre de discussion vous pourrez avoir avec eux: Mais franchement, vous vous donnez beaucoup de mal pour rien: Tout le monde le sait! Tout le monde sait qui pense quoi! Je dis bien, la maltraitance sociale.

Quand cela les arrange, ils sont avec nous ou avec vous, et quand cela les arrange, ils sont contre vous ou contre nous! Heureusement que le ministre est plus raisonnable que vous! Adrien Quatennens, pour le groupe La France insoumise. Mais on pourrait aller plus loin: Des questions importantes se posent.

La finance et les affaires, ennemies du développement durable?

Rien de plus, rien de moins. Ugo Bernalicis et Michel Larive applaudissent. Ce texte ne fournit aucun moyen nouveau. Il faut laisser travailler la presse. Vous le savez fort bien. Je conclurai par un dernier exemple:

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