La route des gardes (Littérature Française) (French Edition)

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By the 13th century an additional source of patronage for writers and performers was the bourgeoisie of the developing towns. New genres emerged, and, as literacy increased, prose found favour alongside verse. Much of the literature of the time is enlivened by a rather irreverent spirit and a sometimes cynical realism, yet it also possesses a countercurrent of deep spirituality.

In the 14th and 15th centuries France was ravaged by war, plague, and famine. Along with a preoccupation in literature with death and damnation, there appeared a contrasting refinement of expression and sentiment bred of nostalgia for the courtly, chivalric ideal.

At the same time a new humanistic learning anticipated the coming Renaissance. The jongleurs , professional minstrels, traveled and performed their extensive repertoires , which ranged from epics to the lives of saints the lengthy romances were not designed for memorization , sometimes using mime and musical accompaniment. Seeking an immediate impact, most poets made their poems strikingly visual in character, more dramatic than reflective, and revealed psychology and motives through action and gesture.

Such oral techniques left their mark throughout the period. Most are anonymous and are composed in lines of 10 or 12 syllables, grouped into laisses strophes based on assonance and, later, rhyme.

Their length varies from about 1, to more than 18, lines. The genre prospered from the late 11th to the early 14th century, offering exemplary stories of warfare, often pitting Franks against Saracens, that fire the emotions with their insistent rhythms. Under the influence of the genre known as romance, however see below The romance , the chansons de geste lost some of their early vigour. Their story lines became looser, their adventures more exotic, and their tone often amatory or even humorous. Many were eventually turned into prose.

Cycles formed as new songs were composed featuring heroes, families, or themes already familiar. The epics in the Geste de Doon de Mayence deal with rebellious vassals, among them Raoul de Cambrai, in a gripping story of injustice and strained loyalties. The First Crusade is handled, with legendary embellishment, in a minor cycle. Controversy surrounds the origins of the genre and its development and transmission. It is not known how most of the poems came to contain elements, somewhat garbled, from Carolingian history some years before their composition.

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Some scholars believe in a continuous process of oral transmission and elaboration. Others suppose the historical facts were retrieved much later by poets wishing to celebrate certain heroes, many of whom were associated with pilgrim routes that the jongleurs could then ply with profit. In fact, very few texts belong to the period before The romance, which came into being in the middle of the 12th century in France and flourished throughout the Middle Ages, was a creation of formally educated poets.

The earliest romances took their subjects from antiquity: Alexander the Great , Thebes , Aeneas , and Troy were all treated at length, and shorter contes were derived from Ovid. The standard metre of verse romance is octosyllabic rhyming couplets. It differs from the chanson de geste in concentrating on individual rather than communal exploits and presenting them in a more detached fashion.

It offers fuller descriptions, freer dialogue , and more authorial intervention. There is more interest in psychology, especially in the love situations. The universally popular legend of Tristan and Isolde had evolved by the midth century, apparently from a fusion of Scottish, Irish, Cornish, and Breton elements, beginning in Scotland and moving south.

French literature

The main French versions both fragmentary are by the Anglo-Norman poet Thomas c. His first known romance, Erec et Enide Erec and Enide , is a serious study of marital and social responsibilities and contains elements of Celtic enchantment. Yvain ; ou, le chevalier au lion The Knight with the Lion treats the converse of the situation depicted in Erec et Enide. The grail , first introduced here, was to become, as the Holy Grail, a remarkably potent symbol. The unique Aucassin et Nicolette Aucassin and Nicolette , a charmingly comic idyll told in alternating sections of verse to be sung and prose to be recited , pokes sly fun at the conventions of epic and romance alike.

Its first exponents were the Occitan troubadours, poet-musicians of the 12th and 13th centuries, writing in medieval Occitan, of whom some are known by name. Among them are clerics and both male and female nobles. The troubadours no longer considered women to be the disposable assets of men. The canso French chanson , made of five or six stanzas with a summary envoi , was the favourite vehicle for their love poetry; but they used various other forms, from dawn songs to satiric, political, or debating poems, all usually highly crafted.

Guilhelm IX, duke of Aquitaine see William IX , the first known poet in the Occitan language , mixed obscenity with his courtly sentiments. Among the finest troubadours are the graceful Bernard de Ventadour ; Jaufre Rudel , who expressed an almost mystical longing for a distant love; the soldier and poet Bertran de Born ; and the master of the hermetic tradition, Arnaut Daniel. Rutebeuf wrote verse in personal, even autobiographical mode though the personal details are probably fictional on a variety of subjects: It appears in pious and didactic literature and, as authorial comment, in other genres but more usually in general terms than as particular, corrective satire.

Human vice and folly also serve purely comic ends, as in the fabliaux. These fairly short verse tales composed between the late 12th and the 14th centuries—most of which are anonymous, though some are by leading poets—generate laughter from situations extending from the obscene to the mock-religious, built sometimes around simple wordplay and frequently elaborate deceptions and counterdeceptions.

They are played out in all classes of society but predominantly among the bourgeoisie. Many fabliaux carry mock morals , inviting comparison with the didactic fables. Realistic in tone, they paint instructive pictures of everyday life in medieval France. They ultimately yielded in importance to the farces, bequeathing a fund of anecdotes to later writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Giovanni Boccaccio. Inspired partly by the popular animal fable , partly by the Latin satire of monastic life Ysengrimus ; Eng.

Ysengrimus , the collection of ribald comic tales known as the Roman de Renart Renard the Fox began to circulate in the late 12th century, chronicling the rivalry of Renart the Fox and the wolf Isengrin, and the lively and largely scandalous goings-on in the animal kingdom ruled by Noble the Lion. By the 14th century about 30 branches existed, forming a veritable beast epic. Full of close social observation, they exude the earthy humour of the fabliaux; but, particularly in some of the later branches, this is sharpened into true satire directed against abuses in church and state , with the friars and rapacious nobility as prime targets.

Allegory , popular from early times, was employed in Latin literature by such authorities as Augustine , Prudentius , Martianus Capella , and, in the late 12th century, Alain de Lille. But the most influential allegorical work in French was the Roman de la rose The Romance of the Rose , where courtly love is first celebrated, then undermined. Guillaume, however, left the poem unfinished, with the dreamer frustrated and his chief ally imprisoned.

Courtly idealism is shunned for a practical, often critical or cynical view of the world. Love, only one of many topics treated in the completed version, is synonymous with procreation; and a misogynistic tone pervades the writing. The Treasure of the City of Ladies sets out in detail the important social roles of women of all classes. Allegory and similar conceits abound in much late medieval poetry, as with Guillaume de Machaut , the outstanding musician of his day, who composed for noble patronage a number of narrative dits amoureux short pieces on the subject of love and a quantity of lyric verse.

A talented technician, Machaut did much to popularize and develop the relatively new fixed forms: A prolific writer, he dealt with public and private affairs, sometimes satirically; but he composed little love poetry, and his work was not set to music. Jean Froissart , the chronicler, also wrote pleasantly in a variety of lyric forms, as did Christine de Pisan, whose poetry had a greater individuality. There is an elegiac tone to much of his graceful courtly verse. It presents the essential French Grammar upper-intermediate to advanced level through literary texts and poems taken from works by renowned French authors such Camus, Zola, etc.

In order to give an example of presentation, chapter 3 treats the Imperfect tense temps imparfait through one text called: This story is in fact available online. As one sees, the author of the story employs a lot the imperfect and the authors of the book use this story to introduce various elements of the tense usage, formation, imperfect vs perfect tense, etc.

Are You an Author?

The book is accompanied by a useful webpage here. By clicking "Post Your Answer", you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service , privacy policy and cookie policy , and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies. Home Questions Tags Users Unanswered. French Literature Textbook Ask Question.

Tensibai I'm really after a book that is a sort of 's translation. I'd really like something like this, but a course based on literature, also picking up essential skills for reading French literature, grammar review, and at the same time, a new vocabulary. Is there anything like it?

I have none from the top of my head, I remember we had special edition of some books with annotations at school but nothing like what you describe. I hope someone teaching French will give you a better answer: Perhaps this kind of book is out there somewhere!! ThatLanguageGuy You should approve one of the answers.

Here's a representative paragraph or two with the footnotes from the text: Luke Sawczak 9, 2 12

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