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William Morris's personal practical involvement in handmaking was his radical departure. Ruskin had first explored the social dangers of separating intellectual and manual activity, arguing that class divisions were exacerbated by the traditional definitions of work for gentlemen and work for artisans.
Ruskin himself was not a maker. It was Morris , in the next generation, who developed these perceptions in his own exuberant creative terms. His principle was to be that no work should be carried out in his workshops before he had mastered the technique of it himself.
While still in Street's office, Morris had begun to experiment with stone carving, clay modelling, wood carving, and the first of his illuminated manuscripts. In Oxford he had an embroidery frame made to an old design, and found a retired French dyer to dye worsteds for him. From a smith with a forge near Oxford Castle he ordered a mail surcoat and a bassinet an Arthurian type of helmet , which closed on him when he first tried it on and trapped him. Burne-Jones described him 'embedded with iron, dancing with rage and roaring inside' MacCarthy , Morris's notorious nervous irritability was probably a facet of an epileptic tendency inherited from his mother.
Although his friends joked about his 'rages', contemporary descriptions suggest that Morris suffered from a serious medical condition, marked by fits in which he would lose consciousness temporarily. Later, when his daughter Jenny developed epilepsy in her mid-teens, this was a bitter grief, since Morris felt himself to blame.
In late summer Street's office moved to London and Morris moved with it, joining Burne-Jones who had preceded him to the place they came to call, in mingled despair and affection, 'the Great Wen' MacCarthy , XV. Here Morris commissioned the robust timber furniture described by Dante Gabriel Rossetti , who assisted Morris and Burne-Jones in painting it, as 'intensely mediaeval … tables and chairs like incubi and succubi' ibid.
Red Lion Square was the first of a long sequence of Victorian interiors that Morris imbued with his highly personal decorative style. In his serious attentiveness to domestic detail, and in particular his sensitivity to the colour, sheen, and tactility of textiles, Morris can be seen as entering what, in his class and culture, was the traditional female domain.
He was later to become an accomplished cook. In London, Morris was absorbed into Pre-Raphaelite circles. Dante Gabriel Rossetti , one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite brothers and already established as a painter and a poet, was influential on the two less sophisticated young men. He persuaded William Morris he too ought to be a painter. At the end of Morris left Street's office. He had already started taking life classes. Although he was never to feel confident in drawing from life, he was always insistent that drawing skills were the basis of design.
Simultaneously Morris continued with his writing.
Through his main outlet was the short-lived but intellectually ambitious publication he financed, the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine. The chief contributors were former members of the Oxford Set , later reconstituted as the Brotherhood. For the twelve issues Morris provided at least five poems; eight prose tales, including 'The Story of the Unknown Church' and 'The Hollow Land' ; reviews of Alfred Rethel's engravings and Robert Browning's Men and Women ; and an article on Amiens Cathedral which suggests themes developed more fully in his mature lectures on the politics of art.
In London the next year Morris wrote the majority of the thirty poems included in The Defence of Guinevere, and Other Poems published in by Bell and Daldy again at Morris's expense. The volume was badly received, by critics who found Morris's subject matter wayward and his language jarring.
It suffered from association with the notorious Pre-Raphaelite paintings of that time. But these small, spare, violent poems have always had admirers, from Gerard Manley Hopkins to the imagists. One of the most lastingly persuasive of William Morris's tenets was that of the inherent joy in labour. He argued that without dignified, creative human occupation people became disconnected from life.
In summer , in the decoration of the newly built Oxford Union , Morris had his first experience of the 'working holiday'. Rossetti had negotiated the commission for the decoration of the walls of the debating hall. Morris decorated the ceiling and was responsible for one of the ten bays, on which he painted in tempera the tragic triangle of Sir Tristram, Sir Palomydes, and La Belle Iseult. The atmosphere of unrelenting male badinage, with loud popping of soda water corks, caused the episode to enter history as 'the jovial campaign' MacCarthy , In the winter of Morris met, and fell in love with, Jane Burden d.
Janey , then eighteen, dark, and exotic, soon to be the ideal of a Pre-Raphaelite 'stunner', was spotted at the theatre by Rossetti and Burne-Jones. Originally she modelled for Rossetti. Morris then used her as his model for La Belle Iseult , the painting now in the Tate collection, his only surviving work in oils.
His family were not, apparently, present at the marriage, held on 26 April in St Michael's parish church in Oxford. The honeymoon was spent in Bruges. Philip Webb designed Red House, in close collaboration with Morris , for his marriage. This famous red-brick building, at Upton, near Bexleyheath, in Kent, was a creative reworking of the architectural style of the thirteenth century, with a steep red-tiled roof and a well in the courtyard. During construction Morris and his bride lived temporarily at Aberley Lodge, close to the site, and they moved into Red House in June The house lay along the ancient pilgrims' route to Canterbury and Morris cast himself in the role of genial Chaucerian host.
Red House was the first tangible expression of the reductionist principles for which Morris became famous: In its time Red House was seen as startling in its fluidity of planning and its brilliant clashing colour. This quasi-medieval building was to become the paradigm of all arts and crafts houses and a potent influence on twentieth-century modernist architecture.
Unofficially, it was referred to as the Firm. From this time on, Morris's energies as a designer were focused on the 'lesser' or domestic arts, and their gradual rise in status in Europe and America through the nineteenth century was largely due to his proselytizing fervour. The Firm , as originally constituted, was an artistic brotherhood with seven partners. At a period of widespread ritualist revival, work for new and restored churches was the basis of their early success.
The Firm first exhibited at the International Exhibition at South Kensington in , winning two gold medals and a special jury mention for the colour and design of its stained glass.
The Firm's catalogues offered painted furniture, mural decoration, metalware and glass, embroidery and hangings, jewellery, and hand-painted tiles. Some of these products were made in the Firm's workshops, some were subcontracted. The Firm's original workshops were at 8 Red Lion Square, with a retail shop attached, reflecting Morris's faith in the face-to-face transaction though he was shy of dealing with customers himself. By the exhaustion of daily commuting and his own financial problems, caused by decrease in value of his family shares, forced Morris to sell Red House.
Morris moved his home and workshop to 26 Queen Square, Bloomsbury, now living literally above the shop. Since The Defence of Guinevere Morris had written little, partly out of depression at its critical reception, mainly because he was preoccupied with decorating Red House and establishing the Firm. But, as Burne-Jones noted, Morris's life went on in cycles, one immense enthusiasm taking over from another, and in the mids Morris entered a vigorous new poetic phase which established him as one of the most popular poets of his period, regarded as being on a par with Browning , Tennyson , and Swinburne.
In he was offered nomination to the Oxford professorship of poetry. In he was sounded out discreetly as to whether, if offered the poet laureateship left vacant by Tennyson's death , he was likely to accept it. Both honours Morris rejected scornfully. The poem that made Morris famous, The Earthly Paradise —70 , is a large, highly coloured, hugely energetic sequence of narrative poems, a Victorian reworking of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
It was originally envisaged as an illustrated poem with woodcuts by Burne-Jones published in a folio volume. Morris's friends, whose loyalties were tested by his late-night readings of his work in progress, referred to it as 'the big story book'. A foretaste, in the form of The Life and Death of Jason , a 13,line poem too long to be included in the major enterprise, was published on its own in This time the reviews were unanimously good.
Critics judged that in comparison Tennyson sounded orotund. Morris seemed to have invented 'an entirely new fashion of telling a story in verse' MacCarthy , The first volume of The Earthly Paradise was published in , and the final two volumes in The framework is the story of a band of late fourteenth-century Norsemen, fleeing the black death, setting sail in search of the reputed earthly paradise 'Where none grow old'.
Failing to find it, they arrive at 'a nameless city in a nameless sea' where they are welcomed by the elders of the city. The twenty-four tales, exchanged by the wanderers and their hosts, draw on a variety of sources: Intertwined with the tales is a more personal poetic narrative, in which Morris hints at the stresses in his own emotional life. The first years of his marriage were apparently contented. At Red House, Janey gave birth to two daughters: But soon after the family removal to Queen Square, Janey began showing signs of a debilitating illness, possibly gynaecological in origin.
In Morris accompanied her to the German spa town of Bad Ems.
All her life she remained a semi-invalid. She appears in memoirs and cartoons of the period as the archetypal Victorian femme souffrante , supine on a couch. Janey nevertheless acquired two famous lovers, Dante Gabriel Rossetti , painter and poet, her husband's brother artworker and partner in the Firm , and later, after Rossetti's death in , the aristocratic Victorian philanderer, orientalist, and maverick politician Wilfrid Scawen Blunt.
Morris responded with stoic generosity. It was part of his then radical morality to believe that we are not one another's keepers. Grieving for the loss of love he threw himself more avidly into the manual disciplines of craftwork. He returned with new intentness to illumination and calligraphy, reviving techniques that had been neglected since the fifteenth-century development of printing.
The first of his manuscripts was A Book of Verse , written out in for Georgiana Burne-Jones , to whom he was now increasingly attached. Morris's ornate, labour-intensive manuscripts culminate in his magnificent Aeneid on vellum, begun in Simultaneously Morris was immersed in the Icelandic. This was another aspect of his fortitude.
Morris travelled very little outside Britain. His two voyages to Iceland, in and , must rank with his undergraduate tour of the Gothic cathedrals of France as the most influential journeys of his life. Edward Burne-Jones drew a delicious series of cartoons of his rotund friend Morris in the land of raw fish. On his second, and more arduous, journey Morris traversed the desolate, rocky interior of Iceland to Akureyri, on the northern coast. Iceland's wild volcanic landscape, lit with lurid sunsets, recurs frequently in Morris's later poetry and fiction. Morris was moved to find evidence of art and literature enduring in social conditions of such abject poverty.
He returned from his journeys in a new mood for experiment, exploring themes of possession and dispossession in a not wholly convincing quasi-medieval alliterative verse drama Love is Enough , published in Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs , Morris's own version of the Icelandic epic, his longest and most ambitious poem, was published in This four-book narrative in resounding rhyming couplets is constructed with the confidence of one of the great Victorian feats of engineering.
Sigurd was Morris's own favourite of all his works. In , just before he left for Iceland, Morris had discovered Kelmscott Manor, near Lechlade on the borders of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. Morris was never to live at Kelmscott permanently. His main family home was still in London. But Kelmscott Manor was the building that affected him most deeply.
The mainly sixteenth-century gabled grey stone manor on the edge of the village was from then on William Morris's architectural ideal. Indeed he claimed to have seen the building in a dream before he located it in real life.
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The priest came down from the altar, holding the thing out from him, and he and the massboy answered each other in Latin. Curse your noisy pugnose. So hebe ich die Schenkel aus dem Sand Und so die Brust. Morris decorated the ceiling and was responsible for one of the ten bays, on which he painted in tempera the tragic triangle of Sir Tristram, Sir Palomydes, and La Belle Iseult. Red is spurting from somewhere.
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