Der Dritte Sektor in Frankreich (German Edition)

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The Dutch remained on top in the second half, only for Lloris to produce a series of fine saves, but France's skipper could do nothing to stop Memphis Depay's late chipped penalty, which sealed a memorable win. Slovakia Ukraine Slovakia got off the mark in the group and became the only team to take points off already-promoted Ukraine.

However, regardless of this result, Slovakia have to win in Czech Republic on Monday to avoid relegation. Wales Denmark Denmark secured promotion to League A with an away victory that denied pre-match leaders Wales, for whom Chris Gunter won a 92nd cap to equal Neville Southall's national record. In a dramatic finale, Martin Braithwaite made it and Gareth Bale quickly responded, but Wales could not level.

Slovenia Norway Slovenia were relegated as they failed to hold on to their early advantage. Cyprus Bulgaria Cyprus's promotion hopes ended amid late drama. Debutant Panagiotis Zachariou latched on to Chambos Kyriakou's ball over the top before sweeping in a composed first-half finish and the hosts held firm until the last minute, when Kostas Laifis clipped Ivelin Popov in the area and Nikolay Dimitrov rescued a precious point from the spot for Bulgaria.

The game changed at the start of the second half as Liechtenstein's Sandro Wieser received his second yellow card and Enis BardI curled in a free-kick. Ilija Nestorovski sealed victory in added time. The Chicago Fire forward cancelled out that breakaway goal, then hit a seven-minute hat-trick soon after half-time.

It is considered to this day as a cultural, social and moral turning point in the history of the country. As Alain Geismar—one of the leaders of the time—later pointed out, the movement succeeded "as a social revolution, not as a political one".

5th edition of the Franco-German Young Researchers' Day

The unrest began with a series of student occupation protests against capitalism , consumerism , American imperialism and traditional institutions, values and order. The student occupations and wildcat general strikes initiated across France were met with forceful confrontation by university administrators and police.

The de Gaulle administration's attempts to quell those strikes by police action only inflamed the situation further, leading to street battles with the police in the Latin Quarter, Paris , followed by the spread of general strikes and occupations throughout France.

De Gaulle fled to a French military base in Germany, and after returning dissolved the National Assembly , and called for new parliamentary elections for 23 June Violence evaporated almost as quickly as it arose. Workers went back to their jobs, and when the elections were finally held in June, the Gaullist party emerged even stronger than before.

May 1968 events in France

Communists had long supported Socialist candidates in elections, but in the "February Declaration" the two parties agreed to attempt to form a joint government to replace President Charles de Gaulle and his Gaullist Party. On 22 March far-left groups, a small number of prominent poets and musicians, and students occupied an administration building at Paris University at Nanterre and held a meeting in the university council room dealing with class discrimination in French society and the political bureaucracy that controlled the university's funding.

The university's administration called the police, who surrounded the university. After the publication of their wishes, the students left the building without any trouble. After this first record some leaders of what was named the " Movement of 22 March " were called together by the disciplinary committee of the university. Following months of conflicts between students and authorities at the Nanterre campus of the University of Paris now Paris Nanterre University , the administration shut down the university on 2 May More than 20, students, teachers and supporters marched towards the Sorbonne, still sealed off by the police, who charged, wielding their batons, as soon as the marchers approached.

While the crowd dispersed, some began to create barricades out of whatever was at hand, while others threw paving stones, forcing the police to retreat for a time. The police then responded with tear gas and charged the crowd again. Hundreds more students were arrested. High school student unions spoke in support of the riots on 6 May. The next day, they joined the students, teachers and increasing numbers of young workers who gathered at the Arc de Triomphe to demand that:. Negotiations broke down, and students returned to their campuses after a false report that the government had agreed to reopen them, only to discover the police still occupying the schools.

This led to a near revolutionary fervor among the students. On Friday, 10 May, another huge crowd congregated on the Rive Gauche. The confrontation, which produced hundreds of arrests and injuries, lasted until dawn of the following day. The events were broadcast on radio as they occurred and the aftermath was shown on television the following day.

Allegations were made that the police had participated in the riots, through agents provocateurs , by burning cars and throwing Molotov cocktails. The government's heavy-handed reaction brought on a wave of sympathy for the strikers. Many of the nation's more mainstream singers and poets joined after the police brutality came to light. American artists also began voicing support of the strikers. Well over a million people marched through Paris on that day; the police stayed largely out of sight.

Prime Minister Georges Pompidou personally announced the release of the prisoners and the reopening of the Sorbonne. However, the surge of strikes did not recede. Instead, the protesters became even more active. When the Sorbonne reopened, students occupied it and declared it an autonomous "people's university". Public opinion at first supported the students, but quickly turned against them after their leaders, invited to appear on national television, "behaved like irresponsible utopianists who wanted to destroy the 'consumer society. In the following days, workers began occupying factories, starting with a sit-down strike at the Sud Aviation plant near the city of Nantes on 14 May, then another strike at a Renault parts plant near Rouen , which spread to the Renault manufacturing complexes at Flins in the Seine Valley and the Paris suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt.

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Workers had occupied roughly fifty factories by 16 May, and , were on strike by 17 May. That figure snowballed to two million workers on strike the following day and then ten million, or roughly two-thirds of the French workforce, on strike the following week.

May events in France - Wikipedia

These strikes were not led by the union movement; on the contrary, the CGT tried to contain this spontaneous outbreak of militancy by channeling it into a struggle for higher wages and other economic demands. Workers put forward a broader, more political and more radical agenda, demanding the ousting of the government and President de Gaulle and attempting, in some cases, to run their factories. On 24 May two people died at the hands of the out of control rioters, in Lyon Police Inspector Rene Lacroix died when he crushed by a driverless truck sent careering into police lines by rioters and in Paris Phillipe Metherion, 26, was stabbed to death during an argument among demonstrators.

These offers were rejected, and the strike went on. The working class and top intellectuals were joining in solidarity for a major change in workers' rights. The meeting was extremely militant with speakers demanding the government be overthrown and elections held.

The Socialists saw an opportunity to act as a compromise between de Gaulle and the Communists. It would be regrettable if blood were shed in my personal defense. I have decided to leave: The presidential helicopter did not arrive in Colombey, however, and de Gaulle had told no one in the government where he was going. For more than six hours the world did not know where the French president was. The national government had effectively ceased to function. A friend of the prime minister offered him a weapon, saying, "You will need it"; Pompidou advised him to go home.

One official reportedly began burning documents, while another asked an aide how far they could flee by automobile should revolutionaries seize fuel supplies. Withdrawing money from banks became difficult, gasoline for private automobiles was unavailable, and some people tried to obtain private planes or fake national identity cards. Pompidou unsuccessfully requested that military radar be used to follow de Gaulle's two helicopters, but soon learned that he had gone to the headquarters of the French military in Germany, in Baden-Baden , to meet General Jacques Massu.

Massu persuaded the discouraged de Gaulle to return to France; now knowing that he had the military's support, de Gaulle rescheduled the meeting of the Council of Ministers for the next day, 30 May, [9] and returned to Colombey by 6: Massu kept as a state secret de Gaulle's loss of confidence until others disclosed it in ; until then most observers believed that his disappearance was intended to remind the French people of what they might lose.

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Although the disappearance was real and not intended as motivation, it indeed had such an effect on France. On 30 May, , to , protesters many more than the 50, the police were expecting led by the CGT marched through Paris, chanting: Maurice Grimaud , head of the Paris police , played a key role in avoiding revolution by both speaking to and spying on the revolutionaries, and by carefully avoiding the use of force. The movement was largely centered around the Paris metropolitan area , and not elsewhere. Had the rebellion occupied key public buildings in Paris, the government would have had to use force to retake them.

The resulting casualties could have incited a revolution, with the military moving from the provinces to retake Paris as in He announced an election, scheduled for 23 June, and ordered workers to return to work, threatening to institute a state of emergency if they did not. The government had leaked to the media that the army was outside Paris. The Communists agreed to the election, and the threat of revolution was over.

From that point, the revolutionary feeling of the students and workers faded away. Workers gradually returned to work or were ousted from their plants by the police.

The national student union called off street demonstrations.

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