A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future (Latin American Silhouettes S)

Modern Latin American Revolutions

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Ironically, during this period a new genre of soap operas focused on the Afro-Brazilian middle class without incorporating any of the sociopolitical consciousness emerging in the broader Afro-Brazilian community.

In this soap as in others that emerged at this time, the main character had no family or real relationship with the black community, and her interaction was primarily with whites. Many of the characters were one-dimensional, limited, bland and bereft of substance. It shows how some programs softened the image of racial slavery in Brazil, promoting the myth of racial democracy and branquemento social whitening while reinforcing negative images of blacks as culturally inferior.

Ultimately, the documentary offers a sharp sociological examination of how race and class functioned in soap operas to promote hegemonic domination and social subordination. As Afro-Cuban women, Rolando and Gomez explore historical memory, resistance, and black identity.

Rolando has directed six documentaries and has written and served as assistant director on scores of other films. As historian Aline Helg and others have argued, Afro-Cubans remained marginalized in all aspects of Cuban society despite the abolition of slavery in Helg argues that the massacre effectively ended Afro-Cubans' political organization along racial lines, resulting in their social erasure from modern Cuban history.

Reality and fantasy as well as fiction and documentary are fused as Rolando explores the untold or forgotten fragments of Cuban history. By critically reconstructing this historical event via film, she reconnects the struggles of Afro-Cubans to Cuban national history. As a woman and intellectual, Gomez is considered a pioneering filmmaker for her focus on Afro-Cuban cultural and gender issues. Family and friends tell compassionate stories about Gomez the mother, wife, and director. Her subjects appear authentic and natural, fully cognizant of their difficult circumstances.

Through her eyes, common experiences have layers of meaning and texture, and she speaks through the camera as her lens is able to frame the accumulated affects of slavery and colonial relations. By emphasizing the economic, political and architectural legacy of Santiago, Gomez makes a claim for this city as a vibrant point of origin where all Cubans particularly Afro-Cubans can reclaim their national heritage.

Gomez situates herself as a black woman participant-observer as she records Afro-Cuban cultural formations. Her physical presence as narrator helps convey a tone of informality, which elicits a casual response on the part of the film subjects Benamou, She locates the ideological roots of machismo in Cuban colonial and patriarchal past Benamou, She does not focalize gender at the expense of race and cultural identity but instead demonstrates their historical interconnections. Her work thus problematizes the complex drama of race, class, gender and colonial relations as the contradictions a new society like Cuba had to address.

In the aftermath of , Cuba would build a new society to counter the affects of centuries of inequality as well as produce a new class of artist and intellectuals in order to reconstruct a new national identity. This new identity would be forged based on old fragments of the horrific colonial experience and new ideas of the revolution. The documentary functions on two levels: Given the relative lack of films on black issues from Latin America, this documentary makes a significant contribution to cinema history, as well as Africana and Latin American studies. A Dios Momo revolves around Obdulio, an 11 year-old Afro-Uruguayan boy who sells newspapers in order to support his family.

It remained under Portuguese control for the next two centuries. Salvador was the last Portuguese stronghold during the war for Brazilian independence, holding out until July , when the last Portuguese troops were expelled. A monument commemorating the Brazilian victory is in a plaza in the Campo Grande district. Salvador was a major centre for the African slave trade in the colonial period.

Muslim African slaves in the city staged a widespread revolt there in Salvador still has one of the largest concentrations of black and mulatto populations in Brazil. Those groups have contributed many of the folkways, costumes, and distinctive foods for which the city is noted. In , following the transfer of the colonial seat of government to Rio de Janeiro, Salvador lost political preeminence and entered a long period of economic decline from which it did not emerge until after It may seem strange that Brazil, which was discovered as early as the year , and was the first to introduce slavery in this continent, has not yet wiped out that stain of the dark ages.

It is well known that her first conquerors, tho Portuguese, like the Spaniards, made the aborigines of their new colonies slaves. Columbus himself, though noted for his piety, had no scruples in carrying off several aborigines from San Salvador and selling them into slavery in Europe. When slavery was first introduced into the American colonies in , it had been already a well established institution in Brazil for nearly a century.

And now that slavery has been abolished in every Republic of North and South America, and even in the West Indies, Brazil alone keeps her slaves unfettered. How can this be explained? In one way chiefly. Brazil has been under monarchical rule ever since her discovery in the year by Alvarez de Cabral. Monarchy and slavery are not conflicting institutions. Under the theory of the one-man rule, they are homogeneous elements of the same civil body.

Brazil is wide open to business with post-Brexit Britain

Indeed slavery may be considered as the highest perfection of the Monarchical theory, whereby with the exception of one man, all others are only fit to serve in some subordinate capacity or degree. Hence when servitude is carried so far as to comprise not only submission of the will, but also service of the body without remuneration, the theory of the one-man supremacy has attained its highest perfection. It is true that monarchists, feeling a natural abhorrence to human slavery, have tried to avoid this extreme, but such is nevertheless the logical conclusion of their theory.

Against this abominable and degrading doctrine has Republicanism risen in our times, whose principles and conclusions are directly contrary to the above; hence where true Republicanism is established, slavery cannot exist. But Brazil having, as before stated, been under monarchical rule for centuries, slavery has become an old domestic institution there, which is very difficult to abolish. The Brazilian slaves have, as it were, been encompassed with a high wall, and no intercourse has been allowed them with foreign countries. The light of instruction has been removed from them, and they have been left in a dark night.

Nevertheless, such was the brilliancy of Lincoln's Emancipation Act, and of its effects in this country, that, like the first grey streaks, of dawn, it tore up the veil of darkness from the Brazilian slave. He even heard the clang of the chains, when they fell from the unfettered limbs of the slaves in this country; and heard their shouts of joy and hurrahs for Lincoln, and the brave boys in blue who freed them.

Could they resist the impulse for liberty which nature has forced even into the brutes of creation? But how to recover their lost rights? To beseech with tears their masters, it was useless. Slave-holders have no human hearts, or at least they are not accessible to human pleadings on that subject. Some of the most daring slaves concluded that the only means of recovering their liberty was by force. Accordingly, three hundred slaves belonging to some Faliendas in the provinces of Minas Gera, made a combination.

They endeavored to induce other slaves employed in the mines of English companies, to join them, hoping that if the first attempt was successful in their provinces, it would rapidly spread throughout the Empire, and bring about a general slave insurrection. But, alas for their premature hopes. The plot was discovered in time, and thirty of the ringleaders were arrested, who will probably be subjected to torture in order to find other accomplices, and finally will be executed.

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But will this attempt for liberty fail altogether? Or rather, will it not be the beginning of a series of attempts, until the slaves obtain their freedom? On this point the Anglo-Brazilian Times well remarks: They will have then better leaders, better means, and better supporters. From the north and from the south, from the east and from the west, they will be joined by friends of the same cause. No, it is not possible that the American soil, upon which the starry banner of Liberty now floats, will long be defiled by this last stain of barbarism.

This must and shall be, throughout its length and breadth, "the land of the free and the home of the brave. Hochkofler, the Broker, in speaking of the condition of the local Coffee markets, says: During the first twelve days of the month business was stagnant, the low and irregular prices in the New York market causing such a feeling of uncertainty in regard to future values as to deter dealers from buying at almost any price.

Prices, in fact, were entirely nominal. Under the stimulus of smaller receipts in Brazilian crops and of reduced estimates of the Brazil crops, a reaction set in last week and culminated on Friday 18th on receipt of the news of the revolution in Brazil. The fear of imminent lower prices being dispelled, there ensued a strong demand from the interior, to meet which dealers were obliged to buy largely of all kinds and prices advanced proportionally.

Since the 13th instant the total sales from first hands aggregate bags Costa Rica, 9 Nicaragua, Salvador and Guatemala in all 10, bags, at prices reaching at the close the following quotations: Stocks in first hands have been materially reduced by the large sales and are poorly assorted. Guatemalas consist almost wholly of inferior and ordinary qualities, which continue neglected. The stock consists of bags Costa Rica, 63 Nicaragua, Salvador and Guatemala in all 14, bags. Lloyds Register of Shipping gives the entire fleet of the world as 28, steamers and sailing vessels, with a total tonnage of 27,,, of which 39 perent are British.

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