Visionen und Träume als mittelalterliche Quellen am Beispiel der Visio Godeschalci (German Edition)

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Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Amazon Inspire Digital Educational Resources. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. Amazon Restaurants Food delivery from local restaurants. But what was even more significant was the development of the factory system cf. New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston became the largest cities and attracted a several thousand people.

By New York was the first city that reached a population number of more than 1 million cf. Population lived in cities by the year of cf.

By moving to a bigger city people automatically adopted a new way of living and differed increasingly from those who remained on their farms cf. Accompanied by the creation of an urban culture were new forms of entertainment cf. Saloons offered workers a place to forget about their hard working and living conditions.

Sporting clubs, prizefighting and so-called blood sports, such as cockfighting, became popular forms of amusement in the cities cf. One major problem of the working class was drinking: More and more people moved to the big cities not only from all over the continent but also from abroad. America became a nation composed of Americans, the British, Germans, the Irish and many smaller groups that did not always live peacefully together. Especially the bigger cities were a source of racial and ethnic tensions cf.

Associations, such as the Know-Nothing party, turned against anything that was not American and demanded the exclusion of immigrants cf. Many immigrants wanted to maintain their customs and took them to the new country cf. Consequently, the United States became an even more multicultural country and especially the cities were the center of different ethnic groups. Most people from the working class lived in inhuman conditions: Employers were not concerned about their workers' health but about increasing the production and their own income.

The cities were polluted, the tenements had almost no air for breathing and many people died of diseases cf. Driven by poverty and discontent workers started to organize in unions and to stand up for better conditions cf. One prime example was the Railroad Strike of , a reaction to the curtailed wages. Though the strike has been unorganized it shows how urgent improvements in the social sector were and how determined people were to enforce them.

The period that followed the Civil War can be summarized as a period of changes — both good and bad. The proceeding of new inventions and technology made the United States the number one economical force in the world. At the same time, the social life of the Americans transformed as well. Especially the social imbalance was clearly noticeable. The country could increase its influence in the world and many entrepreneurs became wealthy.

But these new riches were not dispersed equally. Most Americans, especially those who made the progress possible — the working class - did not profit from the achieved luxury.

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The South was destroyed after the Civil War and could not make use of the wealth that the industry provided cf. Naturally, this new way of living reflected in the literature produced at that time. Writers used current topics, that dominated the social life, for their literature. Louis Budd notes in his article that literature had mostly ignored current affairs during the time before Civil War cf. This ignorance of truth was a feature of the dominating sentimentality in the pre-war period. As already mentioned, the situation changed drastically after the Civil War. Americans had to face a growing population, immigrants that brought new customs to their country and, connected with the technical improvements, the sprout of big cities.

Violence and riots ended the dream of the romantic idealism that was mostly concerned with the past cf. Romantic writers saw their profession as the description of spiritual and biblical happenings, rather than dealing with problems that were up-to-date before the war cf. However, the Civil War functioned as a turning point in most people's minds: The real problems and topics of the present had a greater importance to the people. Authors started to write about a variety of stories that could often be understood as a protest against prevailing conditions and almost any aspect of the American social life.

Indeed, there where only few topics that were not covered by realistic writing. Inspiration could be found in immigration, the rise of the big cities, prostitution, race relations etc.

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But not only the Civil War alone, but also the technological advance was a reason for the new ways of thinking and producing literature cf. In some way the war brought about a few positive aspects after all: The main focus of early realistic writing was on the middle class because the readership consisted of people who belonged to this social stratum. Therefore, literary critics often connect the advance of the new novels with the development of a new middle class: People wanted to hear and read about stories that could be connected to their everyday reality.

Literature, in return, documented how people could deal with and acclimatize to their new environment full of inventions, such as electricity, industry and new forms of leisure. The authors mainly focused on minority groups and people affected by poverty, alcoholism or similar social hindrance cf. Since realistic writers dealt with a wide range of topics, realistic literature could be subdivided into different categories, depending on what their main subject was. Gary Scharnhorst distinguishes between local color Realism also called Regionalism , psychological Realism, critical Realism, and Naturalism cf.

Local colorists concentrated on one particular geographical area and adopted its dialect and customs.

Characterization Techniques and Naturalism in Stephen Crane`s "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets"

The aim of the critical Realism was to show the unbalance between those who contributed from the successful new industries and those who worked for them under bad conditions cf. While the fields of the former three are relatively clearly defined, problems and different approaches have mainly come up with the term 'Naturalism'. Realism was already an influencing literary movement when, during the s, a new wave of literature was published and named Naturalism. Some critics hold the opinion that realism rather belongs to the umbrella term of naturalism cf.

The most important criterion that separated naturalism from realism is the aspect of determinism, especially scientific determinism cf. Oscar Cargill, who is cited by Malcolm Cowley, defined naturalists as rather pessimistic: But what is contradictory to the Cargill statement is that pessimism does not always predominate in naturalistic writing: But there is the hope of progress.

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Maybe his sentence implies that the failure of particular persons belongs to the overall process that leads mankind to a further step in development. A similar thought occurred by the famous naturalistic writer Frank Norris: These thoughts reveal that the overall target — Romanticism — cannot always be fully avoided.

The optimistic phrases about the positive future of men implies a certain romantic idea cf. Common in all naturalistic ideas that spread over the United States since the s were the actual attempts to reveal social injustice and the bad conditions that most average people had to live in cf. What distinguished naturalists here from realists is that the former based their ideas on the fact that men could not control their own destiny. This lack of freedom 'let the people of the hook', thus they were not, or at least not primarily, responsible for their own actions cf.

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This belief varied from the original idea of the realistic movement that individuals can contribute to society by learning from their mistakes and make therefore own choices: This leads back to the idea mentioned above , that the society can still make progress towards a better direction even if individuals have to make sacrifices for that.

The reason for a person's own incapability of shaping their own life roots in the ideas of social Darwinism. Darwin's On the Origin of Species influenced nearly every aspect of American and European thinking. The importance and the range of influence that Darwin's theories had, has been summarized by Louis Budd: The bottom line was that only those could survive that have the right characteristic traits, such as quickness, shrewdness etc. What appeared to be a big shock for religious, traditional Americans seemed to be the explanation for the social conditions to naturalists.

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