Die Schöne im Schnee (Bianca 1904) (German Edition)

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We also compared two different populations, which were presumed to differ in their sensitivity to pCO2 due to differing habitat conditions: Moulting frequency and shell corrosion increased with increasing pCO2 in adults. Larval development and juvenile growth of the F1 generation were tolerant to increased pCO2 , irrespective of parental treatment. This tolerance was carried over from adults to their offspring. Our findings indicate that populations from fluctuating pCO2 environments are more tolerant to elevated pCO2 than populations from more stable pCO2 habitats.

We furthermore provide evidence that energy availability can mediate the ability of barnacles to withstand moderate CO2 stress. Considering the high tolerance of Kiel specimens and the possibility to adapt over many generations, near future OA alone does not seem to. Im Allgemeinen lassen sich zwei Hauptziele unterscheiden. Letztere werden in erster Linie dort eingesetzt, wo das Implantat in direktem Kontakt mit Blut ist. Hierbei muss eine gute Verankerung im Gewebe vorhanden sein, um ein Verrutschen des Implantates zu verhindern.

Solar Orbiter is scheduled to launch in January , instrument delivery in January EPD consists of four sensors: This book comprises the habilitation thesis submitted by F. Due to financial support from various organizations, it was issued in a very attractive form as a special publication of the Society for the history of the city of Kiel. The nice layout, the graphical sketches of buildings, instruments, and astronomical connexions, often designed by the author, and the scientifically precise text, written with a sense of humor, make a pleasant reading, in spite of sometimes quite extensive descriptions of architectural details or 'operating instructions' for meridan circles etc.

I have rarely read such an appealing text on astronomical history. The single chapters deal with the beginnings of astronomy in Kiel , Schrader's giant telescope from the late 18th century, Altona Observatory , the first years of the Astronomische Nachrichten, the last years of Altona Observatory , Bothkamp Observatory , the genesis of Kiel Observatory , the era of Krueger , the Kiel Chronometer Observatory , the era of Harzer , the era of Rosenberg , the decline of Kiel Observatory , and the Astronomische Nachrichten under Kobold The book is concluded with a glossary of technical terms, biographical sketches of known and unknown dramatis personae, as well as a list of references.

The author outlines lively sketches of people that were astronomically active in Altona, Kiel and its surroundings over a time interval of years. He also has evaluated private documents and has interviewed surviving witnesses of the s and s. He has located remote sources: Combination probes for stagnation pressure and temperature measurements in gas turbine engines. During gas turbine engine testing, steady-state gas-path stagnation pressures and temperatures are measured in order to calculate the efficiencies of the main components of turbomachinery.

These measurements are acquired using fixed intrusive probes, which are installed at the inlet and outlet of each component at discrete point locations across the gas-path. The overall uncertainty in calculated component efficiency is sensitive to the accuracy of discrete point pressures and temperatures, as well as the spatial sampling across the gas-path.

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Both of these aspects of the measurement system must be considered if more accurate component efficiencies are to be determined. This article reports on three new probe designs that have been developed in a response to this demand. The probes adopt a compact combination arrangement that facilitates up to twice the spatial coverage compared to individual stagnation pressure and temperature probes. The probes also utilise novel temperature sensors and high recovery factor shield designs that facilitate improvements in point measurement accuracy compared to standard Kiel probes used in engine testing.

Modelling and forecasting long-term dynamics of Western Baltic macrobenthic fauna in relation to climate signals and environmental change. Long-term macrobenthos data from Kiel Bight in the Western Baltic collected between and have been correlated with the winter NAO index North Atlantic Oscillation Index and other environmental data such as temperature, salinity and oxygen content in the bottom water in order to detect systematic patterns related to so far unexplained abiotic signals in the dynamics of zoobenthic species assemblages.

Our investigations concentrated on the macrobenthic dynamics with a focus on the number of species m - 2 species richness. Data are data, so why should it be? The data management tasks in natural science are very focused on the numbers and measurements of the scientific field. But measurement data do not come by themselves. Usually they are accompanied by a scientist signing responsible for these measurements, observations or simulations of natural characteristics and a publication.

According to the scientific intention behind their observations there is always an interpretation of findings written as a scientific publication. This represents the transformation from data to knowledge. Unfortunately, natural scientists do not value this textual product of their work as much as other scientific disciplines do. In the humanities, this is the opposite and the textual results are very valuable to the future work of this community and more accessible to the public.

Closer connection between data and knowledge could fertilize the natural sciences and strengthen the application of scientific findings in politics and society. We suggest and pilot methods from digital humanities TEI or Akoma Ntoso in to marine sciences and science in general. The resulting corpus can be used for reasoning and political actions. Diese im Mittelalter neu erprobte Form basierte auf der Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufes durch William Harvey Theoretische Konzepte der Physik.

Als Vehikel seiner Absichten dienen dem Autor geschichtliche Fallstudien, insgesamt sieben an der Zahl. Sie sind originell, didaktisch klug und genieren sich auch nicht, von der Faszination zu sprechen, die Vielmehr steigen die Innovationsgeschwindigkeit und die Erwartungshaltung der Kunden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Reduktion des Peakings vorgestellt, der auf der Optimierung der Systemdynamik basiert. Dabei werden die Filterkoeffizienten des Modulators systematisch angepasst. Statistik in Naturwissenschaft und Technik.

Mit dem Aufschwung von Naturwissenschaft und Technik zu Beginn des Im Gegensatz zu den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, in denen Daten vorwiegend aus Beobachtungsstudien gewonnen werden, stehen in den Naturwissenschaften Experimente im Vordergrund. Zusammenarbeit aus Sicht eines outgesourcten Instandhalters. Dauerhafter Unternehmenserfolg ist nur mit einer fortschrittlichen Instandhaltung zu erzielen.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung der InfraServ Knapsack von einer internen Instandhaltungsabteilung hin zu einem Industriellen Dienstleister beschrieben und Aspekte der Zusammenarbeit mit externen Kunden aus der Sicht des outgesourcten Instandhalters geschildert. Die Brennstoffzelle hat aus technischer Sicht einen hohen Stand erreicht. Heutige Organisationen produzieren und speichern mehr Informationen als je zuvor.

Es wird ein Satz von Kriterien vorgestellt, der aus Literaturrecherche und Fallstudien abgeleitet wurde. Die Reifegradindikatoren werden validiert und in einem mehrstufigen Reifegradmodell durch eine Delphi-Studie gruppiert. Digitalisierung und Energie 4. Plattformbasierte Dienste als technologische Notwendigkeit im disruptiven Marktwandel. IT wird dabei mehr und mehr zum Wettbewerbsfaktor. In diesem Zusammenhang erweisen sich die daten- und entwicklungsspezifischen Synergieeffekte plattformbasierter Dienste als zentraler Mehrwert einer innovationsgetriebenen strategischen Marktpositionierung und damit als technologische Notwendigkeit.

The pilot lost control of the airplane and was forced to eject, sustaining a permanent back injury that ended his flying career. Prior to this incident the airplane had a perfect record of several hundred non-eventful flights supported by an experienced team. During the subsequent investigation by a mishap committee it was discovered that a series of cascading events contributed to this accident. Some of the identified contributing factors that resulted in this mishap are common to aircraft design and to flight-test in general. The mistakes and the solutions are presented here so that the flight-test community may consider and learn from them.

The primary cause of the crash was icing and, ultimately, a complete blockage of the pitot-static nose probe. The icing was caused by a freak weather phenomenon that was neither expected nor known to exist on the day of the mishap. The normal probe had been replaced with a special Kiel probe to allow total pressure measurements of up to 70 degrees angle of attack for flight-test purposes. The Kiel probe did not include a heater, because it was assumed that the airplane would not be flown in the clouds or in conditions conducive to icing.

This assumption was later proven to be incorrect. The iced Kiel probe caused incorrect gain scheduling in the flight control system, resulting in an unstable aircraft. This failure was essentially undetected because of a faulty design in the flight control system architecture. There were, however, also a number of other issues that lead up to this situation that never should have happened.

This presentation discusses what the issues were that contributed to the incident. After the incident was investigated, some of these issues were addressed and some changes were made. The second X aircraft flew the remainder of the flight tests. Author identities an interoperability problem solved by a collaborative solution. The identity of authors and data providers is crucial for personalized interoperability. The marketplace of available identifiers is packed and the right choice is getting more and more complicated.

Data Management on a scale beyond the size of a single research institute but on the scale of a scientific site including a university with student education program needs to tackle this problem and so did the Kiel Data Management an Infrastructure. The main problem with the identities of researchers is the quite high frequency changes in positions during a scientist life. The required system needed to be a system that already contained the potential of preregistered people with their scientific publications from other countries, institutions and organizations.

Scanning the author ID marketplace brought up, that there us a high risk of additional workload to the researcher itself or the administration due to the fact that individuals need to register an ID for themselves or the chosen register is not yet big enough to simply find the right entry. On the other hand libraries deal with authors and their publications now for centuries and they have high quality catalogs with person identities already available.

Millions of records internationally mapped are available by collaboration with libraries and can be used in exactly the same scope. The additional advantage is that librarians can finalize the Identity system in a kind of background process. The Kiel Data Management Infrastructure initiated a web service. A comparison of observed extreme water levels at the German Bight elaborated through an extreme value analysis EVA with extremes derived from a regionally coupled ocean-atmospheric climate model MPI-OM.

As a consequence of climate change atmospheric and oceanographic extremes and their potential impacts on coastal regions are of growing concern for governmental authorities responsible for the transportation infrastructure. Highest risks for shipping as well as for rail and road traffic originate from combined effects of extremes of storm surges and heavy rainfall which sometimes lead to insufficient dewatering of inland waterways. The German Ministry of Transport and digital Infrastructure therefore has tasked its Network of Experts to investigate the possible evolutions of extreme threats for low lands and especially for Kiel Canal, which is an important shortcut for shipping between the North and Baltic Seas.

High water levels at the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas are one of the most important hazards which increase the risk of flooding of the low-lying land and prevents such areas from an adequate dewatering. In this study changes in the intensity magnitude of the extremes and duration of extreme water levels above a selected threshold are investigated for several gauge stations with data partly reaching back to Different methods are used for the extreme value statistics, 1 a stationary general Pareto distribution GPD model as well as 2 an instationary statistical model for better reproduction of the impact of climate change.

Also, the duration of possible dewatering time intervals for the Kiel -Canal was analysed. The results for the historical gauge station observations are compared to the statistics of modelled water levels from the coupled. The next generation of data capturing - digital ink for the data stewards of the future. Data stewardship of the future requires the continuation from an expert driven discipline into a general scientific routine.

One solution how this expansion can be done is the use of data management infrastructures already in the student education. Unsurprisingly, well-known drawbacks in terms of data stewardship from the scientific use complicate this expansion into the educational programs. The advantage of educational programs usually based on the application of standard methods is depleted by the general data capturing process at the point of publication or end of project lifetime.

Considering student courses as short projects there are no publications and the end of the course exams keep students just like scientists away from data stewardship tasks. The Kiel Data Management Infrastructure brings the data capturing right in the data creation process. With this approach student education courses can be just another use case of data capturing. Smoothing the data capturing process and making use of available technologies drove the Kiel Data Management Infrastructure into a prototype testing of the use of 'digital ink' and the later on possible handwriting recognition.

Making the data digitalization as easy as possible without abandoning the standards of paper-based protocols is the use case 'Smart Pens'. This technology fills the gap between the very long-lasting paper protocols and the effort depending digitalization of field and sampling data but it's also robust enough to work with battery powered devices.

The combination of the Kiel Data Management Infrastructure with the 'digital ink' technology enables the data capturing from student education to high-end scientific lab work. Valuing educational data equally to scientific lab data is a strong signal to the researchers of the future while their work is recognized all the way from their undergraduate stage to their post-doc position.

Students memorize that their data work is not neglected at any time and so. Reviews in Modern Astronomy It was the fifth time that Kiel hosted a meeting of the AG, the first one was in In the fall meeting was a part of the celebrations of the th anniversary of the Christiana Albertina University Kiel in For astronomers around the globe, the astrophysical group is well known for the Kieler Schule and its fundamental contributions to the physics of stellar atmospheres. Even more, it is of ground-laying importance for the whole field, from the characterization of exoplanets and their host stars to the properties of galaxies at cosmic dawn.

The meeting was attended by almost participants from around the world. His lecture with the title "Astronomical technology -- the past and the future" opened the meeting. The talk presented by the Ludwig Biermann Award winner , Dr. The Doctoral Thesis Award was awarded to Dr.

In her lecture she discussed the subject "Multiwavelength and parsec-scale properties of extragalactic Jets". The relative significance of biological and physical disturbance: The effects of biological disturbance caused by the lugworm Arenicola marina L. Different effects of biological disturbance were observed 1 between funnel and cast of the lugworm burrow, 2 among stations, 3 between seasons, and 4 among taxa and groups of different living mode of the macrofauna. The strength of the impact of A. In general, the most distinct effects were observed at the intertidal station during summer, followed by the two deeper subtidal stations.

At the very shallow station, only weak effects were detected. Reflections about chance in my career, and on the top-down regulated world. Paraphrasing Pasteur, in scientific work Fortuna favors only the prepared mind. This is illustrated by my career after an incidental escape from the former German East Prussia just ahead of the Red Army, my switch in Kiel from zoology to oceanography, and my learning of a vacancy in Seattle.

Treated here are the accidental discovery of upwelling during the southwest monsoon along India's west coast, studies of benthic polychaetous annelids in the Oregonian zoogeographic province, the discovery of phytoplankton blooms and an absence of upwelling during the northeast monsoon in the northern Arabian Sea, and an ocean-wide description of the seasonality of satellite-derived chlorophyll. My admonition is that grazing rather than cell division rate regulates the abundance and size composition of phytoplankton and affects the dynamics of the understudied zooplankton.

I end with a pessimistic view about predicting the vertical flux of particulate organic matter from the euphotic layer with an accuracy useful for deep-sea carbon budgets. The signalling of German rising-falling intonation categories--the interplay of synchronization, shape, and height. Perception experiments were carried out, showing that the function-based identification of the peak categories is not only influenced by peak synchronization, but also by peak shape and height.

While the complete spectrum of findings is not covered by the current phonological modelling, the findings corroborate the existence of all three categories in German intonation and support the idea that the timing of the peak movements with regard to the accented vowel is important for their perceptual differentiation.

Flap survey test of a combined surface blowing model: Flow measurements at static flow conditions. Flow measurements consisting of velocity measurements using split film probes and total measure surveys using a miniature Kiel probe were made at control stations along the flap systems at two spanwise stations, the centerline of the nozzle and 60 percent of the nozzle span outboard of the centerline. Surface pressure measurements were made in the wing cove and the upper surface of the first flap element.

The test showed a significant flow separation in the wing cove. The extent of the separation is so large that the flow into the first flap takes place only at the leading edge of the flap. The velocity profile measurements indicate that large spanwise 3 dimensional flow may exist. The cruises were carried out in the Ligurian Sea. The main aim of the FWG was to test and evaluate the newly developed towed hydrophone array as a passive acoustic monitoring PAM tool for risk mitigation applications. The system was compared with the PAM equipment used by the other participating institutions.

Recorded sounds were used to improve an automatic acoustic classifier for marine mammals, and validated acoustic detections by observers were compared with the results of the classifier. Ab initio approach to the ion stopping power at the plasma-solid interface. The energy loss of ions in solids is of key relevance for many applications of plasmas, ranging from plasma technology to fusion. Standard approaches are based on density functional theory or SRIM simulations, however, the applicability range and accuracy of these results are difficult to assess, in particular, for low energies.

Here we present an independent approach that is based on ab initio nonequilibrium Green functions theory, e. We present the first application of this method to low-temperature plasmas, concentrating on proton and alpha-particle stopping in a graphene layer. In addition to the stopping power we present time-dependent results for the local electron density, the spectral function and the photoemission spectrum that is directly accessible in optical, UV or x-ray diagnostics.

Advanced Supersonic Nozzle Concepts: Advanced supersonic nozzle concepts are currently under investigation, utilizing multiple bypass streams and airframe integration to bolster performance and efficiency. This work focuses on the parametric study of a supersonic, multi-stream jet with aft deck.

The single plane of symmetry, rectangular nozzle, displays very complex and unique flow characteristics. Flow visualization techniques in the form of PIV and schlieren capture flow features at various deck lengths and Mach numbers. LES is compared to the experimental results to both validate the computational model and identify limitations of the simulation. By comparing experimental results to LES, this study will help create a foundation of knowledge for advanced nozzle designs in future aircraft.

The GIK-Archive of sediment core radiographs with documentation. The GIK-Archive of radiographs is a collection of X-ray negative and photographic images of sediment cores based on exposures taken since the early s. During four decades of marine geological work at the University of Kiel , Germany, several thousand hours of sampling, careful preparation and X-raying were spent on producing a unique archive of sediment radiographs from several parts of the World Ocean. With this publication, the images have become available open-access for use by the scientific community at https: This article deals with the biography of Werner Catel, a German paediatrician and protagonist of the Nazi programme for "euthanasia of children".

Based on original research into recently discovered source materials, two aspects of Catel's life are considered. Firstly, Catel's attitude towards "euthanasia" is analysed. This analysis is not limited to the period of National Socialism, but focuses also on the phase before and especially on the era after Secondly, the authors explore Catel's academic career. What effects on his career in the later Federal Republic of Germany had his exposed role in the Nazi programme for "euthanasia of children"? Comparisons of monthly mean cosmic ray counting rates observes from worldwide network of neutron monitors.

In order to examine the stability of neutron monitor observation, each of the monthly average counting rates of a neutron monitors is correlated to those of Kiel neutron monitor. The regression coefficients thus obtained are compared with the coupling coefficients of isotropic intensity radiation. The results of the comparisons for five year periods during to , and for whole period are given. The variation spectrum with a single power law with an exponent of More than one half of the stations show correlations with the coefficient greater than 0.

Some stations have shifted the level of mean counting rates by changing the instrumental characteristics which can be adjusted. Angiogenesis extent and macrophage density increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Node biopsies of 30 benign lymphadenopathies and 71 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas B-NHLs were investigated for microvessel and macrophage counts using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. Both counts were significantly higher in B-NHL.

1881 births

Moreover, when these were grouped into low-grade and high-grade lymphomas, according to the Kiel classification and Working Formulation WF , statistically significant higher counts were found in the high-grade tumours. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a close spatial association between microvessels and macrophages. Overall, the results suggest that, in analogy to what has already been shown in solid tumours, angiogenesis occurring in B-NHLs increases with tumour progression, and that macrophages promote the induction of angiogenesis via the release of their angiogenic factors.

Histological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas subdivided according to the "working formulation". A group of lymphomas diagnosed as centroblastic-centrocytic lymphomas at the Lymph Node Registry in Kiel was subdivided into small S , mixed M and large L cell groups, according to the "working formulation" proposed in a National Cancer Institute sponsored study. Histological epidemiological and clinical parameters were studied. It was found that in group S a follicular growth pattern was most frequent and in group L a follicular and diffuse growth, while group M took an intermediate position.

No statistically significant differences were found in respect to epidemiological factors or overall survival. However, in the first 6 years after the diagnosis the survival in group S was better than in group M, but thereafter a reversal occurred. Group L appeared to have the worst survival throughout. Growth pattern and sclerosis were found to be of limited influence on survival within the cytological groups.

The solar wind effect on cosmic rays and solar activity. The relation of cosmic ray intensity to solar wind velocity is investigated, using neutron monitor data from Kiel and Deep River. The analysis shows that the regression coefficient of the average intensity for a time interval to the corresponding average velocity is negative and that the absolute effect increases monotonously with the interval of averaging, tau, that is, from For tau 27 days the coefficient becomes almost constant independently of the value of tau.

The analysis also shows that this tau-dependence of the regression coefficiently is varying with the solar activity. Width of thermal damage after using the YAG contact laser for cutting biological tissue: At the University Women's Clinic in Kiel , the YAG contact laser has been used as a cutting instrument in pelviscopic operations since When the laser cuts, it produces only a scant amount of mechanical trauma.

The determining factor is the amount of thermal damage produced along the wound margins and in direct neighboring tissue. The extent of the tissue change seen in the uterus and liver parenchyma of rats and the striated muscle of rabbits after application of the YAG contact laser was demonstrated using various staining techniques and stains. Liver parenchyma proved to be the most sensitive to thermal damage. In the uterine horn, enzyme-histochemical ATPase and alkaline phosphatase demonstrations showed a significantly wider zone of thermal damage after laser incision than did hematoxylin-eosin and Goldner staining techniques.

A good understanding of the extent of thermal damage is essential for atraumatic pelviscopic operations using the YAG contact laser and also for the preventing of complications. The formation process of ultra low-mass objects is some kind of extension of the star formation process. The physical changes towards lower mass are discussed by investigating the collapse of cloud cores that are modelled as Bonnor-Ebert spheres.

Their collapse is followed by solving the equations of fluid dynamics with radiation and a model of time-dependent convection that has been calibrated to the Sun. For a sequence of cloud-cores with 1 to 0. The collapse and the early hydrostatic evolution to ages of few Ma are briefly discussed and compared to observations of objects in Upper Scorpius and the low-mass components of GG Tau.

That collaboration, almost 15 years old, was formalized during the past four years under this NSF-DOE Partnership Grant to support graduate students at the two institutions and to facilitate frequent exchange visits. The research was focused on exploring the frontiers of charged particle physics evolving from new experimental access to unusual states associated with confinement.

North Atlantic climate model bias influence on multiyear predictability. By employing a freshwater flux correction over the North Atlantic to the model, which strongly alleviates both North Atlantic sea surface salinity SSS and sea surface temperature SST biases, the freshwater flux-corrected integration depicts significantly enhanced multiyear SAT predictability in the North Atlantic sector in comparison to the uncorrected one.

One hundred and seventy-three years ago, the last two Great Auks, Pinguinus impennis, ever reliably seen were killed. Their internal organs can be found in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Denmark, but the location of their skins has remained a mystery. In , Great Auk expert Errol Fuller proposed a list of five potential candidate skins in museums around the world. Transsexualism has been particularly burdened with problems posed by unconfirmed hypotheses about its nosology and epidemiology, even in its history; the application of the Gender Recognition Act GRA shows discrepancies and signs of disintegration.

The transsexual patient Mr. HH, who was evaluated in Kiel and operated in , had unperturbedly applied to the Federal Constitutional Court, when the Federal Supreme Court could not comply with his desire to be recognized as a female. But the Gender Recognition Act did not become effective until Because of both inherent and differential diagnostic uncertainties and vaguenesses the German-speaking Sexual Medicine associations in the German-speaking countries developed standards for the treatment and evaluation of transsexual persons in Due to the lack of objective parameters for transsexualism, the Real-Life Test is indispensable.

Weak points in the written law facilitate misuse because of patient insistence resulting in misdiagnoses. The self-presentation of the Halle medical professor Friedrich Hoffmann mirrored by his autobiography. The lost autobiography of the famous Halle medical professor Friedrich Hoffmann was recently located in the Manuscripta borussica collection of the Berlin State Library Manuscript Department Handschriftenabteilung der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.

The autobiography shows new details about his life and work as well as his strategy to shape the picture of his personality for posterity. Mehr Mathematik Wagen in der Medizin. Dabei existiert ein Gleichklang der Interessen von Medizin und Mathematik: Physik gestern und heute Spurensuche. Online Information Literacy in the Middle East. After the successful implementation of this project, questions…. Korrespondenzfragen zwischen Energiesystem und Telekommunikation. Das folgende Kapitel analysiert diese Eigenschaften und gibt Antworten auf die Frage, wie die wechselseitige Verkopplung beider, jeweils systemabdeckender Infrastrukturen zu einem Treiber der Energiewende in entwickelten Volkswirtschaften werden kann.

So viel kann man sagen: Um von Daten zum optimierten Prozess zu gelangen, sind vier Stufen notwendig. Die Behandlungsgruppe zeigte bei beiden Werten eine Verbesserung von klinischer Relevanz. ZU 4 Using selected CL values from the faired Kaum eine Branche hat in den letzten zehn Jahren einen tiefgreifenderen Wandel erfahren als die Energiewirtschaft. Nicht nur das es heute eine Vielzahl von Erzeugern gibt, die zunehmend dezentral aufgestellt sind, auch die klassischen Marktrollen wechseln: Leicht nachzuvollziehen, dass es eine neue Art der Kommunikation braucht.

Geringere Vorkommen in z. Federal Register , , , , Specific information will be The Department of Transportation has a history and statutory mandate to CAD in der Praxis. Predictors of Academic Performance for Finance Students: The study uses data drawn from a senior finance major cohort of 78 female undergraduates at Zayed University ZU -UAE to investigate factors, which increase the likelihood of achieving better academic performance in an Islamic finance course based on information about socioeconomic background of female students.

The paper aims to discuss…. Overview of Stueckelberg's Life as a Scientist. His full name was: He inherited his German title from his mother's family. His father was a lawyer and his paternal grandfather was a well-known swiss painter. Domestic Security Institutions in the Berlin Republic In two experiments using the action-sentence-compatibility paradigm we investigated the simulation processes that readers undertake when processing state descriptions with adjectives e. Kooperative und nachhaltige Strategien sind der erfolgversprechendere Weg, zumindest mittelbis langfristig.

Although the performance of ported monolingual system would be worse in comparison Allerdings ist der Anteil vegetarischer und veganer Kinder dabei unbekannt. Die Vorteile und Risiken einer vegetarischen bzw. These elasticities are comparable Background Kidney transplantation is the treatment choice for patients with end-stage renal diseases. Because of good long-term outcome, pediatric kidney grafts are also accepted for transplantation in adult recipients despite a significant mismatch in body size and age between donor and recipient.

These grafts show a remarkable ability of adaptation to the recipient body and increase in size in a very short period, presumably as an adaptation to hyperfiltration. Methods We investigated renal graft growth as well as glomerular proliferation and differentiation markers Kiel , paired box gene 2 and Wilms tumor protein WT1 expression in control biopsies from different transplant constellations: Results We detected a significant increase in kidney graft size after transplantation in all conditions with a body size mismatch, which was most prominent when an infant donated for a child.

Podocyte WT1 expression was comparable in different transplant conditions, whereas a significant increase in WT1 expression could be detected in parietal epithelial cells, when a kidney graft from a child was transplanted into an adult. In kidney grafts that were relatively small for the recipients, we could detect reexpression of podocyte paired box gene 2. Moreover, the proliferation marker Kiel was expressed in glomerular cells in grafts that increased in size after transplantation.

Certainly it may be seen as propaganda for a young king under threat, and his birthright is underscored, but to seek specific connections with events outside the poem is of dubious relevance. Why, however, is the poem in German and not in Old French or Latin? St Amand, where the poem was probably written, had a celebrated school, attracting men from abroad, including probably this Rhenish poet. The poem may have been intended for German speakers amongst the West Franks, but the interesting suggestion has been made that it was designed as propaganda on a broader scale.

The king s German counterpart, Lewis the Younger, died in January , leaving no absolutely clear successor. Perhaps the poem was intended to make a case to a lay nobility in Germany for the West Frank king as overall ruler? While there was an extensive tradition of Latin hagiography in prose and verse by German writers such as Walahfrid, we know of only two saints lives in German, one of which survives only in a later adaptation, so that Ratpert s life of St Gall must be considered under Ottonian Latin. The poem was added to the Heidelberg Otfrid-manuscript by a scribe called Wisolf, who seems to have given up in mid-narrative though he still had space available with the word nequeo , I can t manage.

The text is garbled, the orthography eccentric looking occasionally like dyslexia , and there are copy errors. A Latin Vita like one in St Gallen may be the source, and the dragon-slaying episode, incidentally, was not associated with the saint until far later. Galerius of Dacia who may have had the real St George killed and who appears here as Dacianus tries to kill him in the poem, but whenever he tries to do so, we are told in a repeated line that George rose up again.

This is the alliterative poem known as Muspilli St. Although the basis is the alliterative long-line, there are also rhymes. The work has three themes: At this point the poem breaks off. The theme of the work as we have it is judgement after death, of the individual soul and of the world, and the message is clear enough: Whether Muspilli came before or after Otfrid s Gospel-book is hard to determine, and the fact that both share an alliterative line describing paradise dar ist lip ano tod lioht ano finstri there is life without death, light without darkness , need imply no more than that both writers drew on a tradition which is well attested in Latin too.

There is no evidence that either poet knew the other s work, but both had a clear idea of doomsday, and we shall encounter again homiletic poems on the same theme. But it is less than useful to try to discuss in detail what we do not have, and our sole written example is a poem of sixty-nine lines in a mixture of High and Low German, preserved, though we have no idea why, in a theological document.

The work is important because it is unique, but in spite of problems it is still clearly of literary value. A description early in the work of the two central figures putting on their armour can be matched phrase-for-phrase in Anglo-Saxon, and other formulas are repeated within the work. Nevertheless, our manuscript is a late copy there are mistakes in it that can only have come from a written source and it is impossible to guess how many written stages preceded it. Preserved on the front and back pages of a manuscript, it is incomplete, though only a few lines seem to be missing.

Its language, though, is impossible; an attempt has been made to render a work written in the Bavarian dialect the alliteration only works in High German into Low German, but with such lack of success that false forms appear. This version was copied using some Anglo-Saxon characters probably early in the ninth century at Fulda, but when the poem was composed can only be guessed at. The poem deals with a battle between a father and a son set within a distorted but recognisable context, namely the east-west division of the Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

From what is now south-west Russia, the Visigoths moved in the fifth century westwards to Rome and then to Burgundy and Spain, while the Ostrogoths remained in the east. The Ostrogoths under Theoderic known in German as Dietrich took Rome in from Odoacer, but the poem and later German writings assume that Odoacer had driven Theoderic out of his rightful kingdom, after which he spent time as an exile at the court of Attila Theoderic s father had been an ally of the Huns , returning to regain his lands.

In our poem, Hildebrand is one of Theoderic s men, who had fled with him into exile, and, having returned, has to face in single combat the son he left behind. The story might well have passed thence to Bavaria, and then northwards. Two champions are picked to fight in single combat before their respective forces, and we are told at the outset that they are father and son. Repetition of their names and patronymics underscores a relationship of which the father becomes aware, though the son never believes it.

Much of the work is in dialogue. Hildebrand was a brave warrior, but Hadubrand supposes, since he was always in the forefront of battle, that he must be dead. Old men, who are now dead and cannot bear witness, have told him so.

There is no question of actual recognition, and the leaving of a bride means that this is an only son. When Hildebrand now states that he is the closest of relatives, the son understands, but does not believe him. Hildebrand, furthermore, makes a mistake when he offers the son a conciliatory gift, a gold arm-ring that the narrator tells us came from Attila. To us, the ring identifies Hildebrand as a great and therefore well-rewarded warrior, albeit with some connection with the Huns. To Hadubrand, the ring identifies Hildebrand as a Hun.

He has no reason to believe this man, and his supposition that Hildebrand is dead becomes definite when he tells us that he has heard from sailors also unavailable witnesses that his father was killed in battle. The arm-ring also reintroduces the idea of inheritance. Hadubrand has clearly inherited from his father the abilities of a great warrior, but if this gold is to be his inheritance he can gain it only by earning it, that is, by defeating and killing his father.

At this point there seems to be some textual corruption, but if we accept a small amount of editing, the son now denies that his adversary was ever the exile he claims to be. Hildebrand himself realises at this point that battle is inevitable, that wewurt skihit cruel fate will take its course.

We do not have the ending, but the battle is brief, and it does not seem as if much is missing. And yet the true inheritance of Hildebrand is the song itself; he could neither cheat fate nor prove his own identity, but the song preserves his fame. The only comparable long work in our period written by a German is a Latin poem of over 1, Vergilian hexameters with a large number of actual quotations from Vergil. The superficial Christianity of the Hildebrandslied, however, is much strengthened here. There is no agreement on when, where or by whom the work was written. It has been placed in the Carolingian period and in the eleventh century, and even its ascription to Ekkehard I of St Gallen in the early tenth century is now considered unsafe.

In some of the manuscripts there is a prologue by a monk who names himself as Geraldus, but since nothing is known about him, this is unhelpful. Waltharius was composed by a young monk he tells us so in an epilogue whose native language, German, is clear from his word-plays, but who might have been writing any time between the early ninth and the end of the tenth century. Waltharius is a prince of Aquitaine, taken as hostage and brought up by Attila, together with Hiltgund, princess of the Burgundians, and Hagano, a noble youth given as hostage by the Franks in place of their prince, Guntharius.

Attila did, of course, rule the Huns, and Waltharius may be identified with a fifth-century Visigoth from Toulouse. The historical Gundahari was a Burgundian, but his seat at Worms had become Frankish by the time of the poem, so that he has become a Frank, while a fictitious princess represents Burgundy. Tribute is also paid, and the hostages are brought up at the court of Attila. When Guntharius grows up, however, he revokes the tribute, causing Hagano to flee. Attila tries to marry Waltharius to a Hun princess ensuring political stability , but Waltharius plans an escape with Hiltgund, whom he loves.

They arrange for Attila and his warriors to get drunk at a feast, escape with a great amount of treasure, and Attila, waking with a hangover, can persuade no one to pursue them. Hagano is torn between a reluctance to attack his old friend also on grounds of prudence, since Waltharius is a great warrior and loyalty to his king. The last battle is with Hagano, but after Waltharius loses a hand, Hagano an eye and some teeth, a truce is called, and a settlement made, after which Waltharius returns to his kingdom, marries Hiltgund and rules for many years.

The fighting is more vivid than in the Hildebrandslied, if some of the plot is a little contrived, including the abrupt ending. The role of Hiltgund is slight, although Waltharius s chaste behaviour towards her on their flight is noteworthy. Yet in spite of the language the work is a German heroic poem, in which loyalty, reputation, and the rightful possession of specific wealth here the tribute paid originally to the Huns , as well as prowess in combat all play a part.

The avoidance of tragedy in particular betrays church influence, though primitive elements are still present in Waltharius s beheading of his victims. The story was well known, and now-lost versions may have had a tragic ending, loyalty forcing Hagano to kill his friend. What we actually possess, however, is a Latin poem told thus Geraldus s preface for entertainment, but with pace and charm. The division of Charlemagne s empire by the middle of the ninth century separated Germany and France, and Charlemagne s own line in Germany came to end with the disastrous rule of Lewis the Child , who was still in his teens when he died.

Salomo III, abbot of St Gallen, wrote in about a Latin poem lamenting the misfortunes of a country under attack from the Magyars and torn internally as well. Nor was stability restored by the election of a firm military leader, the Frankish nobleman Conrad I, who died in Ottonian Latin literature As regards literature in German, the tenth century is often viewed as a kind of wasteland.

Ottonian Latin literature 29 sparse in any case, and several of the works we do have were copied at that time. The Latin literary traditions established in Germany under the Carolingians, however, continued vigorously under the Saxons and the Salians, especially biblical commentary and religious poetry, including sequences and hymns by Notker s followers at St Gallen. Existing annals were continued and new ones begun, some on the Saxons, such as the prose Res gestae Saxonicae of Widukind of Corvey, or the Historia Ononis of Liutprand of Cremona c.

Of special interest, though, is a collection of short Latin poems in a manuscript copied probably in Canterbury in the eleventh century, but compiled earlier in the Rhineland, and now in Cambridge, whence the title for the nearly fifty Cambridge songs. They include rhymed poems and several sequence-like modi, the most impressive of which, the Modus Ottinc, celebrates Otto I and his defeat of the Magyars, though it is also intended to honour his successors. The collection contains other panegyrics and coronation-poems, and there is one sequence on the life of Christ.

Further pieces anticipate the Schwank , the humorous anecdote in verse: He takes the child and sells it, claiming that it melted. Sacerdos et lupus Priest and wolf , which is described as a iocularis cantio humorous narrative , is a quasi-Aesopian fable of a priest s failure to catch a wolf, whilst the tale of Unibos, the farmer who only has a single ox, is a framework for several comic anecdotes.

A much-translated poem about Heriger, archbishop of Mainz, recounts his punishment of a traveller who claimed to have visited Heaven, and one about Proterius and his daughter is a moralising piece on the avoidance of despair, a recurrent theme in later literature. Especially effective is that about Johannes, a short but over-ambitious hermit, who wants to live like an angel, but has to learn to be a good man instead.

Two poems stand out because they are macaronic, their rhymed longlines being half Latin and then half German. Suavissima nonna Sweetest of nuns is apparently a dialogue between a nun and a man not necessarily a priest, as used to be assumed , who urges the nun to come with him. She resists, but may have changed her mind at the end of the work; we can no longer tell. The twenty-seven lines in eight strophes of two or three longlines give an account of an incident in which Henry, Duke of Bavaria, is received by the emperor Otto, after a messenger has instructed him to do so.

Otto did not become emperor until , however, and the two Henrys passage is a problem, so that the poem may be about Henry s son, the equally rebellious Henry the Quarrelsome, who was reconciled with the child emperor Otto III in and a child could have been told to receive the Duke as in the poem. But there are too many possibilities for the content to be clear. It is hard to assess the literary importance of the nun Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim a Saxon house in the Harz, closely associated with the Ottonian royal family , who was born about and died in the s.

She wrote a series of eight saints lives and legends in Latin metrical verse, one of them about Theophilus an early analogue of the Faust-legend , and also panegyrics on Otto I, but is best known for her dramatic writings. Yet to locate the beginnings of drama in Germany in the Ottonian period is at best misleading. Hrotsvitha s Latin plays may never have been performed, and they certainly had no successors. In a preface to her collection of six short theological dialogues, all about pious ladies who either convert pagans or are themselves converted, she explains that she is imitating the comedies of the Roman dramatist Terence, and indeed, when in her Dulcitius the eponymous central figure tries to seduce three Christian women, he becomes mad and embraces pots and pans instead.

The church throughout the Middle Ages objected regularly to what we have to call histrionic entertainment.

In the development of an officially sanctioned drama it is not Hrotsvitha who attracts our interest, but a tiny piece of dialogue once thought to have been composed at St Gallen specifically by a monk called Tutilo at the start of the tenth century , and certainly known there: Tropes were a dramatic embellishment to the Mass, developed especially at St Gallen, although also at the French monastery of St Martial in Limoges, and there is debate as to which was the home of this dialogue between the angel and the Maries at the sepulchre. The angel asks whom do you seek , and then announces that Christ has risen.

Notker 3i writing in German. He favoured what has been called a Mischsprache , in which the Latin is accompanied sentence by sentence by a German version, plus a commentary in Latin and then German, with some Latin words untranslated as a prompt for the learner to assimilate them. Thus at the beginning of Boethius s Consolation, Lady Philosophy is described as having eyes that see beyond those of ordinary men.

Notker translates literally durhnohtor sehenten. Notker s coinages and his consistent rendering of the sense are striking, and he also developed a coherent orthography for his Alemannic dialect. Notker s works were much copied especially the Psalter , and his Mischsprache recurs later in the eleventh century in the writings of Williram and continues well into the twelfth see N. Palmer s edition of the Klosterneuburger BuSpredigten , Preserved within Notker s writings, finally, are a few brief German poems and some proverbs.

Of the former, one describes the clash of warriors and the other a monstrous boar; both illustrate rhetorical devices, and are probably of classical rather than Germanic origin. Notker was aware, finally, of an historical end that could be near. The German preface to his Boethius-translation opens with a reference to St Paul s prophecy that the day of judgement will not come until the fall of Rome, and Notker links this with Theoderic, who, as ruler of Rome, had Boethius killed.

Theoderic, too, died, and the Goths were driven out, and then came the Lombards, who ruled for more than two centuries, and nah langobardis franci. So ist nu zegangen romanvm imperivm. Beside the scraps of German in the works of Notker are others which, while evidence of a sort for vernacular literary activity, cannot be afforded much prominence St. They are usually so opaque that the over-interpretation to which they are often subjected must be viewed as suspect.

Thus the nine-word Hirsch und Hinde Hart and hind, St. The piece has been connected with folk-plays and fertility festivals, without substantial conclusions. Similarly cautious comments must be made about a number of little verses from manuscripts in St Gallen, including one that appears to be a lampoon, telling how Starzfldere returned a wife to Liubwin St.

There are also some proverbs St. One final small rhymed poem is now lost, but was once carved over a school or library, probably in the late ninth century. It was copied by the map-maker Mercator to decorate his town plan of Cologne in ; the Cologne inscription Lb.

Latin literature in the eleventh century With some Latin texts we can be fairly sure that a German original lies behind them.

An identifiable historical event lies behind this, but since the Latin prose suggests a rhyme in German, scholars have reconstructed an original in Old High German, though it would be an early instance of end-rhyme indeed MSD vin. His carmen barbaricum German song was translated into the more acceptable medium of Latin by Ekkehart IV of St Gall, who was born towards the end of the tenth and died in the mid eleventh century. Three versions, in Ekkehart s own hand, of an accented metrical Latin poem of seventeen strophes of five long-lines each survive.

Ekkehart mentions the melody of the original, so that the two forms may have matched, but deducing a German original is difficult. Latin literature in the eleventh century 33 by St Michael, as well as the story of the chain he wore about his body as a penance. Latin writings in Germany in the eleventh century include the muchread commentaries of the aristocratic Bruno of Wurzburg d. Two scholars deserve special mention. The first, Otloh of St Emmeram c. He wrote on world history, astronomy, mathematics and music, and his complex and linguistically inventive sequences are typified by the use of adapted Greek words.

An interesting pendant to the hagiography of this later period is the De Mahumete by Embricho of Mainz who became bishop of Augsburg in , which presents in verse various legends of Mohammed from a Christian point of view. He wrote a eulogy for Conrad s predecessor, Henry the Saint, and his Gesta Chuonradi remains the principal source for Conrad s reign, although he is still known for the famous Easter sequence Victimae paschalis.

Later still come chroniclers like Adam of Bremen, who wrote around a detailed history of the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen with a wealth of comments on the Vikings. Religious and other poetry continued to flourish in Latin. Sextus Amarcius described later as satiricus, amator honestatis a satirist and lover of the truth wrote four books of Sermones a title he borrowed from Horace , directly spoken verses and dialogues, dealing satirically with sins and virtues.

In one poem, three songs sung by a minstrel are identifiable as from the Cambridge songs, including that on the snow-baby. Two final Latin poems of the eleventh century demand attention: The first is a series of eighteen fragments about 2, partly damaged lines from Tegernsee of an extended version of the folk-tale usually known as the three points of wisdom. In its basic form it is found in the medieval collection of anecdotes known as the Gesta Romanorum and in languages as diverse as Irish and Cornish , a servant is given pieces of advice in lieu of payment; he is not to leave an old road for a new one, not to lodge where an old man has a young wife, and not to act in anger.

His real payment is baked into a cake. The last fragments we have are concerned with Ruodlieb s search for a wife, and as far as can be made out, the wife suggested for him has had a previous affair with a cleric. Ruodlieb sends her a messenger with a love-declaration which contains four words of Old High German but also with evidence of her previous indiscretions. An outer plot tells how a runaway calf falls into the clutches of a wolf, who feeds it well for one night, prior to eating it. The wolf s account of his hatred of the fox now forms the content of the Aesopian inner fable used again later in German in the writing of Heinrich der Glichezare , in which the fox finds a cure for the sick lion which involves flaying a wolf.

Meanwhile a dog has raised the alarm with the other animals, and brings them to the wolf s lair. When we return to the outer story, the wolf is tricked into emerging, and is gored by the bull, so that the calf escapes and returns home. The promised allegorical implications are made clear: Late Old High German prose 35 in after thirty-seven years as abbot of the small monastery of Ebersberg. In around he produced an exposition of the biblical Song of Songs that remained influential, with one manuscript copy as late as , not much more than a century before it became the object of philological study by the Dutch scholar Francis Junius in Williram s Expositio in Cantica Canticorum is formally unfamiliar, and its German component is limited.

The major manuscripts have three sometimes ornately separated columns, the central one containing in large script the Vulgate text. The left-hand column has a Latin paraphrase in hexameters, while on the right is a prose commentary in a mixture of German and Latin. Trudperter Hohelied, and was sometimes though not often copied independently.

However, on other occasions even the German parts were translated into Latin. Williram s work is a late example of the opus geminatum, each part having a separate function, the hexameters enhancing and explaining, the Mischsprache clarifying the text for a different audience. Its content is not original: Indeed, Williram claims in his preface that de meo nihil addidi I have added nothing of my own , and he is studiedly conservative, complaining that an excess of dialectic has obscured biblical interpretation.

More clearly literary is the brief text known as Himmel und Holle Heaven and hell, St. What lies behind the composition is unclear, although it may have some link with the Bamberg confession St. One late translation into Old High German is of intrinsic interest. Its single horn indicates the unity of the Father and the Son, and its capture the Virgin Birth. These are still, like the few earlier pieces, largely from patristic sources. Of the three groups distinguished, the first has three fragments of sermons by Augustine, the second four from Gregory the Great on the Gospels, and the third some Lenten material largely from Bede.

The sermons were intended either for preaching in the language, or for reading. Associated with them, and specifically with the first group, since the scribe appears to be the same, is a collection of Geistliche Ratschlage Spiritual precepts, St. Not until well into the twelfth century do we find more complete vernacular sermon collections, again designed either for reading or as handbooks for preaching. A Benediktbeuern collection from the mid twelfth century, for example, known as the Speculum Ecclesiae Mirror of the Church , contains sermons of varying lengths, not in strict liturgical order, and sometimes with more than one for a given feast.

However, the Speculum Ecclesiae and the influence of the French schoolmen take us beyond our limits. Although attempts were made to identify these language changes with a new spirit in German literature, there is no basis for doing so. There is a gradual increase in the amount of German written, but its status is still low. The period was one of monastic reforms including that associated with the monastery of Cluny, in France , but there are no real effects upon German literature.

Early Middle High German religious literature 37 vernacular writing from the monasteries to the schools associated with the cathedrals. Where writers like Otloh and Williram were monks, named writers are now described often as secular priests or canons. Early Middle High German religious literature Virtually all of the German material in the Salian period is religious, and most of it develops from what has gone before.

Thus the essential mixture in Otfrid of narrative and often homiletic commentary is found in the second part of the eleventh century in metrical adaptations of Genesis and Exodus. A twelfth-century all-German codex now in Vienna whence the names Wiener Genesis and Exodus contains the two biblical poems written out consecutively, with rhyme-points , and between them an assonantic prose version of the Physiologus which is longer than the Old High German version.

There has been some discussion over the form of the poems, although a short couplet style seems already to be replacing Otfrid s rhymed long-line. In content, the poems draw on the authorities just as much as Otfrid did, however. Thus the creation of Adam is expanded on the basis of medieval encyclopaedias to a detailed physical description considering even the function of his little finger for digging in the ear to enable him to hear clearly, and the poet attaches to the promise made to Eve that she will bruise the serpent s head Genesis iii,i5 a homiletic excursus derived from Carolingian Latin commentaries of nearly a hundred lines on the theme of stopping sin as soon as it begins.

If the Genesis-poet was a secular canon as is possible , the implied audience might, however, be a lay one. The eleventh-century material of the Vienna manuscript was reworked towards the end of the twelfth century. The new version, the Millstatt codex, has the Physiologus in rhymed form, and a very large number of illustrations, while a further German collective codex from Vorau in Styria which also contains the Kaiserchronik has a rather different adaptation of the first part of the Old Testament in the Vorauer Bucher Mosis although the Joseph-narrative overlaps with the Vienna version , plus a number of shorter religious poems.

Shorter religious poems maintain the conservative-homiletic tone, and the year can only be an arbitrary cut-off point. The work is known as Memento mori there is no title in the original and capitals indicate nineteen strophes of four long-lines each, though a few lines are missing in the middle. The work is perhaps by Noker the name appears in the last line , abbot of Zwiefalten d. Like Muspilli, this poem stresses that no one however rich can avoid the final judgement, and again an aristocratic lay audience seems to be implied. Another space-filler in the same manuscript is Ezzos Gesang Ezzo s hymn.

Only seven strophes were written here, but in the Vorau codex is a twelfth-century augmented reworking of it. One of the additions is a prefatory verse telling how this song of the miracles of Christ , was written at the behest of Bishop Gunther of Bamberg d.

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The earlier version is addressed to iv herron my lords , which is changed in the Vorau text to iv. A far later fragmentary poem, the Scopf von dem lone Poem of reward , written probably in the late twelfth century by a secular canon at the Cathedral of St Martin in Colmar points out, with reference to the tax-gatherer Zachaeus and to St Martin, that the rich can also enter the kingdom of heaven in spite of Luke xviii, 24 if they lead proper lives.

The motif is unsurprising with literature aimed at a particular class, that for which Muspilli or Memento Mori was intended. Reimpredigt rhymed sermon is a term of slightly dubious validity, but the direct homiletic tone remains a key feature of early German poetry. Some vernacular poems are problematic.

That known as Merigarto The world , from the last part of the eleventh century is in places now extremely hard even to decipher. The first part of this strophic poem which has some Latin headings describes seas, real and otherwise, and after another heading which refers to an unidentifiable Bishop Reginbert, goes on to say how a wise man in Utrecht had told the poet who seems to have fled there from Bavaria in time of war about a visit to Iceland and of its geography. Frankly, very little can be made of this hydrographic enigma, although it does demonstrate the continuity of Carolingian learning.

Anno II, the extremely powerful though not always entirely scrupulous archbishop of Cologne and regent for Henry IV, died in and was canonised in , although the poem the date of which is fixed by a reworked section in the Kaiserchronik , refers to him as a saint already. Nearly nine hundred rhymed lines in couplets, divided into forty-nine strophes, present first a brief history of the world from Adam to Anno , making clear once more the contrast between Adam s fall and the incarnation before moving on to the saints of Cologne and then to Anno, the latest saint given to the Franks.

The second section describes the four ages of the world based on interpretations of the dream in Daniel vii,, taking us down to Rome, and then looking at the histories of various German tribes, Swabians, Bavarians, Saxons and Franks. The latter are the inheritors of the Trojans, since the mythical eponym Franko builds eini luzzele Troie a litle Troy , on the Rhine, and of the Romans, who built Colonia Cologne.

The poem now moves rapidly from the earliest stages of Christianity, and again to the Franks and Anno. The final strophes 34—49 are hagiographic, presenting Anno as the vatir aller weisin father of orphans , founder of monasteries including Siegburg , and stressing his political role. After his death, healing miracles are associated with him. The Annolied has some relationship with Latin genres: Its mixture of theological and secular harks back to the Ludwigslied in some respects, and there are echoes, too, of Otfrid, in the linking of the Franks with the ancient world.

Otfrid simply stated that the Franks were as good as the Romans or Greeks, but the Annolied places them more firmly into an historical context which is, unlike Notker s, onward-looking. The divine economy of fall and redemption is present in the poem as well, however, as is the parenetic didacticism of so much early Middle High German writing; Anno entered the heavenly paradise and we should keep his example in mind.

The theology is hardly new. What is different is this combination of genres in a German-language poem celebrating both a German saint and at the same time his people. It is a nice historical accident that the work was discovered by Martin Opitz, the author of Das Buch von der deutschen Poeterey Let us take just one area as an example. The new German vernacular biblical epic in couplet verse begins in the second half of the eleventh century with the Altdeutsche Genesis also known as the Vienna Genesis, most likely c.

Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon, 2nd revised edn by Kurt Ruh et al. Introduction 41 shorter Old High German poems. Lay brothers and those monks who had entered the order later in life, rather than as child oblates, were as a rule illiterate and could only understand readings in German. It could develop its own conventions of poetic form, tonality, affective engagement with an audience and literary structure in response to the needs of a specific historical situation.

The materials presented in the works named had all been gathered from authoritative Latin sources, but these works are for the most part not simply translated from Latin. The world of oral poetry is recalled for a moment in the Annolied. The poem begins with famous lines directing the community to turn its backs on those songs on profane subjects which it had in the past favoured and to think of how we will all meet our end - and to do so inspired by the life of Bishop Anno.

International directory of cinematographers, set- and costume designers in film, Volume 4. Livio is both a masculine Italian given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Pavanelli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Livio Pavanelli — , Italian film actor Rosa Pavanelli born , Italian trade union leader Charlotte Somewhat Crazy German: Walter de Gruyter, The Hound of the Baskervilles German: It was the last Sherlock Holmes adaptation in the silent film era. This version was not a remake of that serial but was a straight adaptation of the source material.

It was shot at the Staaken Studios in Berlin. Watson Betty Bird as Beryl Fri Love in the Snow German: Cast Livio Pavanelli as Dr. An Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Floretta and Patapon Italian: The Story of Lilian Hawley German: Koebner and starring Lotte Neumann and Livio Pavanelli. Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic. The Long Intermission German: The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter.

Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman French: Mademoiselle Josette ma femme, German: Haven't I seen you somewhere before?: Remakes, sequels, and series in motion pictures and television, It was one of a series of historical epics for which the Italian film industry became famous during the era. The novel was later turned into a sound film Fabiola in San Sebastiano Giulia Cassini-Rizzotto: Santa Cecilia Signora Poletti: Sant' Agnese Signora Tirelli: Afra References Bibliography Sorlin, Pierre. Italian National Cinema External links Fabiola on IMDb Kissing Is No Sin German: Madame Dares an Escapade German: A single mother has to work as a high-class prostitute.

Defiance and Passion in Early Italian Cinema. University of Texas Press, Mariute is a Italian silent drama film directed by Edoardo Bencivenga and starring Francesca Bertini. The A to Z of Italian Cinema. External links Mariute on IMDb The Marriage Nest German: It was made by the Berlin-based Aafa-Film. Cast Livio Pavanelli as Oberst v. The Laughing Husband German: The film's art direction was by Hans Minzloff and Jacek Rotmil. The Schimeck Family German: The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil. Kadett Hans Wallner as K. The film's sets were designed by Gustav A. Knauer and Willy Schiller.

It was distributed by the German branch of Universal Pictures. The Queen of Moulin Rouge German: It was the final silent film Wiene made in Austria, before returning to Germany. But a clause in the constitution states that the new King needs to be sworn in by noon the following day or he will forfeit the throne. As the new King has already gone out for a night of carousing in Paris, those in charge of him set out to search all the nightclubs to find him while a rival group of conspirators do everything they can to try and prevent him being informed.

The Cambridge History of German Literature.pdf

The Ride in the Sun German: The film featured an early appearance from the future star Anna Magnani. It was made by the Berlin-based production company Nero Film. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle. External links Scampolo on IMDb The Queen of the Baths German: A Companion to German Cinema. External links Marriage on IMDb Le dive italiane del cinema muto. The White Horse Inn German:

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