Schmutz (Littérature) (French Edition)

Can Tax Breaks Beat Geography? Lessons from the French Enterprise Zone Experience

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Littératures Populaires : Ressources: Schmutz- und Schundliteratur im Volksschulalter

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Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. This article shows its effects, notably a confusion between fiction and fact which had serious political consequences. There was also a definite difference in the situation in both countries before the war. Yet, this kind of literature was not totally without foundation.

Par contre, il est nettement moins connu en Irlande. For example, in , the French historian Marc Ferro wrote: Overall this literature reflected the nagging worries besetting the country 1. An unholy alliance developed between hack writers and military careerists […]. In any case, most of the information which Le Queux and his associates suspected German spies of trying to obtain was readily available for a small price in the form of Ordnance Survey and Admiralty maps 2. While the effects of invasion and spy literature on Britain are well-known, they are far less known regarding Ireland.

This study will aim to shed light on the situation in Ireland and show that on occasion fiction met fact and fact met fiction. The border between literature and reality was not always clearly drawn. The Franco-Prussian War of saw not only the humiliating defeat of the French army by the Prussians but also the political unification of Germany, which, until then, had been divided into several states. From then on, it was clear that the newly united Germany was on her way to become the strongest military power on the continent. The British Royal Navy had no serious rival.

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Chesney was much concerned by what he deemed was British military and naval unpreparedness to face a foreign invasion. To warn public and politicians alike, he published a short book in entitled The Battle of Dorking. Although Germany is not named, the first pages of the book leave no doubt that it was her that he had in mind 3.

At first, Britain tried to reach an understanding with Germany to limit naval armament. After all, the Germans were no colonial rivals unlike the French. But soon, it was clear that Anglo-German talks would lead to nowhere. In Britain, public opinion became increasingly anti-German all the more since Imperial Germany was also becoming a major industrial and commercial rival.

The British press spewed its vitriol over the Germans 4. General Chesney and his Battle of Dorking seemed to be vindicated. Writers grabbed their pencils and fantasised endlessly about future invasions and wars. At the beginning of the twentieth century there were about twelve invasion novels published every year 5. By the time the First World War broke out in , there were about such books 6.

Other invasion stories were published by the popular press in a serialised form. Invasion gripped the minds of middle and working classes alike. There were in fact three main reasons for this literature. Firstly, the writers tried to guess what the Germans were up to. Secondly, there was the desire to make the British government want to increase military spending.

And thirdly, this was the age of anticipation and imagining what the future would be. To quote Professor I. His book portrayed the German invasion of Britain and became an international bestseller. Le Queux went on to write other books, notably Spies of the Kaiser in , a particularly bad book 8. Soon, he confused the border between fact and fiction and it was little wonder why the Foreign Office and War Office did not take him seriously. The anti-German hysteria in Britain had of course been noticed in Berlin.

The writer was submerged by waves of letters and to his mind they confirmed the fact that Britain was indeed being currently infiltrated by spies, preparing the dreaded invasion. People were afraid of the large number of German waiters in the country, while others spotted Germans making sketches and taking photographs.

German barbers and hotel owners on the east coast were equally suspects. One man wrote to the Morning Post that there were 90, German army reservists in Britain and that they had hidden very exactly , rounds of Mauser ammunition. Everything was ready for the invasion, he warned But more importantly, little by little, owing to the pressure of public opinion and the press, the British government began to pay more attention to what Le Queux and company had to say. Although evidence of real German espionage in Britain was flimsy, the popular spy-craze eventually led to the creation of the Secret Service Bureau, later known as MI5 domestic intelligence and MI6 foreign intelligence At the end of the day, were there that many German spies in the United Kingdom or not?

The answer is a resounding no. The British wrongly believed that not only German naval intelligence was operating in their country but also German military intelligence which was not the case. In fact, German military intelligence was focusing on France and Russia. The legendary spymaster Walter Nicolai later admitted that he would have targeted Britain but then the war broke out and it was too late to set up an efficient network Their correspondence reveals that Freeman was sending information about Irish nationalists in Ireland and in the United States.

Freeman had also extensive contacts with Indian and Middle-Eastern nationalists, opposed to British rule. In , Schiemann enquired into the number of Irishmen serving in the Royal Navy, the idea being obviously to figure out whether they could be relied upon to paralyse the navy in time of war against Germany. Freeman was not able to furnish an exact number. The British did not seem to be aware of this correspondence.

However, they were aware of other contacts between the Germans and Irish republicans. It would seem that the British did have some legitimate reasons for concern. So, not only literary fantasy was at the origin of the founding of the Secret Service Bureau but also real facts. But how had the invasion scare and spy fever affected Ireland?

The Riddle of the Sands written by Erskine Childers in Childers came from an Anglo-Irish background and before he became the well-known Irish republican, he was a strong enthusiast of the British Empire. At the turn of the century, Childers became worried of a possible surprise invasion by Germany. Being a keen yachtsman he set out to explore the Frisian Isles along the Dutch, German and Danish coastline.

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He built the following theory. Germany had a rather short coastline facing Britain and the North Sea which would force the Imperial Navy to sail through the narrow strait of Skagerrak between Denmark and Norway. As to the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, nowadays called Kiel Canal since connecting the North Sea to the Baltic Sea, it was not yet deep and wide enough to allow battleships to sail through.

In other words, the German Imperial Navy would be like a predictable sitting duck for the Royal Navy. The problem here was that the waters around the Frisian Isles were notoriously shallow, infested with sandbanks. This forms the plot of the book. Childers imagined that the Germans were able to build special boats adapted to navigation in both around the Frisian Isles and the North Sea.

The Riddle of the Sands is very technical with much attention paid to detail And this is the main difference with all the other invasion authors. In , the book became a film of the same name by Tony Maylam.

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In November , the Irish Times unionist commented: Childers has a very facile pen, and will be heard of again It was above all meant as a warning. It did just that. It looked pretty much as if Childers was playing his part in the current arms race between Britain and Germany. But then followed a rather bizarre episode, once again evidence that fact and fiction were blurred.

They had been sent there by British naval intelligence In December, they were put on trial in Leipzig and condemned to a prison sentence. It then transpired that Brandon had read The Riddle of the Sands not less than three times… Childers would later meet the two spies Even Churchill drew his strategic inspiration from the book when the war broke out in August He was then First Lord of the admiralty and argued during a cabinet meeting that the Royal Navy should seize one of the Dutch Frisian islands. As to Childers, he went sailing again in the North Sea, near the Kiel Canal and in German territorial waters in the summer of but he felt that he was no longer welcome there The reality was that Germany was badly known.

Therefore, the image that people had of that country was rather vague and this facilitated the task of propagandists While this is certainly correct, a survey of twelve Irish newspapers between and allows to state that invasion and spy scares were above all reported by the national press rather than by the regional press. Also of interest are the following facts. Evidently, before the war, unlike what was happening in Britain, fear of Germany seems not to have been as virulent in Ireland simply because she had no quarrel with Germany but definitely had one with Britain about home rule.

Was it a subliminal message against home rule? The Irish Independent had also much good to say about Alan H. Yet, the combined Anglo-Japanese forces eventually defeat the Teutonic invaders But some Irish newspapers could be most critical of the mass hysteria that invasion scares had produced in Britain. Perhaps one of the most trenchant articles was published by the Anglo-Celt in March The papers conducted by Lord Northcliffe — Mr Harmsworth that was — raised the cry of a contemplated German invasion — the presence of 50, clerks, waiters and others of that Nationality in London alone giving a good foundation for the powers of the imaginative journalist.

The more extreme nationalist press, however, was taking sides with Imperial Germany.

In , the United Irishman declared: The German Emperor is an astute monarch, who has trumped every card which England has played against Germany in Africa, in South America, and in Europe. But some UIL members did not agree. In April, the Meath Chronicle wrote about the recent meeting of the Dunshauglin Board of Guardians that a Mr Fitzsimmons had put forward an amendment against the raising of additional taxes on Irishmen which would serve to build more dreadnoughts, quick firing guns, submarines and so on.

He was never found, however In November , the Irish Independent reported that a suspicious man was seen camping near a fortified position in Galway.

He was arrested and it subsequently turned out that he was a Belgian tourist of a well-known family The following year, still in Galway, the Connacht Tribune reported that a mysterious airship had been spotted by the inhabitants. The newspaper recorded their reactions: In , somebody in England, very likely an Irishman or woman, sent him the following postcard: Should you invade England in , you will not harm the Catholic churches, will you?

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