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An irregular verb is properly one that deviates in any respect from the inflection of the regular models, hablar, comer, and vivir. They may be easily reduced to a few classes with appropriate representatives, to which the general alphabetic Index of irregular verbs refers. Hence the following defi- nitions of technical terms, embracing principles of wide application, will greatly assist the learner to master quickly the whole subject. Irregular verbs are to be inflected, according to class and conjugation, on the three stems — present, preterit, and future — as bases.

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The original stem of a verb is found by sup- pressing the characteristic infinitive-ending. In the regular verb the original stem is the same throughout ; but in the irregular verb each group of tenses may have a distinct form of the original stem, or three distinct stems: Tonic Stems are such as have the primary stress or tonic accent upon them in any given form: Atonic Stems are such as have but a secondary accent, the primary stress being laid on the personal ending: A Stem-vowel is the characteristic vowel in any radical, and always stands nearest to the infinitive ending: The following orthographic changes are to be noted: Weak stems ending in c become strong stems ending in z.

The expansion of a vowel into a diphthong may be called diphthongization. The diphthong ie is consonantized: When it is initial in a tonic stem: Remarks on the Present Stem. Tonic stems, whether weak or strong, are often strengthened in the present indicative and subjunctive, and in the imperative: By the expansion of the radical vowel e into iV, and of into ue: Strong stems, whether tonic or atonic, are like- wise frequently strengthened in the present indicative and subjunctive, and in the imperative: The Portuguese still preserves the Latin y sound, graphically represented by Ih and nh: Four verbs are expanded in the first person sing- ular of the present indicative by assuming a final y: Eight verbs make their imperative second per- son singular in abbreviated forms: The imperfect indicative is always regularly formed from the original stem, except in the following verbs: In the other persons and tenses of this stem, the tonic accent is, as usual, on the endings, which are regular.

Therefore the vowels of the stem and termination were attracted or exchanged, and the diphthongs arising therefrom were reduced to simple vowels, according to the custom of the language. The modern speech, since the dose of the fourteenth century, has preferred the stem- vowel n to — supe, tuve, puse, etc. List of tonic preterit stems, as found in the first and third persons singular of the past definite indicative, together with their origin and formation: First and third sing.

Two verbs form their future stem from primitive infinitives that no longer exist: To show where the stress falls in forms of the verb that do not admit the graphic accent, a long mark is placed over the vowel of the tonic syllable. Pensar, pensando, pensado, to think. Alentar, alentando, alentado, to encourage, Pres. Cerrar, cerrando, cerrado, to shut, Pres. Apretar, apretando, apretado, to grasp tightly. Atestar, atestando, atestado, to cram, Pres. Sembrar, sembrando, sembrado, to sow, Pres. Helar, helando, helado, to freeze, Pres.

Errar, errando, errado, to miss. Empezar, empezando, empezado, to begin. Perder, perdiendo, perdido, to lose. Entender, entendiendo, entendido, to understand, Pr. Sonar, sonando, sonado, to sound. Costar, costando, costado, to cost, Pres. Acordar, acordando, acordado, to agree. Hollar, hollando, hollado, to trample, Pres. Volar, volando, volado, tojly. Contar, contando, contado, to count, Pres. Orthographic and Euphonic Changes, The verbs desosar, to separate the bones from the meat, and desovar, to spawn from hueso, bone, and huevo, egg , introduce an h before the diphthong of the present stem: Trocar, trocando, trocado, to barter, Pr.

Rogar, rogando, rogado, to request. Jugar, jugando, jugado, to play, to gamble, Pres. Forzar, forzando, forzado, to force. Mover, moviendo, movido, to move. Morder, mordiendo, mordido, to bite, Pres. Volver, volviendo, vuelto, to return. The verb oler assumes an h before the diph- thong of the tonic stem: Oler, oliendo, olido, to scent, to smell, Pres. Torcer, torciendo, torcido, to twist. The gerund uniformly belongs to the preterit system.

Sentir, sintiendo , sentido, tofeely to perceive. So the compounds of herir from Lat. Advertir, ad virtiendo , advertido, to observe. In the verb erguir, to throw back the head haughtilyy the stem being initial, the vowel i may be either consonantized, or it may replace the diphthong altogether, in the present tenses. The other changes are the same as in the model verb sentir: Erguir irguiendo , erguido. Verbs in -quirir which are derived from a primi- tive radical quer Lat.

Adquirir adquiriendo , adquirido, to get, to obtain, Pr. Morir muriendo , muerto, to die. Podrir and pndrir pudriendo , podrido, to decay. This class embraces only verbs of the third conjugation, with the radical vowel e. The Verb, of the indicative, and the second person plural impera- tive. Pedir, pidiendo , pedido, to ask. Regir, rigiendo , regid 3, to rule. Re-ir, ri-endo , re-Ido, to laugh.

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The gerund uniformly belongs to the preterit system, as in the second and third classes. Atribuir, atribuyendo , atribuido, to ascribe. Instituir, instituyendo , instituido, to establish. This class embraces those verbs that have irregular preterit systems derived from the Latin by attraction, with the tonic accent on the radical in the first and third persons singular of the past definite.

The present and future stems are generally irregular. Of inanimate objects and animals, andar is used ; of persons, ir. The Verb, Second Conjugation. Caber, cabiendo, cabido, to be contained in, en , to hold. The use of caber from the Latin capSre, to take is anomalous, in that it reverses the English order of subject and object, and is construed with the preposition en. J '' Present Stems. Poder, pudiendo , podido, to be able.

The Verb, a. Poner, poniendo, puesto, to put, to place. The synonym of both verbs is colocar: Ponerse, to set one's self about, to begin, followed by d and an infinitive ; to put on a garment, gloves, etc. I put on the frock-coat. Querer, queriendo, querido, to willy to wish. Querer, as a verb of mode, denotes will, inclination, in the meanings to will, to be willing, to wish: I would come soon, if I had time. Querer signifies also to like, to love, to be fond of: Saber, sabiendo, sabido, to know things.

Tener, teniendo, tenido, to fiave, to possess. Tener was formerly much used as an auxiliary verb, but at present it is limited to certain verbs in certain locutions not easy to define. I have learned that The preterit stem truj is now obsolete as a literary form, although it is still heard, like most Castilian archaisms, among rustic people.

Its inflection is precisely like the prevailing form: Decir, diciendo, dicho, to say, to tell. It is a quaint sort of a synonym for se dice or dicen: Like decir, are inflected all the compounds, such as antedecir, contradecir, desdecir, entredecir, interdecir, predecir, save only in the imperative second singular, which, in these, is generally dice, instead of di.

In bendecir and maldecir, the variations are more numerous, as will appear by the inflection, of the first. The latest edition of the Academy's grammar makes all compounds of decir follow the inflection of bendecir in the imperative and in the future stem ; but this use is not constant either in literature or in conversa- tion. Bendecir, bendiciendo, bendecido, benito , to bless. This verb and its contrary, maldecir, to curse, differ from the simple decir, in the past participle, the imperative second singular, and in the future stem only. Venir, viniendo , venido, to come.

This class embraces a few verbs not easily redu- cible to any of the forregoing. Dar, dando, dado, to give. Placer, placiendo, placido, to please. Valer, valiendo, valido, to be worth. Ver was formerly written and pronounced veer from the Latin videre , and was regular in the present indicative and sub- junctive, but still irregular in the imperfect. Like ver are inflected all its own compounds; those in veer, as well as all simple verbs in -eer, like creer, leer, poseer, etc.

Asir, asiendo, asido, to lay hold of. Salir, saliendo, salido, to go out. The following verbs are used only in those forms of which the personal ending begins with an i, including, however, the future: Abolir, aboliendo, abolido, to abolish. Aguerrir, aguirriendo, aguerrido, to exercise in war. The original form is, however, met with occasionally, conjugated like caer. Aplacer, to please obsolete: Concernir, concerniendo, concernido, to concern. The verb soler, to be accustomed to past parti- ciple solido has in common use only the following forms: The irregularity proceeds from the original Latin form, more or less contracted and modified classic and post-classic , and is found even with verbs that are otherwise regular in Spanish.

Regular verbs in Spanish that have an irregular past participle are the following, together with their compounds: Aguerrir, aguirriendo, aguerrido, to exercise in war, Pr. The verb raer, to erase, is now replaced by rayar, which is regular. Roer, to gnaw, has the following forms: Corroer, to corrode, makes corroe — corroen in the indicative present, and corroa — corroan in the subjunctive. Aplaoer, to plecLse obsolete: Irregular verbs in Spanish that have an irregular past participle are the following, together with their compounds: The ancient past participles bcgadito, maldito, are now used as The Verb, adjectives, save only when a wish or desire in the form of an exclamation is to be expressed: Blessed," throughout the Scriptures, is rendered by blen- da.

Bienquerer, to esteem, and malquerer, to abhory have the regular past participles bienquerido, mal- querido, but are more commonly employed with ser in the ancient forms bienquisto, malquisto: These two verbs are oftener used as separable, and thus we say: Injerir, to graft, has the regular past participle injerido with haber and ser, and the form injerto in other relations without an auxiliary: The orthography of injerir, instead of ingerir, is sustained both by the etymology of the word and the old form of writing it.

The Academy, however, recognizes only ingerir, an untenable form. Matar, in its proper sense of to kill, referring to persons, has the irregular past participle muerto, like morir ; but, in the figurative senses, involving the idea of harassing, worrying, putting one out of patience, and, as a reflexive verb, as well as in its proper sense, referring to animals, it is regular — matado: The verb prender in the sense of to arrest a person, has two participles, prendido and preso Lat.

In all other significations, prender is regular throughout: All compounds of prender have only the regular past parti- ciple. Romper, to break, makes rompido and roto in the past participle, but the latter form generally prevails in all positions, when the verb is used transitively: As an intransitive verb, romper is regular in its past partici- ple: The compound forms of romper are regular. Past participles, like common adjectives, are often converted into substantives: The Verb, constitTiir. The Verb, despoblar. II agorar, i Adverbs may be classed according to their form and signification.

Simple adverbs are further divisible into primi- tive and derivative. Some adverbs, though simple in form, are etymologically compound: Many simple adverbs are properly neuter adjectives tempo- rarily used as adverbs: Common adjectives in fem. If the adjective be of one termination for both genders, the affix is applied to the common form: At different periods of the Spanish language, the affix was vari- ously written mientre, miente, and mente, and was generally separated from the adjective till about the beginning of the fifteenth century.

When two or more adverbs in -mente follow one another connected by a conjunction, the affix is applied to the last adjective only: Adverbs in -mente usually express manner, and in this sense may be equally turned into adverbial phrases by employing the adjective with the noun manera or modo, way y manner: Adjectives derived from the names of countries, provinces, and cities, are made adverbs of manner by assuming the dative singular feminine with the definite article, agreeing with some noun understood like usanza, usage, sty ley fashion: A very few derivative adverbs have the inorganic affix Sy which belongs to a comparatively late period in the development of the language: In their fatigue uniforms of plain per calina, their descendants are soberly employed in the government tobacco factories.

Compound adverbs consist of two or more words variously associated, as substantives, adjectives, and adverbs with prepositions, adverbs with adverbs, etc. Without the article, singular: Without the article, plural: Adverbs of affirmation and negation: There are also in Spanish a great number of adverbial phrases like the following: Use of Certafn Adverbs. The Adverb, The words acaso in the modem language, and por ventara in the quainter style, both meaning for- soothyprayy are often mere interrogative signs, and as such need not be translated: It is conveniently used when we do not know or wish to declare where a person or thing is, as well in a favorable as in an unfavorable sense: In good English, the adverb is usually omitted in such cases: Donde, where, is either an interrogative adverb of place, or a relative signifying which.

The Adverb, Remark. I do not know where he lives. I do not know where he is going. Likewise past participles of verbs conjugated with ser, estar, or their substitutes: Likewise verbs, and past participles conjugated with haber: I regret it much — very much, it is not fitting to talk much, he complained a good deal, they endured very much.

Muy can never stand alone without an adjective or an adverb ; in such case it is always replaced by mucho in the signification of muy: The conjunction si, if, is often employed adverb- ially to mean why, expressive of wonder, surprise, or it may have the force of an expletive: It is then trans- lated by yes, indeed, or by one of the modal auxiliaries do, did, would, etc. In contrasted clauses, si is likewise equivalent to indeed, I grant, I concede, or to any appropriate modal auxiliary: I will come ; but not to-day. No signifies not, and always stands before the verb, or in default of the verb, after a subject -pronoun: I have it not ; have I it not?

Two negatives strengthen one another in Span- ish. I have never seen him. I shall never say it to him again. I never said such a thing. Siquiera, even, at least, may be employed affirm- atively or negatively with na and ni: I did not promise him one even. In a series of two or more negative answers, it replaces the adverb no after the first: I do not want that book, either, or nor do I want that book.

Wikipedia:Café/Archivo/2008/Enero

Ta, already y now Lat. I don't need it any more. Certain verbs, in association with others, are translated into English by adverbial expressions. Adverbs, like adjectives, have the three usual degrees of comparison, but without variation for gender and number: Four adverbs have an independent organic com- parison: Another form of the superlative absolute is con- structed by associating with the positive one of the 1 Maa bien, like antes, means rather.

I do not work less than you. The Adverb, a. The correlatives cuanto — tanto, the — so much the — , may be used with any comparative adverb. Tanto, so much, may be omitted from the formula in both languages, unless used alone: Than before a numeral is expressed by de, in- stead of que, unless the verb in the first member of the comparison be negative: I have been here more than a month and a half, he did not say more than two words to me. Tlian is expressed by de lo que when the second member of the comparison contains a verb forming a complete sentence: The use of the expletive adverb no, noty may be admitted into the second member of a comparison after que, than, provided the first member be not interroga- tive, or negative expecting a negative answer: The relative superlative of adverbs is identical in form with the comparative: The absolute superlative indicates a very high degree, but without comparison: Adverbs formed by the association of the prepo- sition con with a substantive, insert between them the first term of the comparative: But, aside from con: Satisfactorily, as satisfactorily as ever, more satisfactorily than ever, most satisfactorily; very satis- factorily.

Prepositions are simple or complex, according as they govern their object directly, or in combination with other words. The simple prepositions are: The complex prepositions are: Those composed of simple adverbs followed by de, that is, governing the genitive: One composed of a single adverb followed by con: Those composed of compound adverbial expres- sions followed by de: Those composed of two successive prepositions: I am in Spain, at Madrid ; at the palace, at home. I come from Spain, from Madrid ; from the palace, from home ; from the shop, from the Museum. The Preposition, Remark.

In general, in the dative relation — to: I see the woman ; — a woman. As a connective between certain verbs and a dependent infinitive — to: I am going to see him. Temporary situation — at: Time, price, rate, — at: Distance off — at- off: After certain verbs — on, at, in, off, from: I have ; you haven't. Not very elegant, but constantly heard. En further signifies otiy in: De primarily signifies of, and corresponds to the nerlish possessive case: It is often to be translated by to: It often connects words which are to be translated by compound expressions, or by an adjective and a noun: It denotes cause — for, with: It is often superfluous in English: I do not remember him.

After certain verbs — as y in: Ante signifies in the presence of an authority ; and, in an official sense, relating to persons, courts, deliberative bodies, nations, the world, history, the con- science, etc. Also, in general, in presence of, in view of: I in view of this attitude of the people. Likewise order and preference: I am a Spaniard before all else.

Delante de denotes mere situation in front of things ; location before people, but without the formal- ity inherent in ante: Antes de denotes priority of time, order, and rank: Tras is after in the follozvs: I went after him. Tras de often occurs, but rather in the sense of aside from, besides: Bajo denotes situation close under; hence be- neath, underneath, below: Figuratively and adverbially with the idea of protection, guarantee, subordination in rank, duty, etc. Debajo de corresponds to encima de, and de- notes mere material situation, under: It also means over y higher than one's head: It also signifies of, concerning, about: Con denotes accompaniment, means, and instru- ment: Con makes many idiomatic expressions with verbs, especially with dar, to give: Desde signifies from, as a starting-point of time and place: Hacia denotes material direction towards: It also is popularly used in the sense of moral direction toward one, like para con: Hasta signifies as far as, to, up to, till, until, of place, time, and degree: I went with her as far as her house, as far as I could ; up to the very last.

Para represents the Latin dative and the prepo- sitions pro and ad ; therefore, its meaning is for in the sense of destination, end, purpose ; and it also denotes the relation of one thing to another — for, to, in order to, for the purpose of: I am making it for a Mend. The former is used with verbs of motion, and the latter with verbs of rest: Pursued by dogs, A coney flew Not to say ran.

Para con, to, toward, signifies moral direction: Many complex prepositions which contain a noun, transform their object into an adjective when that object is a personal pronoun: All admit the usual divisions into copulative, disjunctive, causal, concessive, conditional, temporal, adversative, etc. The pure conjunctions are: Pero and mas are found at the beginning of a paragraph or a phrase, and in an adversative sentence ; but sino only in such a sentence when the first clause contains a negation that is contrasted with an affirma- tion in the second: I do not say it jestingly, but in there is no optimism in what I say, but pure impartiality and justice.

Conjunctions with prepositions, are: The principal correlatives are: Y a pesar de la forma, Jarisleif tiene un putno: Simplemente, si surgen nuevos se bloquean y se sigue adelante. Token de buena fe. La plantilla que genera el encabezado es Wikipedia: Estaria bueno buscar una forma de permitirle a cualqueir usuario, registrado o no, informar sobre un articulo desactualizado por medio de algo bien sencillo como por ejemplo un boton en el articulo "Articulo desactualizado".

Remarco que debe ser algo sencillo como para que no solo lo usen los editores si no tambien los lectores.

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Ello relates only to a thought, or a phrase to which gender cannot be attributed: They represented the third estate in assembly with the prelates and nobles. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. I tell you and I repeat it. The conjunctive and disjunctive pronouns may be associated to the same verb, not merely to give emphasis, but also to amplify the phrase. I am looking for them, we are getting to understand you.

Esto seria con el fin de que luego aparesca en algun lugar donde los editores puedan ver los articulos que estan desactualisados para poder actualizarlos. Esto no serviria para cualquier articulo seria mas bien para un listado de autos de Ford, suponiendo que salio un nuevo modelo que no aparece en el mismo o un listado de los paises del mundo suponiendo que aparecio un nuevo pais.

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Soy un chico de Santander que es fan de vuestra enciclopedia virtual. No se lo que ustedes piensan Juntando la propuesta de un poco mas arriba y la de justo arriba. San Valerio , cartularios de varios monasterios,…. Ahora no hay excusa. Buena idea, en serio. Er Komandante mensajes Osea que los ricos lo tienen muy jodido para entrar al cielo.

En todo caso, los ricos lo tienen chungo si este es el Dios verdadero, ya pueden irse convirtiendo o aflojando la pasta. Yo me encargo con gusto de las inclusionnes. En contra Excesivamente grande para ponerla en las discusiones. Suficiente para que la gente se de por informada. Gracias espero no arruinar sus propuestas. Y luego empezar a ponerla de verdad? Se me ve bien en IE, pero curiosamente no se me ve nada en Mozilla. Con bot, efectivamente, pero siguiendo estas consideraciones. Al dar una bienvenida propiciamos que un usuario nos tome como referencia.

Me parece poco adecuado un bot de bienvenidas. La plantilla de bienvenida se usa con subst, entonces no sobrecarga a los servidores Thialfi Precisametne, el argumento de Cestmoi de que son tan pocas que no recargan el servidor aplica para justificar que sean manuales. Una IP con dos ediciones XD. Humberto Mex — C'est moi Parlez A mi me dio la bienvenida Cobalttempest.

Creo que esto es unanimidad antibot de bienvenida. Yo no tuve bienvenida A mi me la dio uno de los usuarios expulsados: Pregunto porque si es lo segundo no quisiera hacer el trabajito al pedo Thialfi Quisiera saber cual es el error, o cual es el motivo por el q no aparece.

Live from Waterloo: March

Gracias y saludos a todos. El articulo es este http: Hay cosas que se actualizan diariamente tipo las noticias y otras cosas tardan mas tiempo. Bueno esa es mi pregunta,gracias de antemano. P Saludos Mushii hai? Queria saber si puedo consultar cuales son los articulos mas vistos. Si yo quisiera hacer un subset de la wikipedia, digamos con los articulos mas importantes, tengo una manera de saber cuales son? Tengo una duda respecto al tema de copyright a la que no consigo poner fin. Se refiere a si se puede o no colgar en commons material que es fotografiado pero que originalmente tiene copyright.

Es importante notar y distinguir que hay dos derechos de autor involucrados: Chilenos asesinados en democracia. Television, no a Portal: Un saludo y gracias de antemano, Black Wulfric Mensajes En vez de solicitar un cambio de nombre, por favor considera personalizar tu firma.

Gracias por la ayuda. Saludos Black Wulfric Mensajes Procedimientos judiciales en la antigua Roma. Y utilizar siempre subjuntivo o pasado pasado narrativo creo que se llama en vez del tiempo presente que puedan tener los "hechos" en la novela. No se si marcar wikificar o copyedit porque no es exactamente eso.

Tout là-bas avec Capolino (French Edition)?
Pharoah Ants.
Coolton Ascent;
Product description?
Death in the Long Grass: A Big Game Hunters Adventures in the African Bush;
The Kaine Fields?
Helena Paz o una locura creada.

Es que pone que no tiene y si tiene escudo dicha ciudad. Posteriormente cambie de ordenador y sistema operativo Linux pero, al migrar, no copie los ficheros word, total no los iba a poder utilizar desde linux En la tesis se desarrollaron dos algoritmos: Bueno, espero haberte ayudado.

Gracias por la rapida ayuda. Espero que esto te sirva. Muchas gracias por adelantado. Hay una pagina aqui, con o titulo "Adreninae", pero este titulo no es corecto - o titulo corecto es "Andrenidae" en el texto de la pagina, incluyendo el taxobox, es corecto. En la Wikipedia Ingles yo soy un editor alla , es posible cambiar los titulos, pero parece que no es posible aqui en la Wikipedia Espanol no se porque.

Alguien necesita cambiar el titulo de esta pagina "Adreninae" a "Andrenidae" , por favor - yo no puedo hacer. Saludos -- Leitzaran Claro, Manuel, es que diciendo "llana" nos dejas igual jejeje Quiero saber donde fallo? Tengo un problemilla que a ver si me puedes solucionar He creado recientemente una nueva entrada llamada Tarjeta Telefonica.

Muchisimas gracias por adelantado. Por favor, necesito instrucciones detalladas.