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However, though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In February he sat down to articulate his new thinking. He was uncertain of how to frame his theory and the paper went through several drafts before he settled on an attempt to reconcile Carnot and Joule. During his rewriting, he seems to have considered ideas that would subsequently give rise to the second law of thermodynamics.

In Carnot's theory, lost heat was absolutely lost but Thomson contended that it was " lost to man irrecoverably; but not lost in the material world". Moreover, his theological beliefs led to speculation about the heat death of the universe. I believe the tendency in the material world is for motion to become diffused, and that as a whole the reverse of concentration is gradually going on — I believe that no physical action can ever restore the heat emitted from the Sun, and that this source is not inexhaustible; also that the motions of the Earth and other planets are losing vis viva which is converted into heat; and that although some vis viva may be restored for instance to the earth by heat received from the sun, or by other means, that the loss cannot be precisely compensated and I think it probable that it is under-compensated.

Compensation would require a creative act or an act possessing similar power. In final publication, Thomson retreated from a radical departure and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

In the paper, Thomson supported the theory that heat was a form of motion but admitted that he had been influenced only by the thought of Sir Humphry Davy and the experiments of Joule and Julius Robert von Mayer , maintaining that experimental demonstration of the conversion of heat into work was still outstanding. As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments.

The collaboration lasted from to , its discoveries including the Joule—Thomson effect , sometimes called the Kelvin—Joule effect, and the published results [27] did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory. Thomson published more than scientific papers [28] and applied for 70 patents not all were issued.

Regarding science, Thomson wrote the following. In physical science a first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind: Though now eminent in the academic field, Thomson was obscure to the general public.

In September , he married childhood sweetheart Margaret Crum, daughter of Walter Crum ; [30] but her health broke down on their honeymoon, and over the next seventeen years, Thomson was distracted by her suffering.

Social sciences

On 16 October , George Gabriel Stokes wrote to Thomson to try to re-interest him in work by asking his opinion on some experiments of Michael Faraday on the proposed transatlantic telegraph cable. Faraday had demonstrated how the construction of a cable would limit the rate at which messages could be sent — in modern terms, the bandwidth.

Thomson jumped at the problem and published his response that month.

In a further analysis, [32] Thomson stressed the impact that the design of the cable would have on its profitability. Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the square of the length of the cable. Thomson's results were disputed at a meeting of the British Association in by Wildman Whitehouse , the electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.

Whitehouse had possibly misinterpreted the results of his own experiments but was doubtless feeling financial pressure as plans for the cable were already well under way. He believed that Thomson's calculations implied that the cable must be "abandoned as being practically and commercially impossible". Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention in a letter to the popular Athenaeum magazine, [33] pitching himself into the public eye. Thomson recommended a larger conductor with a larger cross section of insulation. He thought Whitehouse no fool, and suspected that he might have the practical skill to make the existing design work.

Thomson's work had attracted the attention of the project's undertakers. In December , he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Thomson became scientific adviser to a team with Whitehouse as chief electrician and Sir Charles Tilston Bright as chief engineer but Whitehouse had his way with the specification , supported by Faraday and Samuel F. Thomson contributed to the effort by publishing in the Engineer the whole theory of the stresses involved in the laying of a submarine cable , and showed that when the line is running out of the ship, at a constant speed, in a uniform depth of water, it sinks in a slant or straight incline from the point where it enters the water to that where it touches the bottom.

Thomson developed a complete system for operating a submarine telegraph that was capable of sending a character every 3. He patented the key elements of his system, the mirror galvanometer and the siphon recorder , in Whitehouse still felt able to ignore Thomson's many suggestions and proposals. It was not until Thomson convinced the board that using purer copper for replacing the lost section of cable would improve data capacity, that he first made a difference to the execution of the project. The board insisted that Thomson join the cable-laying expedition, without any financial compensation, and take an active part in the project.

In return, Thomson secured a trial for his mirror galvanometer, which the board had been unenthusiastic about, alongside Whitehouse's equipment. Thomson found the access he was given unsatisfactory and the Agamemnon had to return home following the disastrous storm of June In London, the board was about to abandon the project and mitigate their losses by selling the cable. Lampson argued for another attempt and prevailed, Thomson insisting that the technical problems were tractable. Though employed in an advisory capacity, Thomson had, during the voyages, developed a real engineer's instincts and skill at practical problem-solving under pressure, often taking the lead in dealing with emergencies and being unafraid to assist in manual work.

A cable was completed on 5 August. Thomson's fears were realized when Whitehouse's apparatus proved insufficiently sensitive and had to be replaced by Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Whitehouse continued to maintain that it was his equipment that was providing the service and started to engage in desperate measures to remedy some of the problems.

When the cable failed completely Whitehouse was dismissed, though Thomson objected and was reprimanded by the board for his interference. Thomson subsequently regretted that he had acquiesced too readily to many of Whitehouse's proposals and had not challenged him with sufficient vigor.

A joint committee of inquiry was established by the Board of Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Most of the blame for the cable's failure was found to rest with Whitehouse. Thomson was appointed one of a five-member committee to recommend a specification for a new cable. The committee reported in October A further attempt in laid a new cable in two weeks , and the recover and complete the cable.

The enterprise was now feted as a triumph by the public and Thomson enjoyed a large share of the adulation.

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Thomson, along with the other principals of the project, was knighted on 10 November To exploit his inventions for signalling on long submarine cables, Thomson now entered into a partnership with C. Varley and Fleeming Jenkin. In conjunction with the latter, he also devised an automatic curb sender , a kind of telegraph key for sending messages on a cable. Thomson took part in the laying of the French Atlantic submarine communications cable of , and with Jenkin was engineer of the Western and Brazilian and Platino-Brazilian cables, assisted by vacation student James Alfred Ewing.

Thomson's wife died on 17 June , and he resolved to make changes in his life. An unscheduled day stop-over in Madeira followed and Thomson became good friends with Charles R. Blandy and his three daughters. On 2 May he set sail for Madeira on the Lalla Rookh.

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As he approached the harbour, he signalled to the Blandy residence "Will you marry me? Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June Over the period to , Thomson collaborated with Peter Guthrie Tait on a text book that founded the study of mechanics first on the mathematics of kinematics , the description of motion without regard to force. The text developed dynamics in various areas but with constant attention to energy as a unifying principle. A second edition appeared in , expanded to two separately bound parts. The textbook set a standard for early education in mathematical physics.

Between and a theory purporting that an atom was a vortex in the aether was popular among British physicists and mathematicians. About 60 scientific papers were written by approximately 25 scientists. Following the lead of Thomson and Tait, [41] the branch of topology called knot theory was developed.

Kelvin's initiative in this complex study that continues to inspire new mathematics has led to persistence of the topic in history of science.

Thomson was an enthusiastic yachtsman, his interest in all things relating to the sea perhaps arising from, or fostered by, his experiences on the Agamemnon and the Great Eastern. Thomson introduced a method of deep-sea depth sounding , in which a steel piano wire replaces the ordinary hand line. The wire glides so easily to the bottom that "flying soundings" can be taken while the ship is at full speed.

A pressure gauge to register the depth of the sinker was added by Thomson. About the same time he revived the Sumner method of finding a ship's position, and calculated a set of tables for its ready application. In , he constructed a harmonic analyzer, in which an assembly of disks were used to sum trigonometric series and thus to predict tides. Kelvin mentioned that a similar device could be built to solve differential equations. During the s, Thomson worked to perfect the adjustable compass to correct errors arising from magnetic deviation owing to the increased use of iron in naval architecture.

Thomson's design was a great improvement on the older instruments, being steadier and less hampered by friction. The deviation due to the ship's magnetism was corrected by movable iron masses at the binnacle. Thomson's innovations involved much detailed work to develop principles identified by George Biddell Airy and others, but contributed little in terms of novel physical thinking.

Thomson's energetic lobbying and networking proved effective in gaining acceptance of his instrument by The Admiralty. Scientific biographers of Thomson, if they have paid any attention at all to his compass innovations, have generally taken the matter to be a sorry saga of dim-witted naval administrators resisting marvellous innovations from a superlative scientific mind. Writers sympathetic to the Navy, on the other hand, portray Thomson as a man of undoubted talent and enthusiasm, with some genuine knowledge of the sea, who managed to parlay a handful of modest ideas in compass design into a commercial monopoly for his own manufacturing concern, using his reputation as a bludgeon in the law courts to beat down even small claims of originality from others, and persuading the Admiralty and the law to overlook both the deficiencies of his own design and the virtues of his competitors'.

The truth, inevitably, seems to lie somewhere between the two extremes. Charles Babbage had been among the first to suggest that a lighthouse might be made to signal a distinctive number by occultations of its light, but Thomson pointed out the merits of the Morse code for the purpose, and urged that the signals should consist of short and long flashes of the light to represent the dots and dashes.

Thomson did more than any other electrician up to his time in introducing accurate methods and apparatus for measuring electricity. As early as he pointed out that the experimental results of William Snow Harris were in accordance with the laws of Coulomb. In the Memoirs of the Roman Academy of Sciences for he published a description of his new divided ring electrometer , based on the old electroscope of Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger and he introduced a chain or series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement.

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He invented the current balance , also known as the Kelvin balance or Ampere balance SiC , for the precise specification of the ampere , the standard unit of electric current. In , Thomson headed an international commission to decide on the design of the Niagara Falls power station.

Despite his belief in the superiority of direct current electric power transmission , he endorsed Westinghouse's alternating current system which had been demonstrated at the Chicago World's Fair of that year. Even after Niagara Falls Thomson still held to his belief that direct current was the superior system. Acknowledging his contribution to electrical standardisation, the International Electrotechnical Commission elected Thomson as its first President at its preliminary meeting, held in London on 26—27 June Thomson remained a devout believer in Christianity throughout his life; attendance at chapel was part of his daily routine.

One of the clearest instances of this interaction is in his estimate of the age of the Earth. Given his youthful work on the figure of the Earth and his interest in heat conduction, it is no surprise that he chose to investigate the Earth's cooling and to make historical inferences of the Earth's age from his calculations. Thomson was a creationist in a broad sense, but he was not a ' flood geologist '.

He developed the view that the Earth had once been too hot to support life and contrasted this view with that of uniformitarianism , that conditions had remained constant since the indefinite past. He contended that "This earth, certainly a moderate number of millions of years ago, was a red-hot globe After the publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species in , Thomson saw evidence of the relatively short habitable age of the Earth as tending to contradict Darwin's gradualist explanation of slow natural selection bringing about biological diversity.

Thomson's own views favoured a version of theistic evolution sped up by divine guidance. He was soon drawn into public disagreement with geologists, [55] and with Darwin's supporters John Tyndall and T. In his response to Huxley's address to the Geological Society of London he presented his address "Of Geological Dynamics" [56] which, among his other writings, challenged the geologists' acceptance that the earth must be of indefinite age.

Thomson's initial estimate of the Earth's age was from 20 to million years old. These wide limits were due to his uncertainty about the melting temperature of rock, to which he equated the earth's interior temperature, [57] [58] as well as the uncertainty in thermal conductivities and specific heats of rocks. His exploration of this estimate can be found in his address to the Victoria Institute , given at the request of the Institute's president George Stokes , [62] as recorded in that Institute's journal Transactions.

The discovery in that radioactive decay releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and Ernest Rutherford famously made the argument in a lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in of radiometric dating of rocks.

It was widely believed that the discovery of radioactivity had invalidated Thomson's estimate of the age of the Earth. Thomson himself never publicly acknowledged this because he thought he had a much stronger argument restricting the age of the Sun to no more than 20 million years.

Without sunlight, there could be no explanation for the sediment record on the Earth's surface. At the time, the only known source for the solar power output was gravitational collapse. It was only when thermonuclear fusion was recognised in the s that Thomson's age paradox was truly resolved. In the winter of — Kelvin slipped on some ice and fractured his leg, causing him to limp thereafter.

He received the order from the King on 8 August , [68] [69] and was sworn a member of the council at Buckingham Palace on 11 August In November he caught a chill and his condition deteriorated until he died at his Scottish residence, Netherhall, in Largs on 17 December. In the dark of the winter evening the cortege set off from Netherhall for Largs railway station , a distance of about a mile. Large crowds witnessed the passing of the cortege, and shopkeepers closed their premises and dimmed their lights.

The train set off at 8. William Thomson is also memorialised on the Thomson family grave in Glasgow Necropolis. The family grave has a second modern memorial to William alongside, erected by the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow; a society that he was president of in the periods and The study group included Michelson and Morley who subsequently performed the Michelson-Morley experiment that undercut the aether theory.

Thomson did not provide a text but A. Hathaway took notes and duplicated them with a Papyrograph.

As the subject matter was under active development, Thomson amended that text and in it was typeset and published. Thomson's attempts to provide mechanical models ultimately failed in the electromagnetic regime. Two major physical theories were developed during the twentieth century starting from these issues: Albert Einstein , in , published the so-called " Annus Mirabilis papers ", one of which explained the photoelectric effect and was a precursor of quantum mechanics, another of which described special relativity , and the last of which explained Brownian motion in terms of statistical mechanics , providing a strong argument for the existence of atoms.

His biographer Silvanus P. I can say no more now than to congratulate you warmly on the great discovery you have made" [79] He would have his own hand X-rayed in May His forecast for practical aviation i. In he refused an invitation to join the Aeronautical Society, writing that "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of good results from any of the trials we hear of. The statement "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.

All that remains is more and more precise measurement" has been widely misattributed to Kelvin since the s, either without citation or stating that it was made in an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science Michelson , who in stated: In , Kelvin predicted that only years of oxygen supply remained on the planet, due to the rate of burning combustibles. A variety of physical phenomena and concepts with which Thomson is associated are named Kelvin:.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about Lord Kelvin. For other uses, see Kelvin disambiguation. For other people with the same name, see William Thomson. According to Tolbert, the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore-like narratives where none existed before. It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre. According to Tolbert, this represents two processes in one: Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age's closing of the " Gutenberg Parenthesis "; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media, to a return to the older, more primal forms of storytelling, exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales, in which the same story can be retold, reinterpreted and recast by different tellers, expanding and evolving with time.

Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature. Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery, users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories. This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man. Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical, this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community.

In these respects, the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends, and the character's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression. Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real, they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories. Only five months after his creation, George Noory 's Coast to Coast AM , a radio call-in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories, began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man.

Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for "helplessness, power differentials, and anonymous forces.

Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them. Despite his folkloric qualities, the Slender Man is not in the public domain. Several for-profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character, while others were civilly blocked from distribution including the Kickstarter-funded film after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources. Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man-related projects, the issue is complicated by the fact that, while he is the character's creator, a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media, including film and television.

The identity of this option holder has not been made public.

I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional. On May 31, , two year-old girls in Waukesha , Wisconsin held down and stabbed a year-old classmate 19 times. When questioned later by authorities, they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man, having read about it online. A passing cyclist alerted authorities, and the victim survived the attack. Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses [38] but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison.

Experts testified in court that she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On August 1, , she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved. She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital.

In a statement to the media, Eric Knudsen said, "I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act. On 25 September , it was reported [50] that Morgan Geyser, then 15, had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first-degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time.

In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years. On February 1, , the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital, the maximum sentence allowed. After hearing the story, an unidentified woman from Cincinnati , Ohio , told a WLWT TV reporter in June that her year-old daughter had attacked her with a knife, and had written macabre fiction, some involving the Slender Man, who the mother said motivated the attack.

On September 4, , a year-old girl in Port Richey , Florida , allegedly set her family's house on fire while her mother and nine-year-old brother were inside. During an early epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , Slender Man was cited as an influence; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a "suicide spirit" similar to the Slender Man.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the fictional character. For other uses, see Slender Man disambiguation. The writings of H. Lovecraft influenced the creation of the Slender Man. Mary Thomas, missing since June 13th, This section gives self-sourcing popular culture examples without describing their significance in the context of the article.

Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Birth of an Urban Legend". How a myth was born". Intellectual Property and Internet Folklore". Gerogerigegege 30 April The Slender Man, Marble Hornets, and genre negotiations". Folklore, Horror Stories, and the Slender Man: The Development of an Internet Mythology. From Horror Meme to Inspiration for Murder".

Retrieved August 5, Some therefore prefer the term "spreadable" to viral. See Chess, Shira; Newsom, Eric The Marble Hornets Project". Archived from the original on The Arrival are half-off, come with instant beta access". A Marble Hornets Story' movie review: Retrieved 26 September The New York Times.

Journal of American Folklore. Archived from the original PDF on 10 October Retrieved 13 July

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