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If somebody tells that that is absurd, now it is time to speak about comedies. Aristotle tells that the idea came from Sicilian Megara, that the name comes from the Doric name for "hamlet", "come" or "coma" observe the difference from Attic "deme" , and he tells that a certain Crates imported the idea. Obviously comedy's origin is different from tragedy's one. What is, however, strange: In the IVth century theatres start outside Athens. Among the first ones in Delphi and Assus.
Maybe Assus imports the idea because the local tyrant, Hermeias, was student at Academus' fanum, already Plato's school, and became the father-in-law of Aristotle. And in Greek theatre is introduced to Rome [2]. Remember that Middle Ages monks copied much more Latin than Greek manuscripts. Remember too that in Roman Pannonia even the ghost of Apollonius of Thyana must have spoken to an Emperor in Latin to be understood [11]. Now, Romans tell that their traditions were not pure Athenian but had multiple origin.
Then, in some plague started in Rome and the state thought: Came some Etruscan "personae" Latin "persona" comes from Etruscan "phersu" meaning a masked person and played something. The plague went away, who knows why, and this "street theater" became popular. And then they imported the real Athenian theater, but immediately imported the "fabula Atellana" as well, the plays of Atella, from Campania.
And to the end of the Republic, the Roman theatre as the new form, is ready. It is almost as the Athenian. But there are seats where the orchestra was! So whither goes the chorus? And there is no place for the statue and altar of Dionysus! OK, these places are the best. Bacchus is a rather dangerous god, under heavy control of the Senate. I am not joking, and I am sure Titus Livius did not do this either. He did not joke about religious matters, not about state matters.
Still the story is half unintelligible. Obviously what is extant, is garbled, and somewhat was kept secret. Maybe experts of modern political scandals will sometime help historians; until that I tell the story after Livy [12]. His story is a strange hybrid of a Courts-Mahler and a de Sade story.
The story starts in the year of consuls Sp. Marcius Philippus , although the roots were older by some years, when an anonymous Greek priest certainly of Dionysus arrived at Etrury. There he organised communities for the cult. Modest Livy in the atmosphere of the court of modest August does not go into details of the activity, but even his pure catalog is something: And this "remained secret, because the shouting, the sounds of drums and cymbals made the cries of raped and murdered unheard".
That was something indeed. And then the plague arrived at Rome. As Livy tells us, the story had been unmasked by two young lovers, P. Aebutius, young son of a deceased squire with a bad stepfather, T. Sempronius Rutilus, and the young prostitute, Hispala Faecenia, ex-slave, liberated as Livy tells: Family matters about young Aebutius were not nice although he did not know it at the beginning: This in itself did not hinder the happiness of the young lovers because Hispala regularly visited the young fellow without cost.
Of course they could not marry because Hispala was a freedwoman and marriage rights of first-generation freed slaves were seriously curtailed, and young Aebutius' father had had a state horse. However they were happy enough. Sempronius Rutilus tells his wife Duronia: I would like be in a situation when he cannot ask me about the money. And mother Duronia answers: I solve the problem. Young Aebutius, my son, will be initiated into the rites of Bacchus and then we can falsify documents or seals or you can rape or kill him, as you need.
I promised to Bacchus that if you recover, you will be initiated into His holy rites. Now I start to organise the initiation. One of the holy priestesses is my close friend. But also it will be good to have a new guardian god too. Is He from Etrury or Greece? You are a good son. So now ten days of abstinence is needed, then a bath, and we go to the shrine.
I wonder what your Hispala will say.
But of course one must be pure in every way for a proper Bacchanal. Or something such; Livy did not keep the details. I do not recommend her; she has a bad odour and steals tiny silver things. But maybe the idea was your stepfather's one, it is too much for a mother.
Darling, your stepfather so will undo your morals, honour, hopes and finally your life! My lips are sealed and should remain so.
But my love for you commands me to neglect the danger for me. I was in the shrine as the slave girl of my mistress, and I saw You know, it was only once. I never went back, believe, I did not. But I heard later Who enters thither, abandon any hope. The priests grab him as an animal to be offered Promise me you will not go there! Please thwart the base plans against you! Darling, please, do not go into a situation where first you would be forced to suffer, then to commit ignomities! If you do not go to the holy Bacchanal in ten days, then you do not have to perform abstinence.
But He is a foreign god.
Also, some omens are equivocal. Also, my head aches Maybe some other times What could I say if I were not a lady! But my honoured Husband, T. Sempronius Rutilus, what is your opinion? Sempronius Rutilus, as I told, now the omens are equivocal and, in addition, my poor head is aching. Also, I heard strange rumours about the Bacchanals and I must get information. As you know, I must be careful about my honours. My late father, as you know, served the army on a state horse At this point mother, stepfather and 4 slaves put out young Aebutius, who goes to his aunt of course Aebutia.
Incidentally, Aebutia was the friend of a Sulpicia, mother-in-law of consul Postumius. So she told to the young fellow to go to the consul. Next day Aebutius told the consul what he heard about the holy Bacchanals. The consul told him the go back in 3 days, and then asked Sulpicia. I indeed do not know Aebutius; but Aebutia is my good friend. Her honours are rigid. Then Sulpicia invited Aebutia, the consul came in, and they chatted about young Aebutius. Imagine, my poor nephew! His mother, the bitch, spent his money and put him to the street; and why?
Because he was against to be initiated into some secret mysteries which are said anyway immoral! Hispula comes, is terrified, and tells that she, when abject slave, had to follow thither her mistress, but after being freed never, never Be merciful to young lovers! I do not know anything; I told stories to young Aebutius to frighten him away from the Bacchanal! No, I am the consul acting in state matters! I as obedient daughter of Rome, speak as ordered. But if not they, guilty men will tear my members from my body for the same!
But I speak because that is my duty. Please send me away, far from Italy, where they cannot put their dirty hands on me, lowborn obedient daughter of State! Of course, sexual orgies, men and women, but even more between men. Men on pulleys, men carried into secret caves. Men butchered if not active enough. This is not a ballad; this is historian Livy and I cannot give a clear translation if his meaning is veiled.
And they are already too many! I do not know exactly what they did except of course the orgies and falsified documents. But they did undefined dirty things and they were too many. They clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory , modeled the human body with realism, and celebrated individual character and physicality.
Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, but refused to change his style. Successive works brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community. From the unexpected realism of his first major figure — inspired by his trip to Italy — to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought, Rodin's reputation grew, and he became the preeminent French sculptor of his time. By , he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodin's work after his World's Fair exhibit, and he kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists.
He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in , but within a few decades, his legacy solidified. Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community. Rodin was born in into a working-class family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin, who was a police department clerk.
His drawing teacher Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes and drew from their recollections, and Rodin expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. Rodin's inability to gain entrance may have been due to the judges' Neoclassical tastes, while Rodin had been schooled in light, 18th-century sculpture.
Rodin's sister Maria, two years his senior, died of peritonitis in a convent in , and Rodin was anguished with guilt because he had introduced her to an unfaithful suitor. He turned away from art and joined the Catholic order of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. Saint Peter Julian Eymard , founder and head of the congregation, recognized Rodin's talent and sensed his lack of suitability for the order, so he encouraged Rodin to continue with his sculpture. Rodin returned to work as a decorator while taking classes with animal sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye. The teacher's attention to detail and his finely rendered musculature of animals in motion significantly influenced Rodin.
In , Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret born in June , [10] with whom he stayed for the rest of his life, with varying commitment. Rodin worked as Carrier-Belleuse' chief assistant until , designing roof decorations and staircase and doorway embellishments. With the arrival of the Franco-Prussian War , Rodin was called to serve in the French National Guard, but his service was brief due to his near-sightedness. Rodin planned to stay in Belgium a few months, but he spent the next six years outside of France. It was a pivotal time in his life.
His relationship with Carrier-Belleuse had deteriorated, but he found other employment in Brussels, displaying some works at salons, and his companion Rose soon joined him there. Having saved enough money to travel, Rodin visited Italy for two months in , where he was drawn to the work of Donatello and Michelangelo. Their work had a profound effect on his artistic direction. Much of Rodin's later work was explicitly larger or smaller than life, in part to demonstrate the folly of such accusations. Rodin had essentially abandoned his son for six years, [16] and would have a very limited relationship with him throughout his life.
Father and son now joined the couple in their flat, with Rose as caretaker. The charges of fakery surrounding The Age of Bronze continued. Rodin increasingly sought more soothing female companionship in Paris, and Rose stayed in the background. Rodin earned his living collaborating with more established sculptors on public commissions, primarily memorials and neo-baroque architectural pieces in the style of Carpeaux. On his own time, he worked on studies leading to the creation of his next important work, St.
John the Baptist Preaching. The offer was in part a gesture of reconciliation, and Rodin accepted. That part of Rodin which appreciated 18th-century tastes was aroused, and he immersed himself in designs for vases and table ornaments that brought the factory renown across Europe. During his early appearances at these social events, Rodin seemed shy; [19] in his later years, as his fame grew, he displayed the loquaciousness and temperament for which he is better known. French statesman Leon Gambetta expressed a desire to meet Rodin, and the sculptor impressed him when they met at a salon.
Gambetta spoke of Rodin in turn to several government ministers, likely including Edmund Turquet , the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Fine Arts, whom Rodin eventually met. Rodin's relationship with Turquet was rewarding: Rodin dedicated much of the next four decades to his elaborate Gates of Hell , an unfinished portal for a museum that was never built. Many of the portal's figures became sculptures in themselves, including Rodin's most famous, The Thinker and The Kiss.
With the museum commission came a free studio, granting Rodin a new level of artistic freedom. Soon, he stopped working at the porcelain factory; his income came from private commissions. In , Rodin agreed to supervise a course for sculptor Alfred Boucher in his absence, where he met the year-old Camille Claudel.
The two formed a passionate but stormy relationship and influenced each other artistically. Claudel inspired Rodin as a model for many of his figures, and she was a talented sculptor, assisting him on commissions. Although busy with The Gates of Hell , Rodin won other commissions. He pursued an opportunity to create a historical monument for the town of Calais. His execution of both sculptures clashed with traditional tastes, and met with varying degrees of disapproval from the organizations that sponsored the commissions. Still, Rodin was gaining support from diverse sources that propelled him toward fame.
In , the Paris Salon invited Rodin to be a judge on its artistic jury. Though Rodin's career was on the rise, Claudel and Beuret were becoming increasingly impatient with Rodin's "double life". Claudel and Rodin shared an atelier at a small old castle, but Rodin refused to relinquish his ties to Beuret, his loyal companion during the lean years, and mother of his son.
During one absence, Rodin wrote to Beuret, "I think of how much you must have loved me to put up with my caprices I remain, in all tenderness, your Rodin. Claudel and Rodin parted in The subject was an elderly neighbourhood street porter. The unconventional bronze piece was not a traditional bust , but instead the head was "broken off" at the neck, the nose was flattened and crooked, and the back of the head was absent, having fallen off the clay model in an accident. The work emphasized texture and the emotional state of the subject; it illustrated the "unfinishedness" that would characterize many of Rodin's later sculptures.
Modeled after a Belgian soldier, the figure drew inspiration from Michelangelo's Dying Slave , which Rodin had observed at the Louvre. Attempting to combine Michelangelo's mastery of the human form with his own sense of human nature, Rodin studied his model from all angles, at rest and in motion; he mounted a ladder for additional perspective, and made clay models, which he studied by candlelight. The result was a life-size, well-proportioned nude figure, posed unconventionally with his right hand atop his head, and his left arm held out at his side, forearm parallel to the body.
In , the work debuted in Brussels and then was shown at the Paris Salon. After two more intermediary titles, Rodin settled on The Age of Bronze , suggesting the Bronze Age , and in Rodin's words, "man arising from nature". Rodin vigorously denied the charges, writing to newspapers and having photographs taken of the model to prove how the sculpture differed. He demanded an inquiry and was eventually exonerated by a committee of sculptors.
Leaving aside the false charges, the piece polarized critics. It had barely won acceptance for display at the Paris Salon, and criticism likened it to "a statue of a sleepwalker" and called it "an astonishingly accurate copy of a low type". A second male nude, St. John the Baptist Preaching , was completed in Rodin sought to avoid another charge of surmoulage by making the statue larger than life: While The Age of Bronze is statically posed, St.
John gestures and seems to move toward the viewer. Despite the title, St. John the Baptist Preaching did not have an obviously religious theme.
The model, an Italian peasant who presented himself at Rodin's studio, possessed an idiosyncratic sense of movement that Rodin felt compelled to capture. Rodin thought of John the Baptist , and carried that association into the title of the work. Critics were still mostly dismissive of his work, but the piece finished third in the Salon's sculpture category.
Regardless of the immediate receptions of St. John and The Age of Bronze , Rodin had achieved a new degree of fame. My husband and I are 57, our daughter is I am very attracted to my son-in-law, 31, and have been since I met him three years ago. My heart races when I am near him, I want to look at him constantly and feel weak when I hear his voice on the telephone. I have been keeping a tight grip on myself and am sure no one has guessed.
I had hoped my infatuation would fade over time.
Drink for good old Latin Liber Pater; and of course you may hire any number of slave girls with or without flutes or anything else. The others were simple observers and still the god was honoured by the whole village, and fertility was as guaranteed as possible for next year. Hair dressers were on hand to repair the ravages wrought by frequent amorous conflicts, and water boys aquarioli waited by the door with bowls for washing up. Ritter; Ulpian liiii, 23, De Ritu Nupt. He painted in oils especially in his thirties and in watercolors. There is some evidence that slave prostitutes could benefit from their labor; [22] in general, slaves could earn their own money by hiring out their skills or taking a profit from conducting their owner's business.
Other older women have said how attractive they find him so maybe there is something about him that triggers these feelings and it is not entirely my fault. I find it particularly shameful as my behaviour is of the sort I would have condemned had I been told about a man with sexual feelings for his pretty daughter-in-law. I am 58 and heartened to know other women my age are capable of these infatuations. I am currently suffering from one myself. He's a teacher of mine, who is about years younger than me and the crush first occurred many years ago. When the lessons had run their course, it was forgotten and life went on as usual, but I recently resumed lessons with him.
I expected to feel nothing given my older age and my relationships in the intervening years, but once again I am victim to all the symptoms you describe. I believe your infatuation has arisen because the young man obviously has charm and the capacity to give you genuine attention; mid-life produces feelings of invisibility. You have not indulged in any shameful behaviour - you haven't revealed your feelings to your family and you mustn't. Ageing is bittersweet - we can never be the nubile young women we once were. You may be infatuated precisely because you know the situation is "safe" and can never become reality.