The Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 14: Simony-Tournon (With Active Table of Contents)
Contents:
Since the encyclopedia was first published starting in and has never been updated versus the New Catholic Encyclopedia , many of its entries may be out of date either with respect to the wider culture or to the Catholic ecclesiastical world. In particular, it predates the creation of the Vatican City State and the Second Vatican Council , which introduced many significant changes in Catholic practice: For example, the online version of the entries on Judaism and Islam at newadvent.
The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11, , under the supervision of five editors:. The first edition was initially printed by Robert Appleton Company. The volumes came out sequentially the first two in and the last three in This review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. In addition to frequent informal conferences and constant communication by letters, the editors subsequently held formal meetings to consider the plan, scope and progress of the work, culminating in publication on April 19, A first supplement was published in ; a second supplement in nine loose-leaf sections was published by The Gilmary Society between and In , a special completely illustrated commemorative volume was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on.
There was controversy over the presence of the Catholic Encyclopedia in public libraries in the United States with nativist protests that this violated the separation of church and state , including a successful appeal in Belleville, New Jersey. The encyclopedia was later updated under the auspices of The Catholic University of America and a volume New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published in , and then in The work is entirely new, and not merely a translation or a compilation from other encyclopedic sources.
The editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject. However, "from standard works" allows that some of the articles from European contributors such as Pierre Batiffol French , Johann Peter Kirsch German had previously been published in whole or in part in Europe and were translated and edited for the Encyclopedia. Under copyright law of the United States , all works published in the United States before are in the public domain.
In , Kevin Knight, then a year-old resident of Denver, Colorado , decided, during the visit of Pope John Paul II to that city for World Youth Day , to launch a project to publish the edition of the encyclopedia on the Internet. Knight founded the Web site New Advent to host the undertaking.
Volunteers from the United States, Canada, France, and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original material. The site went online in , and transcription work ended in In , Catholic Answers published a watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since been replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent site.
It was designed "to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine". In , a special completely illustrated commemorative volume was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. John Paul II, who was elected on 16 October and held the position until his death 26 years, 5 months, and 18 days later on 2 April Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church topic In the Catholic Church, the veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus, encompasses various Marian devotions which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Disputa by Italian Renaissance artist Raphael The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. History of the Catholic Church topic According to tradition, the history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and his teachings c. Member feedback about Women in the Catholic Church:
Wikisource also hosts a transcription project backed by the scans hosted at Commons. The supplement to the Encyclopedia is also in the public domain and is available online. The New Catholic Encyclopedia also is available online at some libraries. In , a special completely illustrated commemorative volume was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. There was controversy over the presence of the Catholic Encyclopedia in public libraries in the United States with nativist protests that this violated the separation of church and state , including a successful appeal in Belleville, New Jersey.
The encyclopedia was later updated under the auspices of The Catholic University of America and a volume New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published in , and then in The work is entirely new, and not merely a translation or a compilation from other encyclopedic sources. The editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject. However, "from standard works" allows that some of the articles from European contributors such as Pierre Batiffol French , Johann Peter Kirsch German had previously been published in whole or in part in Europe and were translated and edited for the Encyclopedia.
Under copyright law of the United States , all works published in the United States before are in the public domain. In , Kevin Knight, then a year-old resident of Denver, Colorado , decided, during the visit of Pope John Paul II to that city for World Youth Day , to launch a project to publish the edition of the encyclopedia on the Internet.
Knight founded the Web site New Advent to host the undertaking. Volunteers from the United States, Canada, France, and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original material. The site went online in , and transcription work ended in In , Catholic Answers published a watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since been replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent site.
Wikisource also hosts a transcription project backed by the scans hosted at Commons.
The supplement to the Encyclopedia is also in the public domain and is available online. The New Catholic Encyclopedia also is available online at some libraries. In the compan It was intended by the faculty to become, like its predecessor the Catholic Encyclopedia, a standard reference work for students, teachers, librarians, journalists, and general readers interested in the history, doctrine, practices, and people of the Catholic faith. However, unlike its predecessor, its first edition also contained more general articles on science, education, and the liberal arts.
A second edition, which gave up the articles more reminiscent of a general encyclopedia,[1] was published in [2] and was listed as one of Library Journal's "Best Reference Sources" for An online encyclopedia is an encyclopedia accessible through the internet, such as Wikipedia. The idea to build a free encyclopedia using the Internet can be traced at least to the Interpedia proposal; it was planned as an encyclopedia on the Internet to which everyone could contribute materials.
The project never left the planning stage and was overtaken by a key branch of old printed encyclopedias. Digitization of old content Wikisource There are a lot of old encyclopaedia and dictionaries of national biographies on Wikisource both in English and other languages. The completion of these encyclopaedias vary and the quality of the content varies from proof read, to poor quality text with many optical character recognition OCR errors.
The Encyclopedia Americana en s: The Encyclopedia Americana Catholic theology is based on the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ,[7][8][note 1] that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.
In the Catholic Church, the veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus, encompasses various Marian devotions which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The term "Mariolatry" is a Protestant pejorative label for perceived excessive Catholic devotion to Mary. Belief in the incarnation of God the Son through Mary is the basis for calling her the Mother of God, which was declared a dogma at the Council o The Catholic Church authorizes the use of exorcism for those who are believed to be the victims of demonic possession.
In Roman Catholicism, exorcism is sacramental[1][2] but not a sacrament, unlike baptism or confession. Unlike a sacrament, exorcism's "integrity and efficacy do not depend Its efficacy depends on two elements: The ritual assumes that possessed per A year of three popes is a common reference to a year when the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church are required to elect two new popes within the same calendar year.
This results in the Catholic Church being led by three different popes during the same calendar year. Instances The most recent instance of a year of three popes occurred in The three popes involved were: John Paul I, who was elected on 26 August and died thirty-three days later on 28 September John Paul II, who was elected on 16 October and held the position until his death 26 years, 5 months, and 18 days later on 2 April There have been several instances in which three or more popes have held office in a given calendar year.
Years in which the Roman Catholic Church was led by three different popes include: The following is an incomplete list of notable individuals who converted to Catholicism from a different religion or no religion. Converts A Greg Abbott: Governor of Texas[1] Creighton Abrams: American philosopher, educator, and popular author; converted from agnosticism, after decades of interest in Thomism[5][6] Afonso I of Kongo: African king; although politically motivated he became quite pious[7] Leo Allatius: Greek theologian[8] Fanny Allen: English writer[11] Svetlana Alliluyeva: According to tradition, the history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and his teachings c.
AD 30 and the Catholic Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by Jesus. In , the struggles of the Early Church were lessened by the legalisation of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine I. Two Catholic priests celebrating mass The priesthood is one of the three holy orders of the Catholic Church, comprising the priests or presbyters. The other two orders are the bishops and the deacons. The ordained priesthood and the common priesthood the priesthood of all baptized faithful are different in function and essence.
Notably, priests in the Latin Church must take a vow of celibacy, whereas most Eastern Catholic Churches permit married men to be ordained. All men who, through the Sacrament of Holy Orders, have become priests participate in Christ's priesthood; they act in persona Christi Capitis, in the person of Christ, the Head of His Body, the Church.
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Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter's their names in Latin and the year of their burial This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, Pope Benedict V and some midth-century popes.
The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope. Michael by Raphael, 16th century St. Saint Michael the Archangel is referenced in the Old Testament and has been part of Christian teachings since the earliest times. The feast day of the archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael is September From its beginning until death, human life is surrounded by their watch The rubric above this 13th-century illuminated manuscript translates "twelve articles of faith set out by twelve apostles". The Apostles' Creed Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum , sometimes entitled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief—a creed or "symbol".
It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists and Congregationalists. The Apostles' Creed was based on Christian theological understanding of the Canonical gospels, the letters of the New Testament and to a lesser extent the Old Testament.
About The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume Simony-Tournon by Charles. G. Herbermann Table of Contents p. ii .. request of Acacius, who was still active against the Monophysites, the pope condemned by name. The Catholic Encyclopedia: Complete Vol. (With Active Table of Contents) - Kindle edition by Charles George Herbermann, Thomas Joseph Shahan.
Because of the early origin of i The primacy of the Bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, giving him the Keys of Heaven and the power Roman Catholic is a term sometimes used to differentiate members of the Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope in Rome from other Christians, especially those who also self-identify as "Catholic"; mainly Anglo-Catholics and Independent Catholics. As a term for the whole church it is not an official title used by the Holy See or bishops in full communion with the Pope as a designation for their faith or institution.
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It is instead a term that became common among non-Catholics, especially in English, which is now occasionally used by Roman Catholic officials. Sloth is one of the seven capital sins. It is the most difficult sin to define, and to credit as sin, since it refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. Definition The word "sloth" is a translation of the Latin term acedia Middle English, accidie and means "without care". Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God.
Mentally, acedia, has a number of distinctive components of which the most i The Catholic Church in Vietnam is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of Bishops in Vietnam who are in communion with the Pope in Rome. The first Catholic missionaries visited Vietnam from Portugal at the beginning of the 16th century. The earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of Jesuits in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity begin to establish its positions within the local population.
These earliest missionaries were Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Between , Alexandre de Rhodes and Antoine Mar This is a list of Catholic priests from or most linked to the United States. Donohue,[1] President of Villanova University. Robert John Cornell,[2] Represented Wisconsin's 8th congressional district for four years, abandoned a bid to retake the seat after the Vatican ordered all priests to withdraw from politics.
Order of Saint Benedict Benedictines Fr. David Granfield,[4] Canon law jurists and Pro-Life person. Celestine Kapsner,[5] Exorcist and translator. Magnus Wenninger,[10] Mathematician known constructing polyhedron models. This is a list of encyclopedias accessible on the Internet. It is one of 24 sui iuris churches, the 23 other forming the Eastern Catholic Churches.
It employs the Latin liturgical rites. It is headed by the Bishop of Rome - the pope, also called the Patriarch of the West - with headquarters in the Vatican City, enclaved within Rome.
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The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity, according to Catholic tradition, through its leadership under the Holy See. Substantial distinguishing theological emphasises, liturgical traditions, features and identity can be traced back to the Latin church fathers, and most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church, active during the first centuries A.
The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century resulted in Protestantism breaking away. Since 19th century, this has also occurred wi In the history of the Catholic Church, laywomen and women in religious institutes have played a variety of roles and the church has affected societal attitudes to women throughout the world in significant ways. Women constitute the majority of members of consecrated life within the Catholic Church: Biblical perspective Prominent women in the life of the church have included Old Testament figures, and the Virgin Mary and female disciples of Jesus of the Gospels.
Known influential individuals range from theologians, abbesses, monarchs, missionaries, mystics, martyrs, scientists, nurses, hospital administrators, educationalists and religious sisters, many of whom have been canonized as Catholic saints. Motherhood is given an exalted status within the Catholic faith, with Mary the Mother of Jesus officially known as Queen of Heaven.
The special role and devotion accorded to Mary and Marian devotion has been a central theme of Catholic art. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius in north Africa and is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers in Western Christianity for his writings in the Patristic Period. According to his contemporary Jerome, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith". After his baptism and conversion to Christianity in , Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.
The Annunciation by Paolo de Matteis An archangel is an angel of high rank. The word "archangel" itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of religious traditions. The corresponding but different Hebrew word in the Hebrew Scripture Old Testament is found in two places as in "Michael, one of the chief princes" Dan Some Protestants consider Michael to be the only archangel. Raphael—mentioned in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobi Christianity[note 1][2] is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus.
Jesus' apostles and their successors, the Apostolic Fathers, spread it across large parts of the Middle East, Europe, Ethiopia, Transcaucasia and some other parts of Asia, despite initial persecution. Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity and decriminalized it in the Edict of Milan He convened the First Council of Nicaea , where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the state religion of the Roman Empire Disputa by Italian Renaissance artist Raphael The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society.
Throughout its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked as public holidays; the Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally as the civil calendar; and the calendar itself is measured from the date of Jesus's birth.
The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. The cathedrals of that age remain among the most iconic feats of architec The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines virtue as "a habitual and firm disposition to do the good. These were adopted by the Church Fathers as the seven virtues.
Cardinal virtues The Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato, regarded temperance, wisdom, justice, and courage as the four most desirable character traits. A convent is either a community of priests, religious brothers, religious sisters, or nuns; or the building used by the community, particularly in the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. Etymology and usage The term derives via Old French from Latin conventus, perfect participle of the verb convenio, meaning to convene, to come together. The original reference was to the gathering of mendicants who spent much of their time travelling.
Technically, a "monastery" or "nunnery" is a community of monastics, whereas a "friary" or "convent" is a community of mendicants, and a "canonry" a community of canons regular. The terms "abbey" and "priory" can be applied to both monasteries and canonries; an abbey is headed by an Abbot, and a priory is a lesser dependent house headed by a Prior.
In English usage since about the 19th century the term "convent" almost invariably refers to a community of women Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo , is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete,[1] it is the largest amphitheatre ever built.
The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72,[2] and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50, and 80, spectators,[5][6] having an average audience of some 65,;[7][8] it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to God himself is the author of marriage.
The vocation to marriage is written in the very natu A sin is considered to be "mortal" when its quality is such that it leads to a separation of that person from God's saving grace. This type of sin should be distinguished from a venial sin that simply leads to a weakening of a person's relationship with God. Despite its gravity, a person can repent of having committed a mortal sin. Such repentance is the primary requisite for forgiveness and absolution.
The current Catholic teaching was formalized at the 16th century Council of Trent. According to Catholic teaching, perfect contrition, coupled with a firm resolution to sin no more, can restore a person's relationship with God, as well as God's saving grac Dogma is an official system of principles or tenets of a church, such as Roman Catholicism,[1] or the positions of a philosopher or of a philosophical school such as Stoicism.
In the pejorative sense, dogma refers to enforced decisions, such as those of aggressive political interests or authorities. This attitude is named as a dogmatic one, or as dogmatism; and is often used to refer to matters related to religion, but is not limited to theistic attitudes alone and is often used with respect to political or philosophical dogmas. Etymology "Dogma" is transliterated in the 17th century from Latin Latin: A Catholic bishop granting plenary indulgences for the public during times of calamity.
Note the almsgiving in the background. In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence Latin: The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes an indulgence as "a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and all of the saints".
The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin;[3] according to Christian teaching she conceived Jesus while a virgin, through the Holy Spirit. The miraculous conception took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem.
According to Catholic and Orthodox teachings, at the end of her earthly life her body was raised directly into Heaven; this is known in the Christian West as the Assumption. The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, and in some historical cases Uniate Churches,[a] are twenty-three Eastern Christian particular churches sui iuris in full communion with the Pope in Rome, as part of the worldwide Catholic Church. Headed by patriarchs, metropolitans, and major archbishops, the Eastern Catholic Churches are governed in accordance with the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, although each church also has its own canons and laws on top of this, and the preservation of their own traditions is explicitly encouraged.
The total membership of the various churches accounts for about 18 million, according to the Annuario Pontificio the annual directory of the Catholic Church , thus making up about 1. The coat of arms of one of the Eastern Catholi Precedence signifies the right to enjoy a prerogative of honor before other persons; for example, to have the most distinguished place in a procession, a ceremony, or an assembly, to have the right to express an opinion, cast a vote, or append a signature before others, to perform the most honorable offices.
Emeritus ecclesiastics are counted among the latter. Precedence may also apply to feasts or actions, as for example in the order of precedence of liturgical days. Sources At this time, a current table of precedence in its entirety is not published by the Holy See. However, the principles of precedence present in the Codes of Canon Law, and the customs of precedence longstanding, inform any formulation of an order of precedence. Some contemporary authors[2] have compile Ukrajins'ka hreko-katolic'ka cerkva; Latin: It is the second-largest particular church sui juris in the Catholic Church after the Latin, or Roman, Church.
The church is one of the successor churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great of Kiev, in Ecclesia Ruthena unita [2][3] were split three ways between the Austrian Empire 3 , Prussia 1 , and the Russian Empire 5. Those three eparchies under Austrian jurisdiction were reorganized as the Greek Catholic Chu The term Old Catholic Church was used from the s by groups which had separated from the Roman Catholic Church over certain doctrines, primarily concerned with papal authority; some of these groups, especially in the Netherlands, had already existed long before the term.
These churches are not in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Four years later, episcopal succession was established with the consecration of an Old Catholic German bishop by a prelate of the Church of Utrecht. In line with the "Declaration of Utrecht" of , adherents accept the first seven ecumenical councils and doctrine formulated be Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority title of authority or usually ceremonial precedence title of honour.
Roman Catholic Church In the Western Church, a Primate is an Archbishop—or rarely a suffragan or exempt bishop—of a specific mostly Metropolitan episcopal see called a primatial see who has precedence over the bishoprics of one or more ecclesiastical provinces of a particular historical, political or cultural area. Historically, Primates of particular sees were granted privileges including the authority to call and preside at national synods, jurisdiction to hear appeals from metropolitan tribunals, the right to crown the sovereign of the nation, and presiding at the investiture installation of archbishops in their sees.
Administering the last rites Dutch School, c. The last rites go by various names. They may be administered to those awaiting execution, mortally injured, or terminally ill. O'Callahan, administering the last rites to an injured crewman aboard USS Franklin, after the ship was set afire by a Japanese air attack, 19 March What in the judgment of the Roman Catholic Church are properly described as the Last Rites are Viaticum Holy Communion administered to someone who is dying , and the ritual prayers of Commendation of the Dying, and Prayers for the Dead.
The sacrament of Anointing of the Sick has often been postponed until someone is near death, so much so that, in spite of the fact that in all celebrations of this sacrame