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Quanto custara esta meza? The future imperfect is formed from the infinitive, by adding the terminations e i, as, a, emos, eis, do, the accent of the infini- tive advancing to the first vowel of these terminations. The second and third persons singular are always marked with the accent.
I shall go on with this work. They never will finish this building. The musicians will play tocar nine pieces. You will know this. My children, you will soon em breve lose your father. The messenger will return to-morrow. His sua sister will go this week. You will arrange all this. The steamer will sail to-morrow. I shall not go out to-day. We shall pay the costs. He will not suffer much.
I shall not fail. When will they come back?
He will have the place posto. The govern- ment will protect this institute. They will not insist. This will produce great animosity. Will they learn French? We shall not hesitate. The troops will march to-morrow. Who will accompany this lady? When shall yon go?
I shall wait here. He will be rich one day. All this property will belong one day to this young lady. Quanto custao este-s livro-s? Vm c6 e meu amigo. Vm c6 tem muito-s arnigo-s. Quem sTio aquelles homens? Tenho ainda algum dinheiro. Perdere- mos algum contos de r6is. Quem tem o meu lapis? As nossas forcas atacarao a fortaleza por mar e por terra. Aquelles mar-es sao mui very perigosos. Quem conhece esta flor? Esta moca tem uma bella voz. As voz-es de mil passaros accompanhao o sol nascente.
Aquelles homens sao cortez-es, porem falsos. Comprarei um cavallo, um-a carruagem, est-e jardim, est-a casa. O senhor conhece aquell-e homem, aquell-a senbora? Comprai este hell-o cavallo! Teremos uma bell-a noite. Elle 6 teu amigo. Elles sao teus amigos. Ellas serao ricas um dia. Esta carta nao chegani em tempo. Tu seras um grande homem. Os Chins sao um povo industrioso. O mundo 6 a obra de Deos. Meu irmao nao completara esta obra. Mens my irmaos nao alcancarao isto.
Minha my irmaa tem um bom piano. Minhas irmaas bordao bem. Vos tendes este direito.
Grandes acontecimentos sao muitas vezes os effeitos de pequenas causas. Os trabalhadores nao apparecem hoje. O vento dispersara, as nuvens. A lua 6 um planeta. Este piano tem boas vozes. Onde acharei um fiador? Vm eS nao vendera estas carruagens e aquellas cadei- ras? A minha casa k, nova. Os nossos vizinhos venderao os sens bens em leilao. Vm ci nao perderd o seu posto. This lesson is a recapitulation of the preceding lessons. At the same time, it contains some new matter, which, though an- ticipated, is necessary in order to enable us to vary the examples of the following lessons, and part of which has already occurred in the preceding ones.
Certain terminations of the singular cause some modifica- tions or exceptions to this rule, of which we give here only the three following being only orthographical changes or euphonic necessities: For the number of these words see 1. All these rules will be treated of at length in their proper places.
God is my strength. This is a favor. You know your duties dever. Your sufferings will cease to-day. The princes of P. The colors of those snakes are very brilliant. The travels of F. Those dinners will cost much money. Your education will be your only inheritance. I have several books of great value.
Your country patria confides in you. My uncles have many horses. I shall deliver the letter to your cousin. These last words explain everything. You will not find many flowers now. The prices will rise subir. Are not these gardens magnificent? The rain falls in torrents. You will not convince those people gente, fem. Will she come with her daughters? Those tribes are very ferocious. Will they fulfil their promise?
This will be his last undertak- ing. This will be your ruin. Their success is doubtful. Where shall we meet our friends? When shall you send the books to your father? Who has [got] my lead-pen- cils? Will your friends come? She will lose her fortune. They do not know their situation. I spohe; Second Conj. Quem compr-ou aquella chacara? Compr-amos o outro dia duas vaccas. Com o vosso sangue compr-astes a vossa liberdade. As hostilidades comeearao hontem a meio dia.
O Senhor fallou com o ministro? O menino borrou o seu papel. Paramos em casa do Sr. Tu quebvaste esta caixa. Niio esperei estes cavalheiros tao ceclo. Tu aprend-este isto por tua propria experiencia. Minha irmaa aprend-eu o francez em dous annos. Nos tres aprend-emos o mesmo officio. Aprend- estes pouco em tanto tempo. Minhas filhas aprend-erao o francez e o italiano. Os Romanos estenderiio as fronteiras do seu im- perio ate as far as o rio Euphrates.
Este negociante perdeu muito dinheiro por sua propria culpa. Escolhi estes tres livros entre milhares. Corremos desde o mercado ate aqui. Perdestes a minha amizade para sempre. Estas casas ja once pertencerao a meus pais parents. O inimigo fug-iu com precipitacao. Nao fug-imos como covardes, mas combatemos como soldados. A me- nina cahiu da meza. As senhoras distribuirao dinheiro entre os pobres.
Vos alludistes a certas circunstancias da minha vida. Nao reparti os meus bens com elles? The paradigm, at the head of A. The terminations of the third person singular of the second and third conjugations are also written eo, io instead of eu, iu, the pro- nunciation remaining the same ; for ao, in the third person plural, many write am. The first and third persons plural are to be marked with the accent as is done in the paradigm , in order to distinguish the former from the same person of the present tense, the latter from the same person of the future.
Hannibal AnnibaT gained many victories over sobre the Romans. Did they pay the bill? The troops of the enemy attacked the forts, but without success. I rejected the proposals of our adversary.
Thou savedst my life. Who perpetrated this crime? When did you arrive? What did they gain by com this? I did not write for por want of news. Our grand-mother died this week. A detachment of soldiers protected the travellers. What did I prom- ise? We sold our furniture. They committed many crimes. You did not know my mother. I did not deserve this rebuke. He demanded the fulfilment of our promise. You infringed the laws of the country paiz.
Who opened this win- dow? I did not go out this morning. We heard loud screams. The last storm destroyed the orchards of this village. They re- sisted to ate the last moment. Why did you not insist? I heard their conversation. He went out on horseback a cwallo.
They plotted against the life of our monarch. I found a key. What did you find there? The companions of Mr. His partner left a great fortune. Did you buy those horses? Who won the bet? I translated the documents. Did it rain yester- day? Some of the passengers died. I did not understand those words. I spoke ; Second Conj.
Eu era I was , tu eras, elle era, nos eramos, v6s ereis, elles erao eram. Meu pai fall-ava cinco idiomas. Ellas nao esper-avao isto. N6s prepar-avamos a casa para a recepcao dos hospedes. Eu cont-ava com on este dinheiro. Tu tem-ias a minha vinganca. Vos estend-ieis os vossos favores sobre todos. Elle sempre descubr-ia um ou outro erro.
Nos exig- iamos o pagamento do nosso soldo. Quando as circunstancias o it exig-iao, vos exhib-ieis uma firmeza inabalavel. A agua corria com uma velocidade de cinco milhas por hora an hour. Eu visitava os meus amigos cada mez. Durante aquelle mez o Sr. Por for algum tempo nos receiavamos uma repetigao d'aquellas scenas. Eu nao sabia isto.
The descriptive perfect often, but improperly, called imper- fect tense has the tonic accent on the first vowel of its termi- nations, though the accent is never marked. In this tense the second conjugation does not differ from the third. The difference between the historical and descriptive perfects or preterits is of great importance, and of no little difficulty for foreigners. The two tenses admit of no compromise. While the historical preterit states a fact or facts which has or have occurred hut once, the descriptive preterit indicates a continuation or a repetition or habit.
The meaning of the sentence must decide which of the two tenses is to be employed. My father always dined at one o'clock. He paid the interests with great punctuality. This hap- pened every night. Every year, in the month of September, we made an excursion among the mountains of S. Did you know this? I received a small salary. In your youth you did not follow the advice of your parents and friends.
This city did not exist yet. Every year we covered their graves with flowers. My circumstances did not permit so tao great expenses. The Egyptians embalmed their dead mortos, defunctos. We were students, when this happened. Formerly outr'ora this country produced and exported great quantities of wheat. Temos contractado o forne- cimento dos viveres para o exercito.
V6s tendes experimentado a nossa clemencia. Para to este fim elles tem espalhado aquelle boato. Tenho acabado done com isto. Tenho percorrido todas as ruas. Elle tem perdido muito da sua forca. Temos sido muito infelizes. Elles tem tido todas as vantagens d'uma boa educacao. Quantos reinos tem cahido e desapparecido! Todos tem ido para fora out of town, into the country. Temos respeitado os direitos de todos, temos economizado uma grande somma de dinheiro, temos supprimido muitos abusos, e por isso therefore temos mereeido a vossa approvacao.
Tenho concluido aquelle negocio. Tendes mereeido a nossa gratidao. The present perfect indicates a past action or state with refer- ence to the present. In Portuguese, the use of this tense is very limited principally in conversation ; it is generally employed in order to indicate a conclusion, a completion, as in the following phrases: This tense is formed, as in English, by the auxiliary verb ter, to have, and the past participle. The terminations of the latter are ado in the first conjugation, ido in the second and third con- jugations, accentuated on the penult.
With the auxiliary ver'r ter or homer it is invariable. We have found little assistance. This gale has caused great damage plur. Many sorrows have blanched this hair. You have studied the laws of your country with great muito zeal. I have done acabar with this. The defendant has confessed every thing. They have sent money every day of' this week. The waters have decreased since yesterday. He has had many friends.
We have read your book with great pleasure. Many years have elapsed since that event. This lad has grown much since last year 1. You have not deserved this favor. The month of July has been disastrous for para our navy. You have contributed much to this state of things.
We have attained the object of our wishes. The enemy has united all his forces on em the lesson xm. We have been friends since our childhood. Three centuries have passed since that remarkable event. Your conduct has been the object of severe criticism. You have suffered much. I have had this honor. Tu tinhas apenas chegado, quando eu voltei. A criada ja tinha fechado as portas. Tinhamos alugado dous cavallos e duas mulas. Vos tinheis recebido a vossa recompensa. Os hospedes ja tinhao partido.
Ellas tinhao voltado muito antes long before. O fogo ja tinha consumido quasi a metade do edificio. O Senhor ja tinha lido o livro? A viuva tinha ganhado o sorte grande. Nos tinhamos chegado um momento antes. Ja antes d'aquelle acontecimento eu fallara com o ministro da fazenda. O advogado contestdra a competencia do tribunal. N6s desejaramos outro another desfecho. A propriedade revertera a meu pai. O soldado desapparecera d'uma maneira 4 50 lessoit xni. Eu exigira isto dos meus companheiros. Reuniramos todos os nossos amigos e conhecidos. The preterit perfect commonly called pluperfect has a simple and a compound form.
The simple form is shown in the para- digm at the head of A ; it is generally marked throughout with the accent. Both forms have the same signification ; as to their use, that of the compound form is hy far the more frequent, whereas the simple form is considered as more elegant it is, therefore, oftener met with in book-language than in conversa- tion. Of the latter, the singular is chiefly used; the third per- son plural is even avoided, as it may cause ambiguity, being equal to the same person of the historical perfect.
Another use of this form will be shown in Lesson XVI. Every verb in the following exercise should be translated both ways, except the verbs marked with an asterisk as being irregular, which are to he translated in the compound form. When we arrived, they had already taken possession of the house. She had lived until then in a little town of this province. The earthquake had thrown down derrubar many houses. The enemy had cut off eortar all toda a communication with the capital. Two of these houses had belonged to my mother-in-law.
These circumstances had contributed much to para the good success of his enterprise. Death a morte had spared the innocent child. My grand-father had completed his eightieth octogesimo year. The baggage had remained behind. The news of his death had produced a profound sensation. The play had already begun. We had reached the end of our long journey. The packet had not yet ainda nao sailed. You had already started.
I had bought a horse and a cart. Eu terei fallado, I shall have spoken, tu teras fallado, thou wilt have spoken, elle tera fallado, he will have spoken, etc. Terei trabalhado em vao. A estas horas at this time v6s tereis recebido a minha ultima carta. Amanhaa os carpinteiros teriio apromptado o grande portao. Tu teras quebrado alguma cousa. Amanhaa a estas horas teremos passado o equador. No mez de Novembro elles terao concluido aquelles trabalhos. Teras merecido este castigo. Muitos d'elles terao fugido. Elle tera roubado este relogio. Elle tera perdido no jogo. The future perfect is formed in the same manner as in Eng- lish, i.
I shall have spoken, eu terei fallado. The signification and use of this tense are in both languages the same. They will have perceived their mistake. Some accident will have happened. To-morrow I shall have conquered all these difficulties. You will have worked for nothing. They will have arrived there yesterday.
At the end of this year we shall have paid all our debts. The concert will have finished late. This will have frightened the horses. She will not have waited until now. Shall we have fought in vain? You will have set dar the example. They will have applied recorrer to the governor of this province. Tres dos nossos offici-aes cahirao mortos.
O meu cachorro e urn anim-al muito sagaz. O oao, o gato, a gallinha, o boi, etc. Hontem o ministro demittiu dous coron-eis. Este phar-oZ tern uma altura de oitenta 80 pes. O vento de hontem derrubou dous phar-oes pequenos. Minha irmaa trazia um fita az-ul nos cabellos. As racas do norte da Europa tern olhos az- ues.
Chegarao hoje cem barr-is de polvora. Tudo tinha flcado no mesmo estado. Kecebiamos jornaes, tinhamos uma pequena bibliotheca de livros instructivos, instrumentos musicaes, emfim, nada faltava para o nosso entretenimento. A mentira triumphou sobre a verdade. Este anzol nao presta is good for nothing. Quantos anzoes tem Vm cS? Ambos erao coroneis na guarda nacional. Meu pai prohibira a mencao d'aquelle individuo. O governo concedera estes privilegios s6 d cidade de B. Jantaremos as duas horas at 2 o'clock.
Elles terao participado isto ao presidente. Os antagonistas erao iguaes em forga. O navio bateu n'um banco de coraes. Quando escrevereis outra vez again? Temos dado provas da nossa boa vontade. Irei a Pariz no mez proximo next month. This Lesson recapitulates the tenses of the indicative mood. Let the student make a paradigm of them all with the verbs esperar, to hope or to wait, comer, to eat, resistir, to resist, simi- lar to the paradigm of the future imperfect, Lesson VIII. The preposition a, to, at, always becomes one word with the definite article and with aquelle, thus: The accent on a, as, dqmlle is always written, in order to indi- cate the contraction which took place.
A net of canals facilitates our commerce. The officers of our battalion demanded a court-martial. The combats of gladiators and of wild beasts were the principal entertainment of the Ro- mans during the empire. The fire had seized atacar the bar- racks of the first regiment. Rockets and bonfires will be the signals of our success.
These brushes pinceT are not good. He had stolen a watch and two rings. I had many rivals. This pair of sheets costs four quatro mil reis. I shall write to the president. They attributed their misfortune to the indiscretion of some of their friends. I had noticed this circum- stance. Many suspected the honesty of the new administrator. How much did they offer? Will they accept our proposals? Our firm had suffered great losses. Some of the newspapers deny this. I sold my horses to two officers of your regiment. We arrived at the same time. She will not betray our secret.
You have promised your assistance. He will not have escaped. He will have run away. She explained the matter to the poor woman. All three conjugated like the descriptive preterit of the sec- ond or third conjugation. Sem esta interrupgao eu agora fallar-ia inglez. O governo recompensar-ia taes servicos com generosa liberalidade. Em tal caso n6s partir-iamos as 2 horas da tarde. V6s ter-ieis esta audacia?
Sem isto put for this ellas estar-iao ainda em Pariz. Meus pais nunca consentir-iao. N'este caso vos ter-ieis a approvacao de todos os cidadaos. Em pouco tempo ter-iamos uma revolucao. Sem o vosso auxilio os meus filhos soffrer-iao os horrores da fome. Ninguem dar-ia credito a semelhante accusacao. No tempo da inquisicao Vm c6 nao escapar-ia a fogueira. Eu teria pagado esta divida sem demora. Muitos teriao pro- cedido d'outra maneira.
Com um pouco de paciencia Vm c8 teria vencido este obstaculo. Ella teria consentido, mas seu pai nao attendeu as minhas supplicas. A morte d'este homem teria sido uma calamidade publica. Semelhante such a medida teria cau- sado immensa dissatisfapao. N6s nao teriamos rejeitado essa condigao. Muitos outros teriao succumbido a tantas fadigas.
V6s terieis abandonado o vosso bemfeitor? Poucos teriao atu- rado tammanha insolencia. The conditional present and future is derived from the future imperfect, by changing the terminations of the latter into ia, ias, etc. The conditional preterit is a compound tense, formed, as in English, by the con- ditional of the auxiliary verb ter, to have, and the past participle of the principal verb. The terminations dra, era, xra of the preterit perfect are sometimes used instead of aria, eria, iria, principally in certain standing phrases as eu desejdra, tomdra, quizera [from querer], I should wish , in elegant language and in poetry.
In conversation, the forms of the descriptive preterit are very commonly used, as escrevia for escrewria. You would not understand a single word. I should drive such an individual from my house. He would not believe this. Without this delay we should arrive at 10 o'clock.
I should not brook the interference of those people. They would reject your offers. You would commit a great mistake. The narrative of this journey would fill a book. This would be sufficient. This would prove his guilt. In this way you would avoid a collision. Your interference would spoil perder all. What qual would be the result of this proceeding?
What quanto would they not give for por this document! I should have preferred cash to all these promises. You would have lost your credit. We all should have died with de hunger. They would have departed last week a semana passada ; but the consul had not signed their passports. But for this they would have lost the battle. Estar, to be; pres. Ella estava chorando quando eu entrei. Estava cho- vendo, quando sahimos.
Tenho estado trabalhando toda a manhaa. O menino esta cahindo de sono. O que estao elles fazendo? As criancas estao dor- mindo. A agua esta fervendo. Por duas horas seguidas run- ning estou fallando sobre a mesma cousa. Minha mai estava escrevendo a irmaa do Sr. O que esta Vm cS lendo? Esta- vamos jantando, quando elles chegarao.
Os criados estavao esperando a porta. Estamos aprendendo o desenho. Onde esta o Sr. Esta viajando na Europa. O almogo esta na meza. Meu primo esta no Rio de Janeiro. Nos nao estavamos em casa, quando isto aconteceu. Eu estava entao nos Estados Unidos. Eu tinha botado os jornaes emcima d'esta on, upon this meza, agora ja nao no more estao la.
The original form of the present participle as derived from the Latin part, in -ans, -em, -iens, Portuguese -ante, -ente, -inte is nearly lost. There are still some thirty or forty words with these terminations, which are now either substantives instante, instant, lente, lecturer, professor, ouvinte, hearer or adjectives degradante, degrading, seguinte, following , some even preposi- tions durante, during, mediante, by means of. The periphrastical conjugation, formed by the present parti- ciple and the auxiliary verb to be, indicating duration 7 was writing, it was raining , is the same in Portuguese, to be being rendered by estar, not ser.
We beg leave to direct the attention of the student to the various uses of the verb estar, as it is one of the principal points of difference between the Portuguese and English languages, and offers considerable difficulty to the learner. The primitive meaning of estar is to be in a local sense, as to be, stand, lie in, on, with, without, below, etc. Hence its use for ex- pressing a passing state or condition. Further on we shall see the verb estar in connection with the adjective and past parti- ciple. What are the boys doing? They are playing brincar in the garden. Who is playing piano?
It is my sis- ter. You are getting ficar very lazy. It is getting late. At three o'clock he was still writing. I was conversing with some of my friends. We are calculating our losses. At four o'clock in de the afternoon the water was still rising crescer. We are expecting some guests. I was trying the strength of the ma- chine. They will be dining now. The soldiers were preparing their breakfast. The missionary was explaining some passages of the Bible. Some of the girls were sewing, others reading, others drawing. I was sleeping when you came back. They are waiting for por you.
The steeple of our church was already burning arder. Where is your son? He is in Lisbon. Some trees stood in the centre of the square. At em that time I was in Berlin Berlim. Some books lay on emcima de the table. Os debates sobre a nova tarifa comefdrao hontem. Oomecei esta obra no dia 2 de Marco do anno passado. Elles pagdrao parte d'esta quantia em letras. Ja paguei esta conta. Os outros ficdrao em Pariz. Eu fiquei em casa. Arranjdmos aquelle ne- gocio ao contentamento de todos. Arrangei tudo conforme os vossos desejos.
Alguns dos meus conhecidos e amigos favor eciao o outro partido. Eu nao favorepo semelhantes projectos. Estas leis nao protegem os nossos direitos. Eu fvjo da sooiedade d'aquelles homens. A se- nhora danfou? O tempo esta ameafando. Ameacei os nossos adversarios com outro processo. Entregou aquelles cartas ao Sr. Vos esmagastes a revolta. Es- maguei o meu chap6o. Elle replicou em termos asperos. Nao repliquei a isto. As duas me- ninas arrancdrao todas as flores. Arranquei ao ladrao a bolsa que which elle jii tinha segurado.
Elles nao me me conhecem. Nao conhepo este homem. Este negocio exige grande cautela. Vendemos hontem urn cavallo, e hoje dous. Duas vezes dous fazem quatro. Tinhamos quinze 15 cavallos, ninte e duas 22 mulas, cincoenta e dous 52 bois, cem vaccas, duzentos e trinta e cinco carneiros, etc. Cento e guarenta prisioneiros chegarao hoje. Estamos no anno mil oitocentos e amenta e um Milhares de individuos estao morrendo de fome. AqujJle ministerio gastou centenares de contos de reis para o exereito. Aquelle territorio tem um areal de quasi duas mil leguas quadradas.
O anno bissexto tem trezentos e sessenta e seis dias. O anno tem doze mezes, que sao: O meu dia natalicio or dia de annos, birth- day cahe no primeiro first de Marco. Aos or a 25 de Abril lesson xvm. A criada comprou libra e meia de cha perola. Quanto custa o cento de ostras? Uma arroba tern trinta e duas 32 libras. Tenho so trinta e uma libra. Do you wish to pass, sir? What do you say, father mother? Que manda o senhor patrao principal? What do you command? Neighbour my boy , are you well? A prima quando vae? When shall you go, my cousin? Charles, did you already go there?
Mary, didn't you say? It is to be considered, that with gentlemen the family name sometimes also the Christian name is employed directly after senhor, while with ladies only the Christian name is used, but preceded by senMra Dona D a. Antonio Correa d'OUveira escreveu um novo poema? Have you written a new poem, Mr. Tern uma creada a sr a D a Maria? Have you a maid-servant, Mrs.
Upon country people or person of low condition, the title Dona is not bestowed. This form may be abbreviated toVossencia [vo'sesw]. In Brazil these forms d are not usual; they are substituted by: Your grace, a title given in Portugal to lower people, maid- servants, etc. This form may be abbreviated to: With all these addresses above mentioned the verb is to be employed in the third person e. If on the one hand it would not be polite to dispense with it, a too frequent em- ployment would be heavy.
The pronoun M is used only in familiar treatment and may be altogether avoided by foreigners. The pronoun ws, if not taken in the plural and even here it is better to substitute it by the third person , is antiquated and only tfsed in pathos, at prayers, and in solemn allocution, for instance, to the king. The verb ter to have. Past participle participio passado tido: See 2 nd Lesson. Imperfect Tense Preterito imperfeito. Eu tiriha ['tiyiv] I had nds tinhamos ['tinvmuf] we tu tirihas you had thou hadst had die, ella tinha he, she, it, had vos tinheis ['tinvtf] you had elles tinham ['tiyivu] they had.
Perfect Tense Preterito perfeito. Present Perfect Preterito composto. Eu tenho tido I have had tu tens tido you have had, etc. Eu tiriha tido I had had tu tinhas tido you had had, etc. Eu terei fa'rvi] I shall have nds teremos we shall have. Yet the student is not supposed to learn at once all the verbal forms, so as to master them, as, indeed, these verbs with their resemblances and differences constitute one of the greatest diffi- culties of the Portuguese language for the foreigner.
But he is ear- nestly requested not to put these lessons aside before having at- tained an absolute understanding of the meaning and employment of the auxiliary verbs. Eu terei tido I shall have had. Eu teria [td 'riv] I should elle, ella teria he, she, it would have have. Eu teria tido I should have had. Eu tenha I have nos tenhdmos we have tu tenhas you have vos tenhais you have elle tenha he have elles tenham they have.
Se eu tivesse [ti'vesd] if Se nostivessemosfti'vesdmuf] I had if we had Se tu tivesses if you had Se vds tivesseis if you had elle tivesse if he had elles tivessem if they had. Infinit iv o pessoal. Para eu ter that 1 may have, to have I tu teres you you elle ter he he nos termos we etc. Ter que or ter de indicates necessity: Tenho de Id ir I must go there.
The nouns of material, taken in a partitive and indefinite sense, are, as in English, used without the article or a preposition: Tenlio pao I have some bread. Tenho urn pouco de pao I have a little bread. Tenho uma canSta, Nao tern tambem um lapis? Nao tinha meu Amigo um jardim com algumas flores?
Tinha, sim, senhor, e ainda tenho. Se tivesse arvores fructiferas, tambem teria fructa. Tern a menina andado a escola nestes dias? Nao tenho ido, tenho andado or estado doente. Quando tiver saiide, terei muito gosto em voltar a aula. Tenho tido noticias d'ella from her em cada m6s. Temos tido muito trabalho, para termos uma creada. Temos, mas nao a her teremos por muito tempo.
Nao tendo ordem para la ires, teras de to ficar em casa. Exercise, Have you some fruit, my friend? She has the sugar. They have the milk. We had the cheese. You had the butter. I shall have eggs. He will have tea. We shall have a pudding. You will have a pie. They had no potatoes. He has had pepper and salt. Had you some wine? Will you have butter and cheese? I shall have bread and meat. The boy has -soup and meat. I shall have no poultry, but I shall have game. Your horse will have bread and brandy.
Shall you have a duck? My daughter would have a glass of milk. If you had money, you would have chocolate. Whenever we are to have money, we shall have everything we want fludo quanta precisarmos. Que temos nos nesta msa? Terao os rapazes pao e leite? Nao teve V- queijo esta manha? Nao terei eu carne de boi e vinho para o meu jantar?
Onde tern a sua penna e a caneta? Nao teve ainda caldo com arroz? Temos uma penna, tinta e papel. Nao, elles terao pao e agua. Nao, eu tive manteiga. Nao, tu teras um pastel e cerveja. Tenho-as them na minha gave"ta. Ainda nao not yet , mas eu tive um copo de leite. Teria o meu amigo escripto Teria, sim, senhor. Mas ha uma carta, se tivesse tido muito que nao tenho tido tempo? Oral exercises to be done on the subject, as indicated in the preceding lessons.
The Auxiliary Verb ser and the Adjective. The verb ser to be. Eu sou [sou] I am nos somos f'somuf] we are tu es [sf] thou art vos sois ['sotf] you are elle, ella e he, I you are elles, ellas sao [svu] they she, it is j you are. Eu era ['srv] I was nos eramos we were tu eras thou wast elle, ella era he she, was vos ereis you were you were elles, ellas eram they you were.
Eu fui 1 f'fui] I was or have nds fomos ['fomufj 'if] tu foste ['foftd] elles, ellas for am f'forvu]. Eu tenho sido ['sidu] I have been tu tens sido you have been, etc. Eu tinha sido I had been, etc. Eu serei [sd'rvi] I shall be nos seremos [sd'remufj we tu seras [sd'raf] you will be shall be elle, ella serd [s9'ra] he, vos sereis [sd 'rmfj you will be she, it, you will be, etc.
Eu terei sido I shall have been, etc. Eu seria [sd f riu] I should be, nos seriamos [so'rivmuj] tu serias etc. Eu teria sido I should have been, etc. Eu seja ['svgv] I be, etc. Eu ser tu seres elle ser nds sermos vos serdes elles, ellas serem Imperative. The Portuguese adjective follows, as already mentioned, the same rules of inflexion as the substan- tive with which it consequently agrees in gender and number.
It is the same as for the demonstrative, pos- sessive, and indefinite adjectives, and the ordinal numbers, which are all considered adjectives. Also the cardinal numbers um and dois have a different form for the feminine cf. There are adjectives, denominated uniforms, which have only one form for both genders. This class embraces those ending by -e, -I, -ar, -as, -iz, , -im, -ea and -6, and those ending by -s in syllable not accen- tuated. The place of the Portuguese qualifying ad- jective is for the most part after the noun as for those denoting colour, form, dimension, nationality, religion; while the demonstrative, possessive, and indefinite ad- jectives precede the noun.
Tu es muito novo. Elle 6 um homem ruim. Ella 6 uma mulher nova. Aquelle menino e doente. Nos nao somos ricos. Eu era teu amigo. Era isso um bom conselho? Nao, foi mal pensado. Eu fui tarde duma hora. Fostes vos fdste tu, foi V g. Se fosse mais cedo, seria melhor. Se as fructas ja forem colhidas, 6 signal de ja terem madurecido.
Sera um vestido para a menina. Nao teria sido melhor escolher uma fazenda que fosse mais duravel? Se nao for duravel, nao tern duvida; o panno nao foi caro. Tudo quanto tenho comprado a esse negociante, tern sido bom. A nossa casa era muito alta e tinha quartos bastante grandes e airados.
You are a tall man. The rooms are very large. He is [a] Portuguese. Those are big horses. It was a grand idea. She was a pretty little girl. He has always been a good boy. If it be late, you will not find nao encontrard the way. The telegraph is a grand invention. Be kind to the boy! Be good, and I will give you the fine fruit. If I were you, I should be diligent.
The Crystal Palace is a grand edifice. Camdes was a great Portuguese poet. His best poem is "Os Lusiadas" He is an heir. Is this an apple? No, it is a quince. We are no bad boys. The dog of my cousin is good and useful. Coimbra is the only university in Portugal. It is situated on the Mondego. Nao 6 elle um bonito rapaz? Nao e tao bonito como o Carlos. Nao sou tao velho como V a. Sao estas mesas de madeira? Sim, ellas sao de madeira. Foste bondoso para com to Fui muito bondoso para com o velho homem? Tenho sido doente desde crianca from childhood.
Estao escovados os vestidos? Estao; foram escovados pela manha this morning. Assim o papel, o giz e o tecto sao brancos. Este mata-borrao e amarello, esse e" vermelho, aquelle 6 aznl. Como 6 o quadro preto, o banco, a porta? Que c6r tern a tinta, o papel? The Auxiliary Verb estar. Difference between ser and estar. Differenga entre ser e estar.
The verb estar to be to stand, to lie, to dwell, etc. Eu estou [tf'tou] I am nos estamos tf'tamufj we are tu estas [tf'taf] thou art elle, ella estd [tfta] vos estaes fiftaif] you are elles, ellas estam [if'tsu] they you are. Eu estava [if taw] I was, etc. Estive [if'tivd] I was or I have estivemos [tftivemuj] been, etc.
Teriho estado I have been, etc. Tinha estado I had been, etc. Estarei I shall be, etc. Terei estado I shall have been, etc. Estar la I should be, etc. Esteja [if'tvgv] I be, etc. Estivesse [ifti 'vest] I were, et c. Existence in a general meaning, and is therefore called "Verbo substantive. Eu respiro, pois sou I breathe, consequently I am existing. A permanent state of existence, an essential and lasting condition, which may be expressed by substan- tive or adjective attribute or an infinitive.
A terra e uma esphera the earth is a sphere. Sou fdiz I am happy. E um lento morrer it is a slow dying. Meu primo e soldado my cousin is a soldier. A rosa e uma flor, e vermelha the rose is a flower, it is red. Followed by the past participle of a transitive verb, ser is employed to form the passive voice. The past participle is submitted to inflection like an adjective: Elles for am censurados, they were blamed. Ser de means to belong to ; ex.
To whom does this house belong? E de meu pae it is my father's. Estes livros sao do professor these books belong to the master. A certeza de estarmos salvos the certainty of our being safe. On the contrary, estar is used: If the attribute appears merely accidental or smporary. A rosa estd murcha the rose is faded. Elle estd feliz he is just now happy. Estamos ricos we are rich vis. Eu sou doente would mean that I have bad health.
Estou bom de saude I am well; sou bom I am good. Estd bem it is all right, he she is well, you are well; estd mal it is bad, or he she is ill, you are ill. If a dwelling is to be expressed in any place that can be left or the object can be removed from: A criada estd na cozinha the servant is in the kitchen.
Onde e a cozinha? Where is the kitchen? Here it may as well be said: A boca flea debaixo do naris the mouth is underneath the nose. While ser with the past participle of the verb forms the passive voice, estar with the same indicates the state or condition, as: A casa estd construida the house is built. A casa e construida the house is building. Foi preso he has been imprisoned. A conta estd paga the bill is paid. Somos pagos aos meses we are paid monthly. Very often estar with another verb in the In- finitive or with the Present Participle is employed as an equivalent for to be with the Present Participle: Estou a escrever, estou escrevendo I am writing.
Estamos col- leccionando or a cotteccionar estampilhas ha dois annos we have been collecting stamps these two years. Estar a ferver to boil, to be boiling. Such a paraphrase is called: There is a certain number of adjectives that are generally used with estar, such as: A cidade de Lisboa esta situada na foz do rio Tejo. Ella foi edificada em sete collinas. E grande e populosa. As suas ruas, pracas e travessas sao empedrados. Antes do terremoto do anno de mil sete centos e cincoenta e cinco , as ruas na sua maioria eram tortas e estreitas.
Bairros inteiros foram destrui- dos pelo terremoto. Foi o marquez de Pombal que, sen do ministro do rei Dom Jos6 I Primeiro , depois d'esta catastrofe mandou reedificar a capital em bairros regulares que sao atra- vassados e cruzados por ruas direitas e largas. No socco deste monumento ha uma medalha de bronze, representando o marquez. Yesterday I was 1 at church.
Were you at the theatre yesterday? No r sir, I was at the theatre the day before yesterday; last night I was at the concert. He will be at his uncle's em casa de sen tio. It is possible that he has been ill. This hat is too large to be beautiful. It would have been easy for Charles always to be faithful to his master. We have always been very attentive. He was angry while emquanto he was writing that letter. The water is boiling. The fish is boiled. Our walk has been beautiful. My sister had already been in London. Qual meu nome e Sicrano 1.
Eu sou alemao, mas estive Eu sou portugufis e tenho por muito tempo em Por- estado naAlemanhahacinco tugal. Tem sempre sido alumno Nao, senhor, estive primeiro d'esta escola? Estarei ate estiverem con- cluidos os meus estudos. Esta satisfeito com a sua Estou, sim, senhor. Eu seria estada aqui? Sempre tern estado com saiide Nem not sempre; mas agora emquanto ca esta? The Auxiliary Verb haver to have, to be left , to take place, to get, to obtain, etc. As for to be, there are also for to have two corresponding verbs in Portuguese: The latter, less common in the meaning to have than the former, is especially employed 1.
As a true auxiliary verb to form the simple Future Indicative and Conditional tenses of any verb,, whereby it drops the h av and hangs its personal endings on the Infinitive of the verb see While so employed, it is impersonal and consequently used only in the third person singular and without a pronoun: The Auxiliary Verb haver. To form the compound Future Indicative and Conditional tenses: Here it may be used with the pronoun and must be followed by de. Modern writers join this preposition to the verb by a hyphen: In the meaning of to obtain: Elle houve o per- dao do rei he obtained the King's pardon.
Havendo o premio da nossa canceira obtaining the reward of our toil. Eu hei [vi] I have nos h av emos [ vv emuf] we tu has [af] you have have elle ha [a] he has vos h av eis [ vv vif] you have ha there is elles hdo [vu] they have. Eu havia [v'viv] I had nds haviawos [v'vivmuf] we tu havias you had had elle havia he had vds havieis [v'vivif] you had havia there was elles hawam they had.
Houve 1 ['ovdj I had houvemos [o'vsmuf] we had houveste [o'veftd] you had houvestes [o'veft'i ] you had houve he had, there was houveram [o'vsrvu] they had. Tern havido there has been.
Tinha havido there had been. Haverei I shall have, etc. Terd havido there will be had, etc. Haveria there would be. Teria havido there would have been. Haja ['a,gv] that I have, etc. Haja let there be. All other imperative forms are unusual. Haver, haveres, haver, havermos, haverdes, haverem that I, you, he, etc. In the same manner is conjugated the compound verb rehaver to have or get back ; but this verb is only used in forms which have the -v- rehavendo, rehavido, rehavia, rehouve, etc.
There are still other compound forms, such as: The same is to be said for the other auxiliary verbs, already mentioned. The omitted tenses may easily be sub- stituted. Yet there is still a tense quite peculiar to the Portuguese language, which we have not yet spoken of, because we wanted to mention it apart: It is formed from the 2 ud person sing, of the Perfect by hanging the ending -ste into -ra houveste: The student may at the same time be conscious that from the same person 2 nd pers.
This derivation is the same in any regular or irregular verb. As for the employment of the Compound Future and Conditional tenses, there is some little difference with the simple tense. Hei-de fazer expresses not only that something will be done by me, but that I intend or am willing to do it. Nos ha- viamos-de ser mais economicos we ought to be more economical.
Nos seriamos mais economicos we should be more economical. Haver-de, to be obliged to, may also be used in other forms than Present and Imperfect tenses: Houve-de ser cortes he had to be polite. Se nao houvesse- de considerar isso if that were not to be considered. Se liouver mos -de luctar com difficuldadas if there are diffi- culties to be fought with, or if we are obliged to fight against difficulties. Ha-de haver tempo para tudo there must be time for everything. In some tenses the 3 rd person sing, of haver indicates a time past and corresponds to these.
Ha tres horas que estamos esperando or a espera we have been waiting these three hours. Ha houve, haverd, etc. Nao ha nada there is nothing the matter. Haver por bem means to think proper. It is scarcely used but by or of the King or the govern- ment. Haver por mal is rarely used and means: The reader will already have noticed that in the Imperative mood the second person sing, when- employed affirmatively is derived from the same person of the Present tense Indicative by losing the s ; and from the Present Subjunctive, when employed nega- tively; e.
Yet there are still for the auxiliary verbs some little irregularities to be noticed: Addressing a plurality of persons, the Imper- rative form is the 3 rd person plur. There is indeed an Impera- tive of the 2 nd person plur. The reader will find it in the? Em portugues ha dois verbos auxiliares para traduzir o verbo ingles to have, e outros tantos, para traduzir to be. Os primeiros sao ter e haver; os ultimos ser e estar. No uso d'elles in their use ha alguma differen9a.
Se nao houvesse maior difficuldade, ou se essa fosse a unica, o estudo da lingua nao seria difficil. Mas haja paciencia, que havemos-de aprender portugufis bem depressa. Ha poucas semanas que o it esta- mos estudando e ja sabemos conjugar os verbos auxiliares. Estes verbos, sendo os mais most irregulares, sao os inais difficeis.
Nao havendo interrup9oes, como ja as houve com dias santos e ferias, e se nao houver doencas, cedo hao-de ser vencidas as primeiras difficuldades. Tenham pois animo e sejam applicados. There is a man downstairs. There are two men down- stairs. There is to be a saint's day this week. There being no one there, I went see 36, note away. Is there much money in England?
Yes, there is transl. Will there be a concert to-night? No, there has been a concert last night. There's nothing the matter. I have been walk- ing these two hours. I must go home. We all todos intend to go home see 46 , we must see p. Is it long since you have been learning Portuguese? No, it is only a few weeks. And there has been some interruption by holidays. Have you had a gram- mar? Now we have, but we had not from the beginning. Que tern o alemao? Ha ali grandes casas? Houve terremoto em Portugal? Tern havido terremotos mais vezes? Nao foi o criado comprar peixe no mercado? Ha, sim, senhor; e a d'elle his e uma das maiores.
Houve, mas ja ha alguns mezes. Nao havia peixe no mercado ; como o tempo estivera mau, nao tinha havido guem fosse see p. Employment and Concord of Tenses. Emprego e concordancia de tempos. As we have seen, there are two forms of the Infinitive: It is employed after a preposition.
In the regular verbs it is consonant to the Sub- junctive Future. Faze diligencia para seres lorn. Take pains to be good. Passei sem me verem I passed without being seen lit.: Depois de nos estarmos seniados, conversdmos. After having sat down, we talked. While the Present has only one tense, the Past is divided into two, or taking also the Pluperfect into three simple tenses: The Preterito imperfeito is used: Passdvamos o verdo no campo we used to pass the summer in the country. Chovia emquanto eu passeava. It was raining while I took a walk. As for an action being interrupted by another, see B, c.
Elles foram a urn sitio que ficava muito longe. They went to a place that was very far off. A lebre, como corria muito, fwu-se nas pernas. The hare, being a good runner, trusted to its legs. As in English, the Imperfect may often be substituted by the first Participle e. The Preterito perfeito or deftnido is used to ex- press actions following one another. It is the historical tense, being peculiarly appropriated to the narrative style and therefore used: Na batalha de Aljubarrota os Portugueses venceram os castelhanos.
In the battle of Aljubarrota the Portuguese vanquished the Castilians. Eu tlve uma carta I got a letter. Elle teve medo he became frightened. Houve gritaria there was a clamour. JEhnquanto Jiavia trovoada, elle entrou em casa. Whilst there was a thunderstorm, he entered the house. Have you already dined or had dinner?
Tive uma chicara de did I have had a cup of tea. Comprdmos cafe we have bought coffee. The compound Perfect is, indeed, always rendered by the simple Preterite, and not by the compound, when the action of the verb is altogether finished in the past and has nothing to do with the present time. Comprdmos assucar we have bought sugar, and: Temos sempre comprado assucar ao ne- gociante, nosso vizinho. Another tense peculiar to the Portuguese is the Simple Pluperfect Mais-que-perfeito simples already spoken of in There is no difficulty whatever in its use. It may anywhere be substituted by the com- pound form ; yet, as the Portuguese likes to employ simple forms, the student will do well in equally prac- tising the simple Mais-que-perfeito.
The first participle or gerund Participio imperfeito or gerundio does not essentially differ in its Employment and Concord of Tenses. Yet it must not be employed after certain prepositions which in English require the gerund, while in Portuguese the Infinitive or the Past Participle is used cf. The Future of the Subjunctive Mood, also a form connected solely with the Portuguese language, is used to express some uncertain future event. It is nearly exclusively employed after the conjunctions se if, quando when, emquanto while, as long as.
Quando tivermos dinheiro, compraremos essa casa. When we shall have money, we shall buy that house. If he is or be at home, the door will be open. Emquanto nao fizerem diligencia, nao serdo succedidos. As long as they do not take pains, they will not succeed. The Conditional is employed as in English. Se tivesse diriheiro, compraria or comprava essa casa. If I had money, I should buy that house. Ainda gue fosse rico, nao a compraria or nao a com- prava. Even if I were rich, I should not buy it. Se nao tivesse sido tao tarde, o homem nao teria or nao tinlia estado em casa.
If it had not been so late, the man would not have been at home. So we employ in the subordinate sentence the Imperfect or Pluperfect of the Conjunctive, and in the principal sentence the first or second Conditional. The Subjunctive 1 being the mood of un- certainty, it is used: The 1 The rules on the subjunctive mood need be only read over liere and can be learned thoroughly later on. I want order, desire, trust you to be modest. Merecia que fosse attendido. He would deserve to be attended to. Eu nao digo que seja assim. I do not say that it is so.
Julga que die tenha comprehendido? Do you think he will have understood? Receio que nao esteja em casa. I fear he will not be at home. Estimei que tivesse vindo. I was glad he had come. Duvido que tenhas chegado a tempo. I doubt that you have arrived in time. Nao tenhas duvida que eu seja teu amigo. Don't have any doubt that I am your friend. The father did not know that his son was ill. Mando que escreva I order him to write. Julgdra que tivesse escripto I thought he had written. A empresa the enterprise o atraso the delay [I'prezu] [v 'trazu] dar [dar] to give o reldgio the watch deu [deu] 3rd pers.
Esta empresa tern dado bom lucro; deu dez por cento aos accionistas no anno passado.
Temos pensado muito na sua posicao que no primeiro momento nos parecia Imp. Ha muito tempo que tern sido a minha ambicao saber bem a lingua portuguesa. Se tivesse quern m'a it to me en- sinasse, havia-de estudar essa bella lingua. Desde que ca moro 1 st pers. E curioso seres tu que tenha essa ideia. Estamos a espera que elle acabe para avaliarmos o estrago que tiver feito. Ja chegou o com- boio? Ainda nao; tera atraso; ja sao seis boras no meu relo- gio. Talvez esteja adiantado o seu relogio. Estao a dar as seis. What have you there? It is a letter. No, it is not. It is for your neighbour who is there at the door.
Was there no letter for me? If there had been, I should have given it you 1. It is a long time that I have not had any news from my friend. I am very sad. If there be no letter to-morrow, I shall write com p. Have the kindness to tell me de me dizer what o'clock it is. It is two o'clock. No, I am mistaken, it is half past one. It is time for me to go home. Onde e or fica a sua casa? E or fica ali na rua vizinha. Ha muito tempo que mora Tenho la morado ha quatro n'ella?
Onde esteve V a - Ex a - no anno Estive n'uma praia balnear. Houve la muito movimento? Nao houve; se houvesse, nao teria la ido. Mas nao havendo movimento, Nao 6. A quietacao 6 e sempre sera or ha-de s6r aborre- tern sido o melhor remedio cido? Ex a - teve bom resultado sua estada ali? Pode ser it may be que as- sim seja; nesse caso nao hei-de la ir outra vez. E este anno hei-de le- var a minha familia, para todos nos havermos bom descanQO, se Dens quizer. Temos um quintal ao pe da casa. No quintal ha muitos Drupes de arbustos e algumas arvores velhas e altas: Perto do rio atras do nosso quintal 60 Lesson 8.
Tambem havia um platano muito alto, mas os ventos derribaram-no. Ale"m das arvores de matta ha arvores fructiferas. Esta cerejeira teve muita flor e tera muita fructa saborosa. Aquella amendoeira tambem teria muitas amendoas, mas quando florescia, a neve crestoa-lhe as flores. Os meninos gostam de cerejas? Gostamos, mas mais ainda de damascos, de tamaras e de nSs- peras. Tivemos grande quantidade de nesperas no anno passado. In which street is your house? Have you not a garden near your house? What tree is that behind the wall?
That is an elm -tree. And all these trees are fruit-trees. We shall have very much fruit this year. Last year we had very little. The trees had many leaves, but few fruits. There you have also very fine roses. Yes, 1 like roses very much; also my mother likes them much. Tenha a bondade de vir para o meu jardim. Entre por sta cancella que abre para a rua do meio. Ao longo da rua ha alegreies com flores de toda a especie: Na prima- vera estavam em flor o lilaz e os goivos, que sao d'uma cor roxa e cheiram muito bem. Tambem o branco jasmim tem um bello aroma. V a - Ex a - gosta de girasoes?
Talvez ja haja um em flor. Ainda nao ha, nao. Mas quando houver supply um , ha de me dar licenga de Ih'o offerecer. Ja nao temos rosas bellas; se tivessemos, offerees! Hei de fazer para termos flores todo o anno. If I had some white roses, I should give them to my mother. I have great pleasure in offering you not only white roses, but all kinds of other flowers. Have the goodness to pick whatever you like. Do you like the aroma of the jasmin?
I clo, but I prefer that of the pinks. I shall have a very fine nosegay of white roses, red pinks and violet pansies. Please to come when ever you like to pick flowers and fruits. In autumn we shall have much fruit: Oh, the fine flowers! How much quanta I like them!
Look olha at these gillyflowers, how nice they are! And they smell so good bem. We had no daisies nor dahlias in our garden; our neighbour had. We also should have some , if there had not been so much tanto rain. If we are to have or If there be fruit in autumn, we shall pick apples, pears, and grapes. Quantas licoes tivestes or tiveram hoje? Haviamos de ter cinco, mas o professor de calligraphia tinha tosse e nao veio did or had not come.
As segnndas e quintas feiras sempre tenho nma Ii9ao de gram- matica francesa: A 5 ta f a quinta feira e" meio feriada, os domingos e dias santoa sao dias feriados. As liQoes sao das oito boras de manha at6 ao meio dia e das duas ate as quatro boras da tarde nos dias liteis. Gosto mais do que dos problemas; nao tenbo memoria para os algarismos e os mimeros grandes.