Delta - Iota: Volumen II (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae – Series Berolinensis) (German Edition)

The Sheremetievs Museum

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There was much speculation about the how and why of such a technique; eventually it turned out to be a fairly frequent way of making books in the fi fteenth, and even the fourteenth, century. From this he concluded that those quires had indeed been so folded. And he found actual evidence that such folding had really occurred Gilissen , Note, however, that in those cases already in the eleventh century the quadrifolia were not written on while still unbound; This was a brilliant discovery, and it made a great impression, not only in the West but also in the East.

For Jean Irigoin, 11 the use of parchment skins, which are big, requires a repeated folding which automatically implies both that the leaves are perfectly right-angled and that the hair- and fl eshsides of the parchment alternate. An Introduction I was asked to review, the authors of the Ethiopian chapter write that the skin is squared off according to the size of the intended book The authors of the Armenian, the Hebrew, the Syrian chapters all take Western folding as the norm, and point out that in their cases this norm is not followed.

Most probably in all the non-western cultures the normal procedure was to cut out of a skin as many bifolia of the desired size as the skin would yield depending on its size and quality. What the Eastern authors did not realize because Gilissen had not pointed it out was that that was also the normal procedure in the West, at least in the early period! There is, as far as I know, no evidence before the eleventh century that anyone did anything with undivided quadrifolia, either fl at or folded.

It may be that before that time someone already had the idea that, if you want four equal pieces out of one skin, folding was an easy way of fi nding the lines along which to cut; but even if he had folded the skin, he would then simply have four bifolia, which he could handle any way he liked. Incidentally, he also found a skin that they were folded, stitched tacketed into a quire, and then opened by the scribe as he progressed in his work. And such a division into three cannot be done by folding; and so the divisions into four for this manuscript probably were not done by folding either.

So one does not need to distinguish the eastern practice from the Western norm, but rather explain the Western invention of folding as a departure from the common norm. This makes the probably rather rare and late cases where folding infi ltrated into eastern codex cultures only the more interesting.

Let me add, fi nally, that it is true that folding produces quires that follow the Rule of Gregory, and if a quire does not follow it, it cannot have been produced by folding; but the converse is not true: As I wrote above, there was hardly, or at least not easily, any way for the oriental codicologists to know this fact. There is no handbook, not even Agati, 14 that gives a reliable survey of these matters; and the relevant articles are not all easy to fi nd even for Western specialists. The COMSt handbook does its best at bringing the data together.

Still, even if the paragraphs are organized in a uniform way, a direct comparison is not always possible, as the paragraphs are naturally uneven in the depth of factual knowledge that they are able to present. Another problem that must be faced when attempting a comparative approach is the terminological confusion, such as often happens with the regrettable muddle of roll, scroll, rotulus, volumen.

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The COMSt handbook succeeds in clearly explaining the terms when they appear, it does not, however, attempt a standardization. This brings us to the fundamental importance of terminology. As Daniele Bianconi writes in his introduction to the Palaeography section, it is necessary to fi nd an appropriate, scientifi c and last but not least shared terminology. Exact terms that have been given a defi nition are needed, in the fi rst place to help us to observe what we see, because most people most of the time see only what they know and for which they have a word it is a rare gift to see what one did not know Gilissen had it.

Proof that two bifolia were once part of one skin, from Gilissen , pl. And this terminology should be universal otherwise what someone in culture A observes and formulates with perfect clarity in his terms may be misunderstood by a reader in culture B, where the same terms are used differently. And after all that is our goal: It will certainly be a while before we achieve this goal fully.

But the COMSt handbook shows that we have all become conscious of the importance of the codicological way of looking at books not perhaps a fi rst-order importance, if seen in the grand scale of world problems, but still a matter deserving serious attention and that we are all moving, at different speeds, in the same direction.

Thirty years ago a project like this would have been impossible; if in thirty years time it will be repeated, it will be much better. And what I hope is that at that time Latin codicology will be one of the participants: Quoted bibliography Agati, M.

L Erma di Bretschneider, Studia archaeologica, Making the Medieval Book, Techniques of Production: Anderson-Lovelace Publishers, , Canart, P. Hoffmann , Canart, P. The codicology of Islamic manuscripts. Story- Scientia, Hoffmann, P. Hoffmann , Lieftinck, G. Nogent-le-Rotrou, , ; repr. Care and Conservation of Manuscripts Proceedings of the thirteenth international seminar held at the University of Copenhagen 13thth April , ed.

Museum Tusculanum Press, , J. A rare case of explicit scholarly practice in an Arabic manuscript tradition If one thinks about mediaeval collections of recipes and properties medical and non-medical in Arabic, it is likely that the image of a chaotic and hopelessly entangled mass comes to mind.

This impression is also due to the fact that this kind of material has been scarcely studied so far. Thus, with certain levity, the slightly detrimental label folkscience has often been attached to these texts. However, a deeper inquiry into some of the manuscript traditions associated with this genre raises a number of substantial counterarguments to this misperception. Indexical marginal glosses circular disposition. The materials were organized in compendia with a well-defined struc- Fig. These compendia were formal ff. Not refer to the goal of the recipe. In this way, a reader all the formal solutions attested in the manuscript could avoid leafing through the whole text in order traditions are equally fortuitous.

Nevertheless, the to find the solution to a specific problem fig. Usually this claim is not followed by any ginal notes were used as landmarks, offering the explicit reference in the text itself. However, it hints possibility to approach the text from different strucat the use of written sources and at processes of tural perspectives: This does not of the characterizing ingredient, the glosses may exclude later addition of analogous materials from a different origin.

The inclusion of new materials was 1 I wish to thank my colleague and friend J. Johnson for the advices, the inspiring discussions, and the English proofreadfavoured by a textual structure that was amenable ing. The collection of properties attributed mainly to animal but also vegetal and mineral ingredients, Fig. These abbreviations were used to mark the attribution of a particular text within the running text of the compendium. Franz Rosenthal in The Technique and Approach of Islamic Scholarship wrote about the abbreviations used for indicating the sources in scientific texts, suggesting that this method of attribution origifig.

Wien and Berlin give the title in curacy of quotations. The reference to sources is a direct speech of the author included in the introduction. This normally seen as a rhetorical device to increase work has been often confused, due to the misleading similarthe general prestige of the work. See Ullmann , The work was transmitted with a number of different titles attested in the manuscript tradition: Ibn Zuhr and Arvide Cambra , However, in the period and in the surroundings, in which Muslim scholarship came into being, the use of abbreviations was generally practiced.

It would, therefore, hardly be correct to credit Muslim theology with being the exclusive source of COMSt Although it must be still demonstrated whether or not these types of abbreviations for the sources were a feature of this period, the existence of this apparatus makes clear that certain ancient authors were still clearly recognizable by scholars of the twelfth century.

I cannot say whether this scholarly practice was constantly and continuously carried out Fig. Perhaps, the explicit statement of the sources was made at a moment in which the transparency of otherwise implicit attributions was disappearing in the Arabo-Islamic milieu. Thus far, I have collected eight manuscript witnesses of this text;7 six of them have the list of abbreviations.

I will return to the two manuscripts without an explicit apparatus in a moment. This list of abbreviations did not pass completely unnoticed under the eyes of modern scholars,8 but up to now, no one has tried to collect all the manuscript witnesses in order to reconstruct the history of the text and of the practice. The list consists of some thirty names, followed by a siglum of one or two letters. Only the Leiden manuscript adopted a slightly different strategy. Marsh O , Cambridge Or C. Ullmann , summarizes the list of abbreviations.

In the course of the transmission, more 9 See Ruska as well as Aya Sofya and Sehid Ali Pasha One of the many aspects that requires further study is the Byzantine and Persian authors of agriculture and whether these names refer to two different compositions, or to the two different translations respectively, from Greek and Pahlawi of the Eklogai of Cassianus Bassus sixth seventh century. They are more likely to be understood as corruptions of actual names. A first gross collation shows that the lists in Hamburg Or.

Finally, the copyist of the Berlin manuscript did not understand the logic behind the list of abbreviations Fig. Whether the manuscript he copied from had the correct readings or not does not matter much.

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In fact, if he had understood the logic of the abbreviation system, he could have easily amended the mistake. As we have anticipated, two manuscript witnesses namely Cambridge Or and Bodleian M. However, the former gives the full name of the authority for every recipe, so we can still say that it belongs Fig. In those cases were the original sources A number of the authors have still to be identified. This indicates that a coherent and recognizable kind of knowledge was circulating under the pseudo-authorship of Alexander the Great.

For instance, by working only on M-Marsh. Moreover, with particular regard to pseudo-authorships, one can even define the kind of information that was transmitted under a certain name, giving a coherent description of the formal arrangements, based on authorship, which were involved in the transmission. Even more promising is the possibility of using explicit attributions in a text like that of Ibn Zuhr to identify the material structure of compendia in which the quotations from ancient sources remain implicit.

Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Analecta Orientalia, Lucia Raggetti Free University Berlin. Faisal Reza, whom I did not know, with the subject line enquiry on kufi c manuscripts. Reza wrote to me: I have your contact details from islamicmanuscripts. I am about to purchase antique kufic manuscripts in ebay. Many thanks for your attention. Best regards Faisal Reza Ever since , when I started my website on Islamic manuscripts, I have been receiving both serious and less serious messages concerning Islamic manuscripts, both from scholars of standing and ordinary truth-seekers.

I answer all incoming messages to the best of my knowledge. So the next day I wrote to Mr. Reza that maybe he should fi rst acquire some basic knowledge about the things he collects, and that I personally would never even consider to purchase any of the two leaves offered for sale.

Later I gave Mr. Reza a suggestion for further reading, and that was the correspondence between Mr. Reza and myself at the time. I now know that he eventually refrained from purchasing the Kufi c fragments, but for aesthetical reasons only. That the ebay pieces of were modern counterfeits had not played a role in his decision, and he may not even have been aware of it. My Islamic manuscripts site has the purpose to increase knowledge, not monetary value. I do not use my expertise to give investment advices, and therefore I usually remain at a distance.

I could have closed the matter at that, but my curiosity made me once more click on the fi rst link Mr.

Reza had sent me. The ebay article description read: Reza while preparing the present article. A very nice old vellum leaf of a manuscript Koran. It is written in Kufic script, one of the earliest scripts in Arabic, 10 lines to a page. The leaf begins in the middle of Verse 96, Chapter 2 and ends at the middle of Verse of the same chapter.

The text is without dots as is the case in almost all early Korans. The red dots, here, represent the diacritical marks, such as vowels, hamzas, etc. Minor smudges, otherwise in excellent condition. A truly handsome piece. Of course, the vendor, a certain Mr. Balwan, 2 had added an image of the fragment fi g. Within seconds it occurred to me that these pieces were falsifi cations, clumsy ones even, but I felt I would need more articulate proof of that, rather than to jump to conclusions on the basis of a single hunch or a fi rst impression.

EBay s customer guarantees only go as far that the description of the object sold must exactly fi t the object itself. In the description above no date or age are mentioned and for the rest the description is plain and factual. The only misleading element is the word Kufi c, but that term has now, in modern scholarship, been abandoned, so its use is free.

That the fragment in question is a truly handsome piece is a matter of taste, and in matters of taste, there can be no disputes. The reference to Martin Ling s work is suggestive and misleading. I also wished to know more about my correspondent, and that was not diffi cult. A short search online makes clear that Mr. Reza is an Indonesian national, who works for Statoil ASA, an international energy company present in more than thirty countries around the world. He has several interesting albums on the internet in which he shows images of objects in his collections.

I have not been in contact with him. Detail of one of the Kufi fragments offered for sale on ebay in spring The Ethiopic textus inferior is clearly visible between the lines. Reza has both a broad interest and an eclectic taste. It also shows that he is sufficiently affluent to acquire collectibles from dealers and from the larger auction houses in Europe and North America.

That he shares images of these on the internet is an example that should be followed more often. The fragments that were offered for sale on ebay in April are not anymore on display and must have been sold, or withdrawn. That was bound to happen, so at the time I had taken the precaution to download and save these, and a few more, from Mr. They are not of a high resolution, but it was suffi cient to enable me to solve the problem of the curious Kufi c, since underneath the Kufi c text of one of the fragments, an image of which I had seen in , another script was vaguely visible: Ethiopian script fi g.

A counterfeiter of Kufi c fragments has two main problems: Ethiopian manuscripts, which till recently were written, usually on parchment, often have a double feuille de garde, a separate bifolium on either end of the quires. It is not a fl yleaf in the sense that it must connect the text block to the boards, as that is done differently in Ethiopian manuscripts. Usually these bifolia are blank. Sometimes they contain notes that are not necessarily relevant or connected to the text in the volume. Such bifolia are the ideal material from which Kufi fragments, as the ones that were offered for sale in , could be made.

Removing such 1, The forty-four images show a great variety of objects, including Islamic manuscripts, western collectibles, Islamic inscriptions, some more bric-a-brac, and a few Orientalist paintings. The provenance is usually indicated. Reza has also included several interesting photographs apparently made by himself in different parts of the world. I searched a bit more in Mr. Balwan s site, and there I also found an Ethiopian manuscript on parchment of exactly twice the size as the Kufi c fragments that he offered for sale.

It could have been the source of the parchment supply for the fragments. Ethiopian manuscripts on parchment of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are abundantly available. The parchment on which they are written often gives them a quasi-antique patina. It is the obvious material to write Kufi c script on. With any sort of C test they would immediately be found out, but with the reasonable price asked by Mr.

Balwan it is unlikely that a prospective buyer would go to that length of verifi cation. That the textus inferior is younger that the textus superior is only a minor detail which will not disturb the pious collector. This simple discovery of the way in which these ebay Kufi c fragments had been produced at fi rst made me reluctant in further contacting Mr.

At the time I did not know a thing about this correspondent and it was possible that he himself was the counterfeiter and that he was now testing his products against my expertise.

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The internet is a strange place, and one needs only to be mildly paranoiac to entertain such thoughts. If only the counterfeiter had been more thorough in brushing the text off the parchment, fi nding out how he had operated would not have been so easy. As of June 13, , there were three Kufi c fragments for sale in Mr. Balwan s ebay shop. One is evidently by the same maker as the fragment of fi g. The Kufi fragment that was for sale from Mr.

It is in the same hand as the fragment shown in fi g. Here as well the Ethiopian textus inferior is clearly visible. The other two are shown in less clear photographs, but they are apparently produced in a somewhat more credible way with more sophisticated results. There is no shimmering through of other script anymore. One of these new fragments shows traces of a blind ruling for a text in columns, but they do not seem to be palimpsests.

The script of the Balwan fragments presently for sale remains lousily unconvincing. They are written by one or more craftsmen, who probably are all still alive and kicking. If so, they better take some vocational training in Kufi c writing, if they wish to continue living by the pen. Call for applications 4 14 September , Cape Town In the framework of the research program Zukunftsphilologie: Library Reference Office Phone: How Do Catholics Read the Bible?

People often joke that Catholics don t read the Bible. Or people say that Catholics don t know where to find anything. Children were seen as savage. It explores a full spectrum of man-made visual forms encountered by contemporary. Contact, conflict and conquest often result in cultural diffusion Big Idea Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread and trade. After a successful career. Anderson In seeking translations for publication, the aim of the Trinitarian Bible Society is to produce or select versions of the.

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Overview of admission requirements for the master s degree programs of the Faculty of Arts Subjects Studies amounting to 78 credits Studies amounting to 42 credits Egyptology and Coptic Studies General.

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Focus on Essay Writing Essay writing is a process and a product. You need to focus on the process in order to achieve a high quality product. What is an essay? The word essay originally meant to test or. The Warburg Institute is one of Europe s great interdisciplinary cultural institutions. Its unique resources and leading academics. We should take every opportunity to tell others about Jesus. The theme from last week continues this week. Michael-Albertville High School Teacher: Explain how the first 1.

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Introduction Rings, motto and flame Transmitting the values of Olympism through symbols: The Four Gospels summary. To prove that Jesus is the Messiah anointed one,. International Bible Lessons Commentary Hebrews 1: Start display at page:. Giles Casey 1 years ago Views: Or people say that Catholics don t know where to find anything More information.

Children and Mass Media in the Arab World: A Need for More Media Education: Children were seen as savage More information. It explores a full spectrum of man-made visual forms encountered by contemporary More information. Contact, conflict and conquest often result in cultural diffusion Big Idea Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread and trade More information. After a successful career More information. A Brief Look at the Textus Receptus. Anderson In seeking translations for publication, the aim of the Trinitarian Bible Society is to produce or select versions of the More information.

Locate your pericope both within the immediate context of the basic division of the book and the overall structural units More information. Advent Year 3 Unit 2B: To think More information. Gospel of Luke ST. Who is More information. I can recognize the world religion of Islam and its origins, practices, and groups I can understand the religion in order to consider More information. Record information about the topics listed in the Cumulative Review or your More information. What is it known More information. European Kingdoms and Feudalism. Germanic states emerged in the former Western Roman Empire and created a new European civilization.

FAQs about the M. A Visual History of Discoveries and Encounters. The Gospel of John. The Good Shepherd Jesus contentious debate with the Pharisees in the Temple over the healing of the blind man brings to light what He More information. A review of Jesus life what we learned about him in the previous eleven messages Title: Exploring the Synoptic Gospels: Use it as a final More information. Some notes on note-taking.

Preparing an exegesis Study Guides Contents 1. Writing a primary document More information.

Many people have been e- mailing me in the past 24 hours More information. Guidelines for History Research Essays Guidelines for History Research Essays These guidelines are intended to aid students in the preparation of the final draft of an essay and, as such, they are not a complete manual on style. For more detailed More information. The practice of integral mission More information. In Chapter 37, you learned how the emperor Introduction In Chapter 37, you learned how the emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to the ancient city of Byzantium in C.

After Constantine More information. When we think of Columbus first sighting land, after his trans-atlantic voyage, in Champlain s Voyages When we think of Columbus first sighting land, after his trans-atlantic voyage, in or Henry Hudson sailing up the Hudson River in , we picture these men at the helm of their More information. John Cortright Seek Yahweh: If such manuscripts did exist, we would have tremendous enlightenment regarding More information. When have you felt captivated by a rescue mission? Many of us dread More information. The , More information.

Work in this unit will enable children to explore aspects of, Christianity and Islam and to discover what is expected More information. Paper and page limit More information. Gracious God, take our minds and think through them; take our hands and work through them; take our hearts and set them on fire. How to Write a Research Proposal http: It is essential, also for their subsequent More information.

The word More information. What do you ask of God s Church??? We are not born a Christian, we More information. Art History is a specialized branch of historical inquiry that concerns itself with the study of material culture, specifically painting, sculpture, architecture, urbanism, and the More information. Jesus perfect righteousness becomes ours only through faith More information.

Summary of the proposed course TRAD God placed More information. It is possible to have knowledge of the Bible and still not be a fruitful More information. Are you currently praying More information. Annae Comnenae Alexias Foteini Kolovou. Nicetae Choniatae Historia Ioannes A. Anonymi Professoris Epistulae Athanasios Markopoulos.

Pi - Ypsilon Stephanus Von Byzanz. Theodori Studitae Epistulae Georgios Fatouros. Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata diaphora Gunter Prinzing. Ioannis Antiocheni fragmenta quae supersunt omnia Sergei Mariev. Theodori Scutariotae Chronica Raimondo Tocci. Ioannis Malalae Chronographia Ioannes Malalas.

Ioannis Caminiatae de expugnatione Thessalonicae Gertrud Boehlig. Michaelis Choniatae Epistulae Photeine Ch. Christmas posting dates Learn more.

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