El Librito Negro 2013 (Spanish Edition)

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Spear, and Ralph R. Claes, Jeroen, and Luis A. Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey N. Leech, and Mary Hodges.

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Contextualizar el libro relacionando su forma y su contenido con el tiempo y el lugar en el que haya aparecido. Cabeza de Vaca commanded one of these vessels, each of which held 50 men.

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Depleted of food and water, the men followed the coast westward. But when they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River , the powerful current swept them out into the Gulf, where the five rafts were separated by a hurricane. Two crafts with about 40 survivors each, including Cabeza de Vaca, wrecked on or near Galveston Island now part of Texas. Out of the 80 or so survivors, only 15 lived past that winter.

As the number of survivors dwindled rapidly, they were enslaved for a few years by various American Indian tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. Because Cabeza de Vaca survived and prospered from time to time, some scholars argue that he was not enslaved but using a figure of speech. He and other noblemen were accustomed to better living. Their encounters with harsh conditions and weather, and being required to work like native women, must have seemed like slavery. Traveling mostly with this small group, Cabeza de Vaca explored what is now the U.

He traveled on foot through the then-colonized territories of Texas and the coast [ which? He continued through Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya ; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now Sinaloa, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. Throughout those years, Cabeza de Vaca and the other men adapted to the lives of the indigenous people they stayed with, whom he later described as Roots People, the Fish and Blackberry People, or the Fig People, depending on their principal foods.

During his wanderings, passing from tribe to tribe, Cabeza de Vaca later reported that he developed sympathies for the indigenous peoples. He became a trader and a healer, which gave him some freedom to travel among the tribes.

El libro negro de los enigmas históricos (Historia Enigmas) (Spanish Edition)

His group attracted numerous native followers, who regarded them as "children of the sun", endowed with the power to heal and destroy. Many natives were said to accompany the explorers on their journey across what is now known as the American Southwest and northern Mexico. From there he sailed back to Europe in Numerous researchers have tried to trace his route across the Southwest.

As he did not begin writing his chronicle until back in Spain, he had to rely on memory. He did not have the instruments clock and astrolabe to determine his location; he had to rely on dead reckoning , and was uncertain of his route. Aware that his recollection has numerous errors in chronology and geography, historians have worked to put together pieces of the puzzle to discern his paths.

The colony comprised parts of what is now Argentina , Paraguay , and Uruguay. Cabeza de Vaca was assigned to find a usable route from this colony to the colony in Peru, on the other side of the Andes Mountains on the Pacific Coast. En route, he disembarked from his fleet at Santa Catarina Island in modern Brazil. Once Irala returned and reported, Cabeza de Vaca planned his own expedition. He hoped to reach Los Reyes a base that Irala set up and push forward into the jungle in search of a route to the gold and silver mines of Peru.

The former explorer was returned to Spain in for trial. Although eventually exonerated, Cabeza de Vaca never returned to South America. He died poor in Seville around the year Cabeza de Vaca and his last three men struggled to survive. In , Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain, where he wrote his narratives of the Narvaez expedition.

These narratives were collected and published in in Spain. Cabeza de Vaca showed compassion and respect for native peoples, which, together with the great detail he recorded, distinguishes his narrative from others of the period. Cabeza de Vaca reported on the customs and ways of American Indian life, aware of his status as an early European explorer. He spent eight years with various peoples, including the Capoque, Han, Avavare, and Arbadao. He describes details of the culture of the Malhado people, the Capoque, and Han American Indians, such as their treatment of offspring, their wedding rites, and their main sources of food.

For many peoples the accounts of Cabeza de Vaca and Hernando de Soto are the only written records of their existence. By the time of the next European contact, many had vanished, presumably from the diseases Cabeza de Vaca and his companions unknowingly exposed them to. One of Cabeza de Vaca's greatest achievements of his journey, was that he played an important role as an ambassador to bring peace throughout the land.

As the party of travellers passed from one tribe to the next, warring tribes would immediately make peace and become friendly, so that the natives could receive the party and give them gifts. Cabeza notes in his personal account of his journey that in this way; "We left the whole country in peace. Cabeza's greatest challenge as an ambassador came when he attempted to bring peace between the conquering Spanish army and the natives.

As Cabeza approached Spanish settlement, he and his companions were very grieved to see the destruction of the native villages and enslavement of the natives. The fertile land lay uncultivated and the natives were nearly starving, hiding in the forest, for fear of the Spanish army. Cabeza then encountered Diego de Alcaraz, commander of a slavery expedition of about 20 horsemen and attempted to negotiate peace between them and the natives.

However, as soon as they departed, Diego went back on his word and plundered Cabeza's entourage of natives that he had sent back home. Not long after this, Cabeza encountered the chief Alcalde Spanish captain of the province named Melchor Diaz. Melchor Diaz ordered Cabeza to bring the natives back from the forests so that they would re-cultivate the land.

Cabeza and Melchor invited the natives to convert to Christianity and the natives did so willingly. Cabeza instructed them to build a large wooden cross in each village, which would cause members of the Spanish army to pass through the village and not attack it. Soon afterward the Diego de Alcaraz expedition returned and explained to Melchor that they were shocked at how, on their return journey, not only did they find the land repopulated, but the natives coming to greet them with crosses in hand and also gave them provisions.

Melchor then ordered Diego that no harm be done to them. The Relation is the only account of many details concerning the indigenous people whom he encountered. In his reflection Cabeza writes to the king of Spain:.

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May God in His infinite mercy grant that in the days of Your Majesty and under your power and sway, these people become willingly and sincerely subjects of the true Lord Who created and redeemed them. We believe they will be, and that Your Majesty is destined to bring it about, as it will not be at all difficult.

Cabeza continued to be a strong advocate for the rights of Native American Indians throughout his lifetime. Cabeza De Vaca identified the following peoples by name in his La Relacion The following list shows his names, together with what scholars suggested in were the likely tribes identified by names used in the 20th century. By that time, tribal identification was also related to more linguistic data.

Possible Coahuiltecan or desert groups:.

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