La dernière marche du Bouddha: Journal de voyage (French Edition)
Contents:
The origins of the National Library of France can be traced back to the collection established in at the Louvre palace by King Charles V. Although the collection already contained some oriental manuscripts, these holdings were not really developed until Louis XIV and his minister Colbert initiated the purchase of scholarly collections, both in France and by French missions to Persia, Ottoman Turkey and eighteenth-century India and China.
Maxime Vivas
Documents will remain accessible throughout. Paul Pelliot reached the Dunhuang oasis on his Central Asian expedition. He was able to investigate cave 17 which, despite the recent visit of the English explorer Aurel Stein, still contained an extraordinary quantity of paintings and manuscripts in Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Sogdian, Uighur, and even Hebrew.
In three weeks, Pelliot viewed between 15, and 20, scrolls and other books, from which he selected all the texts written in languages other than Chinese, as well as many printed documents. Then, in caves and , he uncovered manuscripts and printed material in Chinese, Tibetan, Uighur and Xixia, which he also purchased. Over 6, manuscripts and printed documents and thousands of fragments thereby entered into the collections of the National Library in , while the paintings, works of art, notebooks and photography from the expedition went to the Guimet Museum.
Catalogues of the oriental collections Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Pelliot, etc. In addition, a growing number of digitised manuscripts are accessible through the Gallica database and the illuminated manuscripts can be accessed through the Mandragore database. Thanks to support from the Mellon Foundation, the BnF has been able to digitise the entire collection of manuscripts and printed documents from Dunhuang and to provide online cataloguing and search tools. With European Commission funding, the National Library of France is hosting the French site of IDP , in collaboration with the British Library and the Guimet Museum , with the aim of facilitating access to the documents and objects in the French collections, thereby enabling the wider public and the worldwide research community to discover what is an exceptionally rich collection.
The Guimet Museum was originally conceived as a museum for the religions of Egypt, classical antiquity and Asia.
He offered his collections initially to the city of Lyon and they were transferred to Paris in when the Guimet Museum was established. Philippe Stern, Director of the Guimet from , devoted himself to the scholarly activities of the museum, including the library and especially the photograph archives.
Jeannine Auboyer succeeded him in and further enriched the collections with classical Indian art. An extensive renovation programme, completed in , enabled the Guimet to strengthen its role as a major European centre for knowledge of Asian civilisations. From to the French sinologist Paul Pelliot undertook an important archaeological expedition to Central Asia, accompanied by the medical doctor Louis Vaillant and photographer Charles Nouette.
They followed the route of the northern Silk Road, passing through Kashgar, Kucha, Turfan and Dunhuang further to the east. Objects were recovered by Pelliot from different sites along this route. Vetch, sinologue, et J. They form part of the collection acquired by the sinologist and archaeologist Paul Pelliot during his expedition in Central Asia from to Conservators often need to revisit conservation undertaken by their predecessors and consider new treatments.
This might be for reasons of preservation, of text legibility or aesthetic reasons, but also, as in the two examples discussed here, when twentieth-century conservation has compromised the document and concealed its archaeological value. The two manuscripts under discussion were chosen for their two different codex forms, butterfly and whirlwind. Both are manuals with texts that would have been regularly consulted: Pelliot Chinois P. The damaged and fragmentary leaves of both manuscripts, the numerous contemporary repairs on P.
Booklets that were easier to handle than scrolls seem to have been preferred for this kind of text. Images taken before and after restoration of P. It is likely that the texts were composed between and , and it is estimated that this copy was written between and 2. The manuscript was originally a scroll that was cut into fifteen bifolios and mounted on guards and so made into a booklet with butterfly binding. The manuscript is on very even, buff mulberry paper. Before assembly, each of the folded leaves was mounted on a paper strip folded in two, called a guard, and pasted to each bifolio at the blank edge so that about a centimetre of the guard was left protruding.
The mounting was necessary to make the text visible when the leaves were assembled and stitched. We can therefore conjecture that the mounting was added between and the occupation of this region by the Tibetans , during which time such texts were probably not used 5.
It is certainly an early, and possibly the first, example of butterfly binding. The folded sheets were stacked, forming a block by pasting together all the guards. This block of guards was placed between the two halves of a small branch of tamarisk 6 , 10mm in diameter and mm long, covered in a red-brown glossy substance that is now very cracked, and is not lacquer, despite its appearance 7. The guards were stitched to it using hemp thread. An old repair could be seen 8. The document shows evidence of contemporary conservation using paper recycled from old manuscripts with the original text side pasted to the recto of the folio.
They are made of homo-geneous mulberry paper, thicker than that of the document. They were preserved separately. Also, all the folios were strengthened on their blank sides, and gaps were filled with fine paper, assuming a uniform folio size, that of the longest preserved.
Then a second lining of silk gauze was placed on both faces of the bifolios, concealing the text and significantly increasing the thickness of the document from the roller. It bears the date on the recto of the fourth folio. It is composed of six folios damaged on their left side and mounted on guards and pasted onto a roller on their right, in a kind of whirlwind booklet.
The roller is made of tamarisk see note 5. The guards are used as a margin allowing the folios to be pasted to the roller without concealing characters. Judging from the traces of glue on the two folios without guards, it seems likely that all the folios originally had guards. In the note made before the previous restoration, it is described as a whirlwind booklet without any other detail.
The folios are made of fairly rough textile fibre paper 9 with sixteen to seventeen laid lines per 4cm corresponding to the date recorded on the fourth folio Some thickness and opacity along one centimetre of the upper side of each folio must be related to its original formation. The folios have text on one side only, which is written inside squares drawn with thick red ink A few guards were cut out in this squared paper. The shape of the lines suggests that they were traced using a tool such as string that would have created lines of a distinctive shape.
Bookmarks, now damaged, have been stuck to the top of each sheet; the sixth bearing the title of the manuscript. The back side of the fourth and fifth folios is used as the recto. A piece from another manuscript is partly attached by glue to the final folio and traces of glue on this suggest that there was originally another piece of paper used to make a cover, as seen on other booklets.
The mounting, which is not very neat, does not seem to have been done in one sitting, but was modified in several stages. The unusual organization of the folios can be attributed to these modifications. Past repairs, similar to P. But in this instance, the folios mounted on guards were separated from the roller and from one another and then pasted back onto the roller.
In , the whole object was backed with modern paper. This survey has shown that previous curators and conservators attempted to preserve rare texts by consolidating and fixing all fragments that could potentially be lost. They did not however consider the impact of their interventions on the original document. We now consider these interventions as excessive due to the stress they exerted on the original document, and thus need to consider new treatments.
Initial treatment consisted of removing the linings added in and from the two manuscripts to allow the folios to be flattened and recover flexibility, making the text more legible. We hoped to return the manuscripts to the state in which they originally entered the collections of the BnF.
In particular, we decided to preserve the original binding of P. Neither did we try to restore the folio length of these two documents, which cannot be known with accuracy. We strengthened the paper where it was weak, split or damaged, as handling was impossible or dangerous for the integrity of the texts. Pieces of paper containing text that had been added to P. We did however leave contemporary conservation paper discovered in the process of reversing twentieth-century treatments.
The reversing of modern treatments has allowed us to rediscover seals and original conservation treatments that were left in situ under the modern linings as they were thought to contain no text, and so not worth removing at the time. This small piece of paper, together with three others, also bears a fragment of an unidentifiable seal and was attached to the manuscript with only a few drops of paste.
These pieces came unstuck during our treatment and will be remounted on guards at their exact original position so that the fragments of text and seal will still be visible. Also, a fragment classified as Pelliot Chinois 2 was found to be a missing part of the last folio of P. After the folios of P. Both manuscripts were cleaned of dust using a soft flexible goat hair brush.
After checking colour stability, the modern linings were removed through gentle, progressive moistening, placing the folios one by one between two layers of Goretex cloth covered with blotters moistened with water. On account of strongly adhesive paste, we prolonged the moistening with a steam jet from an ultrasonic humidifier. In the case of P. The document was put on a pressboard protected from moisture with greaseproof paper, placed half-open to avoid any stress on the stitches, its roller fixed against the pressboard. The same process was followed during conservation. Booklets that were easier to handle than scrolls seem to have been preferred for this kind of text.
Images taken before and after restoration of P. It is likely that the texts were composed between and , and it is estimated that this copy was written between and 2. The manuscript was originally a scroll that was cut into fifteen bifolios and mounted on guards and so made into a booklet with butterfly binding. The manuscript is on very even, buff mulberry paper. Before assembly, each of the folded leaves was mounted on a paper strip folded in two, called a guard, and pasted to each bifolio at the blank edge so that about a centimetre of the guard was left protruding.
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The mounting was necessary to make the text visible when the leaves were assembled and stitched. We can therefore conjecture that the mounting was added between and the occupation of this region by the Tibetans , during which time such texts were probably not used 5. It is certainly an early, and possibly the first, example of butterfly binding. The folded sheets were stacked, forming a block by pasting together all the guards. This block of guards was placed between the two halves of a small branch of tamarisk 6 , 10mm in diameter and mm long, covered in a red-brown glossy substance that is now very cracked, and is not lacquer, despite its appearance 7.
The guards were stitched to it using hemp thread. An old repair could be seen 8. The document shows evidence of contemporary conservation using paper recycled from old manuscripts with the original text side pasted to the recto of the folio. They are made of homo-geneous mulberry paper, thicker than that of the document, and in ten pieces were removed to enable their text to be read. They were preserved separately. Also, all the folios were strengthened on their blank sides, and gaps were filled with fine paper, assuming a uniform folio size, that of the longest preserved.
Then a second lining of silk gauze was placed on both faces of the bifolios, concealing the text and significantly increasing the thickness of the document from the roller.
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It bears the date on the recto of the fourth folio. It is composed of six folios damaged on their left side and mounted on guards and pasted onto a roller on their right, in a kind of whirlwind booklet. The roller is made of tamarisk see note 5. The guards are used as a margin allowing the folios to be pasted to the roller without concealing characters.
Judging from the traces of glue on the two folios without guards, it seems likely that all the folios originally had guards. In the note made before the previous restoration, it is described as a whirlwind booklet without any other detail. The folios are made of fairly rough textile fibre paper 9 with sixteen to seventeen laid lines per 4cm corresponding to the date recorded on the fourth folio Some thickness and opacity along one centimetre of the upper side of each folio must be related to its original formation. The folios have text on one side only, which is written inside squares drawn with thick red ink A few guards were cut out in this squared paper.
The shape of the lines suggests that they were traced using a tool such as string that would have created lines of a distinctive shape. Bookmarks, now damaged, have been stuck to the top of each sheet; the sixth bearing the title of the manuscript. The back side of the fourth and fifth folios is used as the recto. A piece from another manuscript is partly attached by glue to the final folio and traces of glue on this suggest that there was originally another piece of paper used to make a cover, as seen on other booklets.
The mounting, which is not very neat, does not seem to have been done in one sitting, but was modified in several stages. The unusual organization of the folios can be attributed to these modifications. Past repairs, similar to P. But in this instance, the folios mounted on guards were separated from the roller and from one another and then pasted back onto the roller. In , the whole object was backed with modern paper. This survey has shown that previous curators and conservators attempted to preserve rare texts by consolidating and fixing all fragments that could potentially be lost.
They did not however consider the impact of their interventions on the original document. We now consider these interventions as excessive due to the stress they exerted on the original document, and thus need to consider new treatments. Initial treatment consisted of removing the linings added in and from the two manuscripts to allow the folios to be flattened and recover flexibility, making the text more legible.
We hoped to return the manuscripts to the state in which they originally entered the collections of the BnF. In particular, we decided to preserve the original binding of P. Neither did we try to restore the folio length of these two documents, which cannot be known with accuracy. We strengthened the paper where it was weak, split or damaged, as handling was impossible or dangerous for the integrity of the texts. Pieces of paper containing text that had been added to P.
We did however leave contemporary conservation paper discovered in the process of reversing twentieth-century treatments. The reversing of modern treatments has allowed us to rediscover seals and original conservation treatments that were left in situ under the modern linings as they were thought to contain no text, and so not worth removing at the time.
This small piece of paper, together with three others, also bears a fragment of an unidentifiable seal and was attached to the manuscript with only a few drops of paste. These pieces came unstuck during our treatment and will be remounted on guards at their exact original position so that the fragments of text and seal will still be visible. Also, a fragment classified as Pelliot Chinois 2 was found to be a missing part of the last folio of P.
After the folios of P. Both manuscripts were cleaned of dust using a soft flexible goat hair brush. After checking colour stability, the modern linings were removed through gentle, progressive moistening, placing the folios one by one between two layers of Goretex cloth covered with blotters moistened with water. On account of strongly adhesive paste, we prolonged the moistening with a steam jet from an ultrasonic humidifier. In the case of P. The document was put on a pressboard protected from moisture with greaseproof paper, placed half-open to avoid any stress on the stitches, its roller fixed against the pressboard.
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The same process was followed during conservation. For both manuscripts, after removing the silk gauze on the recto, the paper fragments were stabilised with strips of 9g Japanese paper.
After a period of drying, necessary due to the fragility of some folios, the same process was undertaken on the verso to remove both silk gauze and paper linings from previous modern treatments. The removal was a slow process, although the lining paper separated completely from the folios, paper fragments and the paste. The composition of the original paste is still unknown 12 but it did not mix with the paste from modern treatment. As it is very old, it has formed a film that did not disappear during lining. The paste from modern restoration was removed from the surface of the paper with a narrow, soft flexible flat brush.
At that stage, we positioned the fragments. Working from other copies of this text, 13 we repositioned a badly aligned folio, and fragments or characters that could have moved during the previous lining or due to deformation of the folios. After checking the whole text, as well as the shapes of the characters, the fragments were fixed to one another, on the recto, using small 9g Japanese paper strips to conserve the verso of the folio. We restored these documents with 17g and 20g Japanese kozo paper and 15g Chinese paper made of a mixture of straw and long textile paper fibres, chosen because they do not exert stress on the original paper.
The dye used was acrylic, 15 the pigments of which do not scatter when the dyed paper is dry, even if it is remoistened. A light, wheat starch paste was used in this treatment process; splits and tears were strengthened with narrow strips of Chinese paper; gaps were filled with Japanese paper in two or three layers corresponding to the thickness of the original folio. This was done on P. Both manuscripts were treated where their form and the weakness of the paper might cause more tears.
Paper fragments bearing characters, as described previously, were mounted on guards in their original position to allow consultation. The paper of P. The folios will always retain some of the pasting from absorption when the linings were added. The mounting around the guards is still hard as it would always have been due to the original layers of paste.
9 juil. A deux heures de marche de son pauvre village natal, Ram Bahadur Bomjan s' est installé au pied d'un banian, le figuier géant de la péninsule. Dans certains cas, la pratique et l'étude du bouddhisme peuvent aller de pair et l'émergence d'un «marché global des biens du salut» où le bouddhisme et ses . La première vérité est donc celle du caractère éphémère et inconsistant du .. le jour en France (Les amis du Bouddhisme – éditeur de la revue La Pensée.
Specially designed boxes were required to house these fragile documents to store them flat. The document relies completely on a rigid and folder-shaped support, with a linen guard, so that the document can be taken out of the box without being handled. The roller is stored with the manuscript.
The texts will be digitized together with the individual text fragments rediscovered on backing paper. Their digitization will contribute to their preservation by reducing handling, and a conservation record will fully document these interventions. These treatments have again shown the importance of undertaking a meticulous survey of objects to be conserved, including an analysis by specialists of their constituent materials.
This enabled us to prioritise treatments for the long-term preservation of the objects, as well as to enhance those characteristics which allow us to understand their constitution and study their history. Professor Luo Huaqing from the Dunhuang Academy.
They form part of the collection acquired by the sinologist and archaeologist Paul Pelliot during his expedition in Central Asia from to These treatments have again shown the importance of undertaking a meticulous survey of objects to be conserved, including an analysis by specialists of their constituent materials. The document shows evidence of contemporary conservation using paper recycled from old manuscripts with the original text side pasted to the recto of the folio. For both manuscripts, after removing the silk gauze on the recto, the paper fragments were stabilised with strips of 9g Japanese paper. For more information see:
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