Planet Out of the Past
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In the upper atmosphere, sunlight would have broken the water vapor into oxygen and hydrogen, which then fled into space. Without water to weaken the crust so it could break up, there could be no plate tectonics as we know it. Venus would have become hotter and hotter as water vapor and carbon dioxide built up in its atmosphere. These features resemble mountains and plains of cooled lava created here on Earth when pieces of crust were jostled about by the sluggish churning of the mantle beneath them, scientists reported in December at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans.
Out of the Past is a film noir directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Robert Mitchum, Jane Greer, and Kirk Douglas. The film was adapted by Daniel. James Lincoln Collier. PLANET OUT OF THE PAST JAMES LINCOLN COLLIER PLANET OUT OF THE PAST Copyright © by James.
We have little record of how plate tectonics kicked off billions of years ago on Earth, so the more recent activity on Venus might offer a few clues, Smrekar says. Our sister planet can help us understand present-day Earth as well, she says. Back in the s, Venus proved key to our discovery that chlorofluorocarbons—chemicals used in hairspray, air conditioners, and other products— were a threat to the ozone layer. While creating computer models for the atmosphere of Venus, researchers at Harvard and MIT found that chlorine is really good at breaking apart oxygen compounds like ozone.
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Before long, another group at the University of California, Irvine, had realized that the extra chlorine we were pumping into our atmosphere might be doing the same thing on Earth. Venus also offers a preview of our future. Over time, stars increase in luminosity.
This means that the planets in their orbit will be bathed in more solar energy. For a planet with liquid water and an Earth-like atmosphere, that means a one-way ticket to Venusville. Instead, we realize that two worlds that look the same from a distance can in fact be the Jekyll and Hyde of rocky planets. Those pictures revealed another challenge: Perhaps because the planet lacks plate tectonics, heat periodically builds up underneath the crust until the surface is melted.
This means that funding is harder to secure for Venus than for the Red Planet. The agency did not select either to advance in its New Frontiers program , but Smrekar, Glaze, and their colleagues are undeterred. VICI would have fired a laser into these rocks to vaporize a tiny bit of material, then measured the minerals present in both the plasma it had created and in un-vaporized rock.
During its sojourn, the spacecraft would also have measured gases like krypton and xenon. She and her colleagues have built a full-scale prototype lander and tested its landing abilities here on Earth. The vessel is about 14 feet across and has a squat shape stabilizers that resemble spider legs to make it harder to tip over. By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy.
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Simply put, a spinning cloud of gas and dust called the protosolar nebula collapsed under its own gravity and formed the sun and planets. As the cloud collapsed, conservation of angular momentum meant the soon-to-be-sun should have spun faster and faster. But, while the sun contains Astronomers asked themselves why the sun rotates so slowly.
The young sun would have had a very strong magnetic field, whose lines of force reached out into the disk of swirling gas from which the planets would form. These field lines connected with the charged particles in the gas, and acted like anchors, slowing down the spin of the forming sun and spinning up the gas that would eventually turn into the planets. Most stars like the sun rotate slowly, so astronomers inferred that the same "magnetic braking" occurred for them, meaning that planet formation must have occurred for them.
Kepler, TESS and other observatories
Planets must be common around sun-like stars. The first confirmed discovery of a world orbiting a sun-like star, in , was 51 Pegasi b — a Jupiter-mass planet 20 times closer to its sun than we are to ours.
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That was a surprise. But another oddity popped up seven years earlier that hinted at the wealth of exoplanets to come. A Canadian team discovered a Jupiter-size planet around Gamma Cephei in , but because its orbit was much smaller than Jupiter's, the scientists did not claim a definitive planet detection. It was different enough from a planet in our own solar system that they were cautious," Matthews said. Most of the first exoplanet discoveries were huge Jupiter-size or larger gas giants orbiting close to their parent stars.
That's because astronomers were relying on the radial velocity technique, which measures how much a star "wobbles" when a planet or planets orbit it. These large planets close in produce a correspondingly big effect on their parent star, causing an easier-to-detect wobble. Before the era of exoplanet discoveries, instruments could only measure stellar motions down to a kilometer per second, too imprecise to detect a wobble due to a planet. Now, some instruments can measure velocities as low as a centimeter per second, according to Matthews.
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Kepler launched in on a prime mission to observe a region in the Cygnus constellation. Kepler performed that mission for four years — double its initial mission lifetime — until most of its reaction wheels pointing devices failed. NASA then put Kepler on a new mission called K2, in which Kepler uses the pressure of the solar wind to maintain position in space. The observatory periodically switches its field of view to avoid the sun's glare.
Kepler's pace of planetary discovery slowed after switching to K2, but it is still found hundreds of exoplanets using the new method. Its latest data release, in February , contained 95 new planets. Kepler has revealed a cornucopia of different types of planets.
Exoplanets: Worlds Beyond Our Solar System
Besides gas giants and terrestrial planets , it has helped define a whole new class known as " super-Earths ": Some of these are in the habitable zones of their stars, but astrobiologists are going back to the drawing board to consider how life might develop on such worlds. Kepler's observations showed that super-Earths are abundant in our universe.
Oddly, our solar system doesn't appear to contain a planet of that size, although some believe a large planet nicknamed " Planet Nine " may be lurking in the outer reaches of the solar system. Kepler's primary method of searching for planets is the "transit" method.
Kepler monitors a star's light.
If the light dims at regular and predictable intervals, that suggests a planet is passing across the face of the star. In , Kepler astronomers including Matthews' former student Jason Rowe unveiled a new "verification by multiplicity" method that increased the rate at which astronomers promote candidate planets to confirmed planets.