Growing a Healthy Family Ecology Principles to Consider

Principles of Organic Agriculture

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Second, it is necessary to focus on the needs of individual families and to tailor interventions to achieve desired outcomes. The importance of personalized approaches is widely acknowledged in medicine, education, and other areas. An observation perhaps best illustrated in the section on parents of children with developmental disabilities in Chapter 5 , although the committee believes this approach applies to many of the programs described in this report.

Fire ecology

A corresponding core principle of intervention is viewing parents as equal partners, experts in what both they and their children need. It is important as well that multiple kinds of services for families be integrated and coordinated. Prevention interventions encompass mental health promotion: Treatment interventions include case identification, standard treatment for known disorders, accordance of long-term treatment with the goal of reduction in relapse or occurrence, and aftercare and rehabilitation National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, The committee recognizes that engaging and retaining children and families in parenting interventions are critical challenges.

A key to promoting such engagement may be cultural relevance. Finally, the question of widespread implementation and dissemination of parenting interventions is critically important. Given the cost of testing evidence-based parenting programs, the development of additional programs needs to be built on the work that has been done before. Collectively, interventions also are more likely to achieve a significant level of impact if they incorporate some of the elements of prior interventions.

In any case, a focus on the principles of implementation and dissemination clearly is needed. As is discussed in this report, the committee calls for more study and experience with respect to taking programs to scale. This report is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 2 examines desired outcomes for children and reviews the existing research on parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices that support positive parent-child interactions and child outcomes. Based on the available research, this chapter identifies a set of core knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of some of the major federally funded programs and policies that support parents in the United States.

Chapters 4 and 5 describe evidence-based and evidence-informed strategies for supporting parents and enabling the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices, including universal and widely used interventions Chapter 4 and interventions targeted to parents of children with special needs and parents who themselves face adversities. Chapter 7 describes a national framework for supporting parents of young children. Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41 1 , Journal of Marriage and Family, 61 2 , Stepping Up for Kids: The State of Preschool Changing Rhythms of American Family Life: Characteristics of screen media use associated with higher BMI in young adolescents.

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Perspectives on parenting in a digital age. Mexican Roots, American Schools: Helping Mexican Immigrant Children Succeed. Constructing the Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History of Psychotherapy. Income and Poverty in the United States: Parents and Social Media: Parents and Social Media.

Laudato si' (24 May ) | Francis

Reducing poverty through preschool interventions. The Future of Children, 17 2 , Replication and robustness in developmental research. Developmental Psychology, 50 11 , Family-centered practices in early intervention.

A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41 , Journal of Psychological Research on Cyberspace, 7 , 2. Coresident Grandparents and Their Grandchildren: This is your brain on violent video games: Neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure.

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Contexts, families, and child development in motion. Developmental Psychology, 46 3 , Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16 2 , Parenting in a Media-Saturated World. The social competence of Latino kindergartners and growth in mathematical understanding. LGB Families and Relationships: Analyses of the National Health Interview Survey. Patterns of child care subsidy receipt and the stability of child care. Children and Youth Services Review, 34 9 , Poverty, paternal involvement, and adolescent well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 17 5 , Journal of Economic Literature, 42 4 , Children in immigrant families: Society for Research in Child Development , 22 3 , Measuring social disparities via the CWI: Race-ethnicity, income, and immigrant status.

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Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Toward a science for and of the people: Promoting civil society through the application of developmental science. Strengths and weakness of neuroscientific investigations of childhood poverty: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9 53 , Growing Number of Dads Home with the Kids.

A Tale of Two Fathers: Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24 3 , Effect size, practical importance, and social policy for children. Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 7 3 , Comparing rating paradigms for evidence-based program registers in behavioral health: Evidentiary criteria and implications for assessing programs.

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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Internet Use Over Time. By driving novel chemical reactions at high temperatures, fire can even alter the texture and structure of soils by affecting the clay content and the soil's porosity. Removal of vegetation following a fire can cause several effects on the soil, such as increasing the temperatures of the soil during the day due to increased solar radiation on the soil surface, and greater cooling due to loss of radiative heat at night.

Fewer leaves to intercept rain will also cause more rain to reach the soil surface, and with fewer plants to absorb the water, the amount of water content in the soils might increase. However, it might be seen that ash can be water repellent when dry, and therefore water content and availability might not actually increase.

Plants have evolved many adaptations to cope with fire. Of these adaptations, one of the best-known is likely pyriscence , where maturation and release of seeds is triggered, in whole or in part, by fire or smoke; this behaviour is often erroneously called serotiny , although this term truly denotes the much broader category of seed release activated by any stimulus.

All pyriscent plants are serotinous, but not all serotinous plants are pyriscent some are necriscent, hygriscent, xeriscent, soliscent, or some combination thereof. On the other hand, germination of seed activated by trigger is not to be confused with pyriscence; it is known as physiological dormancy. In chaparral communities in Southern California , for example, some plants have leaves coated in flammable oils that encourage an intense fire. Other plants have smoke-activated seeds, or fire-activated buds. The cones of the Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta are, conversely, pyriscent: Fire-intolerant plant species tend to be highly flammable and are destroyed completely by fire.

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Some of these plants and their seeds may simply fade from the community after a fire and not return; others have adapted to ensure that their offspring survives into the next generation. Fire-tolerant species are able to withstand a degree of burning and continue growing despite damage from fire. These plants are sometimes referred to as " resprouters. Fire-resistant plants suffer little damage during a characteristic fire regime. These include large trees whose flammable parts are high above surface fires.

Mature ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa is an example of a tree species that suffers virtually no crown damage under a naturally mild fire regime, because it sheds its lower, vulnerable branches as it matures. Like plants, animals display a range of abilities to cope with fire, but they differ from most plants in that they must avoid the actual fire to survive. Although birds are vulnerable when nesting, they are generally able to escape a fire; indeed they often profit from being able to take prey fleeing from a fire and to recolonize burned areas quickly afterwards.

Some anthropological and ethno-ornithological evidence suggests that certain species of fire-foraging raptors may engage in intentional fire propagation to flush out prey. Amphibians and reptiles may avoid flames by burrowing into the ground or using the burrows of other animals. Amphibians in particular are able to take refuge in water or very wet mud. A low fire intensity, a quick passing of the flames and a dry soil will also help. An increase in available nutrients after the fire has passed may result in larger microbial communities than before the fire.

Fire behavior is different in every ecosystem and the organisms in those ecosystems have adapted accordingly. One sweeping generality is that in all ecosystems, fire creates a mosaic of different habitat patches, with areas ranging from those having just been burned to those that have been untouched by fire for many years. This is a form of ecological succession in which a freshly burned site will progress through continuous and directional phases of colonization following the destruction caused by the fire.

After a fire, the first species to re-colonize will be those with seeds are already present in the soil, or those with seeds are able to travel into the burned area quickly. These are generally fast-growing herbaceous plants that require light and are intolerant of shading. As time passes, more slowly growing, shade-tolerant woody species will suppress some of the herbaceous plants. Hence, many conifer forests are themselves dependent upon recurring fire. Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting different stages in this process of succession, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape.

Soil characteristics will be a factor in determining the specific nature of a fire-adapted ecosystem, as will climate and topography. Mild to moderate fires burn in the forest understory , removing small trees and herbaceous groundcover. High-severity fires will burn into the crowns of the trees and kill most of the dominant vegetation. Crown fires may require support from ground fuels to maintain the fire in the forest canopy passive crown fires , or the fire may burn in the canopy independently of any ground fuel support an active crown fire.

High-severity fire creates complex early seral forest habitat, or snag forest with high levels of biodiversity. When a forest burns frequently and thus has less plant litter build-up, below-ground soil temperatures rise only slightly and will not be lethal to roots that lie deep in the soil.

Natural fire regimes are important in maintaining a diverse assemblage of vertebrate species in up to twelve different forest types in British Columbia. The characteristics of the initial fire, such as its size and intensity, cause the habitat to evolve differentially afterwards and influence how vertebrate species are able to use the burned areas. Shrub fires typically concentrate in the canopy and spread continuously if the shrubs are close enough together.

Shrublands are typically dry and are prone to accumulations of highly volatile fuels, especially on hillsides. Fires will follow the path of least moisture and the greatest amount of dead fuel material. Surface and below-ground soil temperatures during a burn are generally higher than those of forest fires because the centers of combustion lie closer to the ground, although this can vary greatly. California shrubland, commonly known as chaparral , is a widespread plant community of low growing species, typically on arid sloping areas of the California Coast Ranges or western foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

There are a number of common shrubs and tree shrub forms in this association, including salal , toyon , coffeeberry and Western poison oak. Fynbos shrublands occur in a small belt across South Africa. The plant species in this ecosystem are highly diverse, yet the majority of these species are obligate seeders, that is, a fire will cause germination of the seeds and the plants will begin a new life-cycle because of it. These plants may have coevolved into obligate seeders as a response to fire and nutrient-poor soils. Investing a lot of energy in roots to survive the next fire when those roots will be able to extract little extra benefit from the nutrient-poor soil would be less efficient.

It is possible that the rapid generation time that these obligate seeders display has led to more rapid evolution and speciation in this ecosystem, resulting in its highly diverse plant community. Grasslands burn more readily than forest and shrub ecosystems, with the fire moving through the stems and leaves of herbaceous plants and only lightly heating the underlying soil, even in cases of high intensity. In most grassland ecosystems, fire is the primary mode of decomposition , making it crucial in the recycling of nutrients. In this view, in the absence of functional communities of large migratory herds of herbivorous megafauna and attendant predators, overuse of fire to maintain grassland ecosystems may lead to excessive oxidation, loss of carbon, and desertification in susceptible climates.

In the savanna of South Africa , recently burned areas have new growth that provides palatable and nutritious forage compared to older, tougher grasses. This new forage attracts large herbivores from areas of unburned and grazed grassland that has been kept short by constant grazing. On these unburned "lawns", only those plant species adapted to heavy grazing are able to persist; but the distraction provided by the newly burned areas allows grazing-intolerant grasses to grow back into the lawns that have been temporarily abandoned, so allowing these species to persist within that ecosystem.

Much of the southeastern United States was once open longleaf pine forest with a rich understory of grasses, sedges, carnivorous plants and orchids. The above maps shows that these ecosystems coded as pale blue had the highest fire frequency of any habitat, once per decade or less. Without fire, deciduous forest trees invade, and their shade eliminates both the pines and the understory. Some of the typical plants associated with fire include Yellow Pitcher Plant and Rose pogonia.

The abundance and diversity of such plants is closely related to fire frequency. Rare animals such as gopher tortoises and indigo snakes also depend upon these open grasslands and flatwoods. Resources are also available for verifying the life-cycle of products and the producer or vendor level, such as Green Seal for cleaning products, NSF for carpet production, and even labeling of Organic food in the United States.

The cultural dimension of sustainability is known as cultural sustainability. Important in the advancement of this notion have been the United Nations , Unesco , and in particular their Agenda 21 and Agenda 21 for culture now also known as Culture 21 , a program for cultural governance developed in — and coordinated by United Cities and Local Governments UCLG , created in Sustainability is central to underpinning feelings of authenticity in tourism. Feelings of authenticity at a tourist site are thus implicitly linked to sustainable tourism; as the maximisation of existential "felt" authenticity at sites of limited historical provenance increases the likelihood of return visits.

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