Beispiel Wassermanagement - Der Aralsee (German Edition)

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They must deal with Ukraine, and they must cope with the existing sanctions, however much they can endure economic problems. The West has the resources to deal with multiple crises. Russia needs to contain this crisis in Ukraine. The Russians will settle for a degree of autonomy for Russians within parts of eastern Ukraine. How much autonomy, I do not know. They need a significant gesture to protect their interests and to affirm their significance. Their point that regional autonomy exists in many countries is persuasive. But history is about power, and the West is using its power to press Russia hard.

But obviously, nothing is more dangerous than wounding a bear. Killing him is better, but killing Russia has not proved easy. I came away with two senses. One was that Putin was more secure than I thought. In the scheme of things, that does not mean much. Presidents come and go. But it is a reminder that things that would bring down a Western leader may leave a Russian leader untouched.

Second, the Russians do not plan a campaign of aggression. Here I am more troubled — not because they want to invade anyone, but because nations frequently are not aware of what is about to happen, and they might react in ways that will surprise them. That is the most dangerous thing about the situation.

It is not what is intended, which seems genuinely benign. What is dangerous is the action that is unanticipated, both by others and by Russia. At the same time, my general analysis remains intact. Whatever Russia might do elsewhere, Ukraine is of fundamental strategic importance to Russia. Even if the east received a degree of autonomy, Russia would remain deeply concerned about the relationship of the rest of Ukraine to the West. As difficult as this is for Westerners to fathom, Russian history is a tale of buffers.

Buffer states save Russia from Western invaders. Russia wants an arrangement that leaves Ukraine at least neutral. For the United States, any rising power in Eurasia triggers an automatic response born of a century of history. As difficult as it is for Russians to understand, nearly half a century of a Cold War left the United States hypersensitive to the possible re-emergence of Russia. The United States spent the past century blocking the unification of Europe under a single, hostile power. What Russia intends and what America fears are very different things. Russia has trouble understanding particularly American fears.

The fears of both are real and legitimate. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries but of incompatible imperatives. All of the good will in the world — and there is precious little of that — cannot solve the problem of two major countries that are compelled to protect their interests and in doing so must make the other feel threatened. I learned much in my visit. Bisher waren es maximal 2. High quality global journalism requires investment.

Opposition to the project centres on its size and expense, the displacement of up to , people, and concerns it will exacerbate growing shortages of water in the middle of the country. Environmentalists believe large water-transfer projects allow China to avoid adopting more water-saving measures, including pricing reform and better technologies. The water that officially began flowing on Friday coursed through the so-called central route. The Danjiangkou reservoir in Hubei province was expanded so water could flow via canals and tunnels to the North China plain, including Beijing.

Technically, the most difficult part of the project was stabilising the soil to prevent the canal walls from caving in. Engineers visited major US water transfer projects but the American solution of coating the walls with lime caulk turned out only to work on some types of soil. The Chinese team had to sink supports into the ground and inject concrete into the swelling soil in some portions, Mr Shen said. A second challenge was raising the level of the Danjiangkou reservoir, by constructing a second dam to encase the original dam. The two were attached to allow for seasonal expansion and contraction of the concrete.

The eastern route, bringing water from the mouth of the Yangtze River to the northern port city of Tianjin, is already partially in operation. The western route, the most ambitious of the three, would drill through the Tibetan plateau to divert water to the Yellow river, which irrigates most of the north China plain. The talks took place two weeks after Russian president Vladimir Putin said that he was shelving the project , pinning particular blame on Bulgaria. Ahead of the talks with Merkel, Borissov said that he would seek a clear position from the EU on the South Stream issue.

Merkel told Borissov that Germany had good experience with Russia as a reliable partner and had received assurances from Bulgaria that it too was a partner that could be trusted. The German chancellor said that many contracts had been concluded and the most important thing now was to examine very carefully the legal side of the issue, which should be decided in compliance with EU rules. Borissov said that at the European Council in Brussels later this week, Bulgaria would present its idea to build a gas distribution hub in the country.

Borissov said that it was difficult to explain to the Bulgarian people why gas, if it goes through Turkey and Greece, is good, but if it goes via the Black Sea to Bulgaria, it was not good. She promised to send German experts to Bulgaria to provide support for judicial reform, energy projects and the use of European Union funds. Bulgaria also has repeated its insistence that the question of being admitted to Schengen and the CVM process are two separate and unrelated processes.

Borissov said that he had asked Merkel to extend by a further year the deadline for the absorption of EU funds from the previous budget framework. He said that Bulgaria relied on European Commission assistance in the rapid provision of the billions lost by Bulgaria. Borissov said that Merkel said that she would consider whether Bulgaria also could use some of the opportunities, as Borissov put it, that the EC had given Slovakia, Romania and Greece.

Two billion leva was needed so that people can get their money back. While for four years Berlin was giving our economic policy as an example to Europe and the world, the Oresharski government led to record debts and bankruptcies over the past year. With regard to the South Stream gas pipeline project, Borissov told the meeting that there was a signed contract for gas transmission, but no profit for Bulgaria. Borissov said that up until now documents on the project had been deliberately kept hidden, but once the new government had been made familiar with all the agreements, it became clear that revenues from indirect activities would be larger than transit fees.

He told the Bulgarian community that he would raise the topic of the Northern and Southern Gas Corridors with the German chancellor and would insist on a clear position from the European Union on the South Stream case. Faugeras said that Total had no intention of abandoning the project and that the delay would give the consortium more time to evaluate its preliminary geological findings.

Since then, the consortium has focused on exploration activities and had planned to begin drilling in mid, but has now decided to postpone such activities until early The delay could also lead to the postponement of exploration, which, Bulgarian authorities had hoped, could start as soon as The size of potential gas reserves in the Khan Asparoukh block remains uncertain, but Romania estimates gas reserves ranging from 40 billion to 80 billion cubic metres in its own Black Sea shelf across the border from the Khan Asparouh block, currently being explored by OMV and ExxonMobil. Bulgaria currently buys almost 90 per cent of its gas from Russia and its hopes of securing an alternative source of gas via the Nabucco pipeline were dashed when the developers of the Shah Deniz 2 gas field in Azerbaijan opted for a different route — using the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline TANAP and then the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline TAP to ship gas to Italy — although Bulgaria did sign a deal to buy one billion cubic metres of gas from Shah Deniz last year.

Bulgaria is also heavily reliant on the Ukrainian transit route and the ongoing stand-off between Moscow and Kyiv has led to fears that Bulgaria could see a new disruption in gas supplies this winter — similar to those experienced in and In a bid to revive the pipeline project, Bulgaria has offered the European Commission to build a gas hub on its territory, suggesting that Russia only build the offshore stretch of South Stream under the Black Sea.

It is unclear, also, whether Russia has agreed on holding such a meeting, with Russian news agency Itar-Tass reporting on December 17, citing unnamed sources familiar with the situation, that Russian energy minister Alexander Novak was still deliberating on the issue of a meeting. This case is strengthened by the fact that the only tangible step taken towards wrapping up work on South Stream was the suspension of the contract with Saipem, a subsidiary of Italian energy firm Eni, which was hired to build the first line of the pipeline under the Black Sea.

Meanwhile, in Bulgaria — where the project has raised some public ire in the summer, when state institutions continued preparatory work for South Stream even after the now-departed prime minister Plamen Oresharski ordered the project frozen — new controversy stirred after it emerged that the top executives of South Stream Bulgaria, the company meant to build the Bulgarian stretch of the pipeline, were getting large salaries.

The main focus of the controversy appears to be on Igor Elkin, the Russian co-executive director, whose monthly salary was reported at 15 euro, with additional bonuses like free housing and plane tickets. The reports have prompted some calls from political parties to investigate the matter, given that the state-owned Bulgarian Energy Holding owns 50 per cent in the company. The most obvious, and certainly the man who has won the most coverage in this and every other publication, is Vladimir Putin. Mr Putin has certainly been highly visible, but he has actually changed very little in the energy market.

Russian gas still flows to Europe and to Ukraine, helped by western payments of outstanding debts. Europe may be rethinking its energy mix and opening new and more diverse sources of supply, but any change will be very gradual. Russia will trade more with China and India, but that was coming anyway and is a natural and logical balancing of supply and demand. The other contender, by contrast, has transformed the world energy market in a matter of months. The price of West Texas Intermediate and other crude oil benchmarks have fallen by comparable amounts. The man responsible is Ali al-Naimi, who has been the Saudi oil minister for the last 20 years.

He deserves the award not for what he has done — but for the fact that he has done nothing. According to the conventional analysis of Saudi power, Mr Naimi could at any point in the last six months have decided to cut Saudi production to stabilise the market at whatever level he chose.

The fact that he has not done so opens up a cascade of consequences which are only just beginning to work through the system.

National budgets are now being rewritten , with significant consequences for political stability in the months ahead. The coming year will also bring fewer new projects, and even the collapse of some existing ones. For projects like those in the North Sea, the price fall is an unwelcome reminder of the fact that rising costs cannot be covered by increasing oil prices. For investors, the immediate result of inaction has been a dramatic fall in value. ConocoPhillips announced a 20 per cent cut in capital spending last week, and there is much more to come in the next few months.

For some of the smaller players, already sinking under the weight of debt, the fall in prices could be terminal. A rash of companies, including several in the US shale sector, have been looking for new owners of late, and will be a year of significant mergers and acquisitions activity. The price fall is also contagious, affecting prices in other energy markets like gas and coal. This occurs because of provisions, such as that included in energy contracts between Russia and Europe, tying gas prices to the global price of oil.

These connections have accelerated the decline already initiated by the growth of US shale gas production. Expensive gas projects from British Columbia to Australia are now under immediate threat, and many more will be postponed or abandoned next year. The contagion in turn undermines assumptions about rising fossil fuel prices on which so many national energy policies are based. Nuclear and wind now look much less competitive, particularly in the absence of a functioning carbon market. Some say the fall in prices is the result of a concerted plan to put pressure on Russia or Iran.

Others that it is just a matter of Saudi Arabia showing its determination to maintain market share and to discourage tight oil production in the US or elsewhere. If any of these theories are true, the desired impact is clearly going to take a long time to work through — with huge collateral damage along the way. The truth may be simpler, though no more comfortable for the industry or investors. Saudi Arabia could have simply lost control, and may now lack the ability to halt the fall. An interesting article by Michael Fitzsimmons on the website Seeking Alpha spells out the current situation in detail.

Saudi Arabia has confirmed its determination to maintain its current market share of But can they afford to do that?

With production of about 9. The case for believing that Saudi Arabia has indeed lost control is strengthened by a straightforward recognition of what has happened this year. The current price slide undoubtedly began with a surplus of supply over demand. As Rex Tillerson, the chief executive of ExxonMobil, said a few days ago , the consequences of that surplus are inescapable. This sounds quite small and eminently manageable. But once the fall in prices got going, the pace accelerated because the market discovered that the Saudis were not responding.

The notion of Opec and Saudi power, which has sustained the price for so long, was revealed to be no more than a myth. Next year will show which of the above theories are true. Some still believe that the Saudis will soon get frightened by the instability they have unleashed, particularly in the Middle East. Some think that the US shale industry will obligingly shut down. Others believe the price will fall until it finds the level where the market clears and supply matches demand. If Mr Naimi succeeds in restoring the dominant power of the Opec cartel by single-handed inaction that bankrupts his competitors, he will have proven himself a master in the manipulation of a complex global market.

Such success would come at the price of intense resentment, not least in the US. If it turns out that the inaction is driven by Saudi weakness, and that Mr Naimi and his royal masters are emperors without clothes, he will go down in history as the person who passively presided over the transformation of the oil industry into a normal business. In that case, the political and economic consequences will be enormous — not least in Saudi Arabia itself.

Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov vowed this week to punish families of suspected militants by deporting the relatives and demolishing their homes. In October he was sent by the group to lead the fight against the Kurds in Kobane. Kurdish fighters in Syria and Kurdistan Region have in the past three months killed a significant number of foreign fighters, including a dozen Chechen militants near the Mosul dam last month. From maritime security to European seapower 3rd December … Maritime security is the new buzz-phrase in Brussels policy circles.

This strategy is premised upon the assumption that maritime security is a comprehensive business that covers a wide range of issues, from harbour safety, biodiversity conservation and the control of illegal fishing, through to piracy, all the way up to the support of crisis management operations. This emphasis on comprehensiveness is hardly surprising. This means Europeans should perhaps move away from the assumption of unhindered Western access and freedom of movement at sea and think harder about how to help preserve Western supremacy at sea, and how to use the sea to project power in an increasingly contested maritime environment.

This means they should spend less time thinking about those kind of capabilities that assume unhindered access to and from the sea — such as sealift or offshore surface patrol — and a little more time thinking about sea-combat, underwater capabilities or air and missile defence at sea. More broadly, it means Europeans should move away from the notion of indiscriminate partnerships with every possible country and international organisation and focus more on those partners who have a strong stake in underpinning a rules-based order at sea.

Asian partnerships for European grand strategy 19th November … There is a lot of thought going into the need for a European grand strategy. Some of it is very good but much of it focuses on the small stuff, ignoring the evidence that we are at a turning point and need to think big. Russia is back, China is rising, and our old ally America — whose protection had made an independent European strategy hard to imagine — is pivoting to Asia. Strategy — grand or otherwise — needs just three things: Better still, taking advantage of them. What do Europeans really want?

The main driver of global prosperity? Asia, centred on China. So Europe should do two things:. China is determined not to be contained by the United States. Second, it offers a way to lock in trade interdependence with China. Europe should pour diplomatic and economic resources into partnering with China to establish the Economic Belt around Russia and to develop market and strategic opportunities in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The maritime silk road also represents a strategic opportunity … A quadrilateral alliance US, Japan, Australia and India is forming to prevent Chinese regional naval hegemony.

In the case of Europeans, the things that give us leverage in the context of military competition in Asia are mainly maritime. We should develop defence cooperation relationships that have been budding over recent years and intensify them in areas where costs imposed by geography tend to be low, such as intelligence sharing, cyber, and joint development programmes in high-tech areas such as radar, missile defence, and submarine and anti-submarine technologies … there is a contradiction here that has to be addressed. The answer lies in our values, which influence our views on world order and our relationship with a rising China in Asia.

The message is simple, but requires us to be resolute. We would embrace the expansion of peaceful development and trade but oppose any breach of the peace or the rules of international order. We would not take a side in any territorial dispute, but we would respond to or anticipate a threat to change the status quo by force by tipping the balance in favour of defence and punishing aggression. Water and Sustainable Development: From Vision to Action …. Population growth will increase water demand, while global food demand by could increase by 50 per cent and total primary energy use by as much as 80 per cent or more.

December 12, China is divided into North and South. The two parts of the country were created by climate and geography first and enhanced over time by historical political lines … people still identify as Northerners or Southerners, but the climate is exerting more of an influence. The South-North Water Diversion will eventually "divert The vice minister of the Ministry of Housing and Rural Development, Qui Baoxing, says that water recycling would be a far more sustainable solution … "If we try to solve our water crisis by diverting water, then new ecological problems will emerge.

But these shares will shrink over time. By lubricating further water-intensive growth the current project may even end up exacerbating water stress in the north. International Rivers, a nonprofit based in Berkley, Calif. Perhaps all this explains why China started the first water flowing through the system with little fanfare …. VcA ist ein Netzwerk.

Fed up with austerity, Irish mobilize against water charges — Mass protests opposing water meters and billing to coincide with Human Rights Day. The countrywide protests aim to prevent what is seen as double taxation on water for an already cash-strapped populace.

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A massive national protest is set to take place in Dublin, with others across the country, on Dec. It has attracted international attention. Members of the Detroit Water Brigade — where more than 27, homes had their water cut off for not paying their bills — will arrive in Dublin to join the protests.

While the rest of Europe levies a direct charge for water, Ireland has until now funded its supply through taxes. The government tried to quell the discontent by publishing the water charges last month after the protest movement reached a fever pitch … The Irish government set up that company, Irish Water, in July It is responsible for the operation of public water services, including management of national water assets, maintenance of the water system, investment and planning, managing capital projects, customer care and — most controversially — billing for water usage.

The coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party argue that billing for water usage is needed to provide the funds to modernize an antiquated water infrastructure that has been neglected for decades … Irish Water began installing water meters outside homes earlier this year, which led to protests throughout the country ….

Dec 9, With demand increasing across the West, Colorado is drawing up a strategy to keep some of the trillions of gallons of water that gushes out of the Rocky Mountains every spring most of which flows downstream to drought-stricken California, Arizona, Nevada and Mexico. Colorado wants to ensure its farms, wildlife and rapidly growing cities have enough water in the decades to come. December 8, The World Economic Forum WEF Global Risk Report ranks water crises as the third greatest global economic risk, just after fiscal crises in key economies and employment rate challenges; and water related risks of extreme weather events 6 and food crises 8 rank in the top ten.

How can two assessments of global risks come to such different conclusion about the relative importance of water related risks? Unterdessen haben Indien und China mit Hilfslieferungen begonnen. Weitere Wasserhilfe sei unterwegs, berichtet die "Minivan News" am Wochenende. Unter anderem sei ein chinesisches Schiff mit Tonnen Wasser an Bord unterwegs. China habe zwei weitere Schiffe mit Wasserlieferungen und Ersatzteilen auf den Weg gebracht, berichtet die Nachrichtenagentur Reuters. Unterdessen scheint die Verteilung der Wasserlieferungen in der Hauptstadt sehr geregelt zu erfolgen.

Was kommt aber danach? Das Problem wird von Jahr zu Jahr aktueller, wie Litwinenko weiter betont: Die Menschheit hat bereits einen entsprechenden Bedarf. Wir beachten aber kaum den Preis, wenn wir Wasser in einer Flasche kaufen. So wertvoll ist das Produkt, das wir wie Luft brauchen. But water scarcity, while obviously exacerbated by pollution, is also a severe problem for China, one that is tied up with complex questions about energy use, urbanization, and modernization … the urgency of addressing water issues in China, According to the World Bank, China has renewable internal freshwater resources of 2, cubic meters per capita, well above the UN definition of water scarcity as 1, cubic meters per person.

According to Choke Point: China, nearly 70 percent of water used in China goes to the agriculture sector, while 20 percent is used in the coal industry. As a result, demand for water is outstripping supply. In northern China, the average water per capita is only around cubic meters. In Beijing, consumption levels were 70 percent greater than the total water supply in … the Chinese government is very aware of the problem and is taking concrete steps to solve it, both by increasing efficiency and decreasing water use.

Still, Beijing is struggling to adapt to the central problem. China even while its water resources are dwindling — down 13 percent since To solve the problem, since China has been working on a mega-project to bring water from the moisture-rich south to the arid north. There are potential solutions, but these have faced political opposition. The Economist argued that China could best address its problems by simply raising the price of water, particularly in regions where water is scarce.

Officials have been reluctant to do this, however, for fear of driving away industries that support local economies. Without a strict policy on water conservation at the central level, local officials are unlikely to take action. The idea behind the project is to move some of that water to the parched — and populous — north by connecting existing bodies of water. November 26, Water from the tap: Water policies that were created to restrict growth are now being reconsidered …. Eine Megametropole fast ohne Wasser. Parched places like the East Bay hills have experienced not only an increase in water thefts in recent months, authorities say, but a bump in brazenness.

Instead, the contractor filled swimming pools …. November 11, Americans recently passed a milestone when federal officials reported that water use across the nation had reached its lowest level in more than 45 years: Surely there is some level of conservation," she said of efforts to curb personal use. Californians in used an estimated 38 billion gallons of water a day, compared with 46 billion a day in The reduced use of surface water accounted for the savings; groundwater withdrawals were actually up because of the drought, which forced farmers to increase their reliance on irrigation ….

Und im Winter kommt das kalte Wetter aus dem Osten noch etwas eisiger an. Minimal nur, denn er war Kilometer entfernt, in der Steppe. Die Bewohner der Aral-Region haben nichts mehr zu tun und wandern ab. Die Lebenserwartung ist halb so hoch wie in Russland, die Kindersterblichkeit liegt auf dem Niveau von Simbabwe …. Die Nichtregierungsorganisation untersucht unter anderem den Umgang von Unternehmen mit Umweltthemen.

Einige der Konzerne haben Wasserschutz deshalb weit nach oben auf die Agenda gesetzt. Auch der Volkswagen-Konzern will mit dem wichtigen Rohstoff schonend umgehen und bis im Schnitt ein Viertel weniger pro Auto verbrauchen als noch , etwa durch effizientere Technologien. With over 28 million social impressions and participants posting thousands of pictures on social media, the challenge is certainly resonating.

Actress Alicia Silverstone and many millennial celebrities have also joined the efforts … wants to give Americans the opportunity to experience water poverty for the very first time. According to stats provided by DIGDEEP, Americans are using more water per capita than any other country at an estimated gallons liters per day. Meanwhile, million people are living in water poverty worldwide.

The 24 hour challenge of living on only four liters of water is the absolute basic necessity for a person to live on. November 4, — Residents in coastal communities use far less water than their inland counterparts, but still find ways to conserve even more, residential per-capita water use figures released for the first time Tuesday show … Californians are being asked to let their lawns go brown and take shorter showers as the likelihood of drought conditions worsening rises … Regional water use differences range from 84 gallons per-person, per-day in the San Francisco Bay Area to in the Colorado River basin, which includes San Bernardino and Riverside.

The figures exclude industrial, agricultural and business water users. Median per-capita water use is , according to estimates from suppliers serving roughly 33 million Californians. In densely-packed San Francisco where lawns are rare, residents use 46 gallons a day. Aufgrund der steigenden Temperaturen rechne man mit der Schmelze von 90 Prozent der landesweiten Gletschermasse bis zum Ende des Achieving Water Security in Senegal: November … by former PKSOI Intern Arianna De Reus … I studied how natural resource constraints in African nations can lead to instability … conducted a research project to assess water security issues of Senegal, an arid country where water is a precious resource … I learned how water is a natural resource that is increasingly in short supply in Senegal … Senegal is viewed as a model in Africa for water infrastructure development.

However, many people suffer from water insecurity, as their supply is not consistent, sufficient or sanitary … Achieving water security in developing nations will enable sustainable development, economic growth and poverty alleviation … The negative effects of climate change and population growth such as desertification and urbanization are particularly increasing water stress on African nations, putting fragile states at risk for conflict. The shortage was caused by a damaged pipeline, which cut off water to the capital city of Dakar for two weeks … Such drastic shortages for millions of people create opportunities for instability, demonstrating how water security is crucial for national security … exemplifies how fragile the water security situation is ….

Doch die Liste der Verlierer ist lang. Jetzt ist der Kanal fertig. Experten gehen davon aus, dass Peking daher schon in ein paar Jahren nach weiteren Wasserquellen suchen muss. Ein weiteres Mammut-Projekt ist bereits angedacht: The dams are respectively the 2nd, 3rd and 4th largest in China, behind the massive Three Gorges Dam. Furthermore, work began discreetly last week at another giant dam in Sichuan Province: Lianghekou, with a future capacity of three gigawatts.

It is one of three projects planned to harness the Yalong River, one of three tributaries of the Jinsha, or upper Yangtze River. The other tributaries, the Min and the Dadu are to receive their own dams, to be connected at the South-North water diversion project — a plan initially tagged at 60 billion dollars, but that cost is likely to triple upon completion by According to various authors, including Michael Buckley, plans are also emerging to streamline other waterways of the Himalayan region that flow downwards through Southeast Asia: Potentially victimized countries such as Vietnam or India may disagree with this plan, fraught as it is with obvious liabilities for their societies.

It has also started questioning its consumption patterns, which in China is very novel behavior. Qiu Baoxing, vice minister for urban-rural integration, caused a shock in the media last February, when he denounced the South-North water diversion program as inappropriate. Bei der Bundeswehr wird seit Jahren gespart, der Verteidigungsetat ist eingefroren, obwohl die Aufgaben immer mehr werden, man wollte die Friedensdividende einstreichen. Die Frage, die aber im Raum steht, ist: Was an Bedrohungen ist vorstellbar neben den offensichtlichen — also Ukraine und IS? Im Planungsamt zum Beispiel.

Da sind wir dann wieder bei der Verantwortung des ministeriellen Beraterumfeldes. Auch und gerade im Ministerium. It offers a comprehensive analysis of strengths and challenges in water, sanitation and hygiene WASH within and across countries … Global efforts to provide improved water and sanitation for all are gaining momentum, but serious gaps in funding continue to hamper progress ….

Thirty selected participants, including some of the most prominent experts on flood risk management in Europe, the US and Asia-Pacific, members of universities, think tanks and river commissions identified best practices, case studies and ideas. Their Chinese counterparts presented a needs assessment for flood risk management and solutions for climate change induced flood risk, particularly along the Yangtze river.

Institutionalised with the EU Floods Directive, the European Union has embraced the basin approach for its decision-making. There is an underlying assumption that flood management has to take place at the basin level, however, there are also other options: While sensationalist claims about water wars, states collapsing in chaos or the forced migration of hundreds of millions cannot be completely discounted for the long term, intelligent mitigation and adaptation efforts can help avoid the worst of these — and manage the rest.

Planning these efforts, however, requires that the likelihood and time frame of climate change impacts are well understood as much as they can be ; that security challenges associated with these impacts are placed in their proper context; and that resilience mechanisms, including security and defence systems, are appropriately organised to withstand potential shocks. And while much analysis is necessarily focused on potential climate-related threats abroad — climactic stressors that can change the calculus of potential conflicts in far-off lands — climate change will also impact security and defence considerations closer to home ….

Tidal Wave or Drop in the Bucket? Not all regions of the United States, however, have the same water needs. Understanding how our nation uses water, and how these needs vary across the country, will be an important piece of the solution to the water puzzle. Using newly released data, The Hamilton Project presents an economic analysis and accompanying interactive feature to illustrate the great variation in the level and nature of water use across the country … About 45 percent of all withdrawn water is used for power generation alone, both to operate steam-driven turbines and to provide cooling.

Another 33 percent of withdrawn water is used for irrigation of farmland and recreational areas such as parks and golf courses. The remaining 22 percent of water withdrawals is roughly evenly split between water from public-supply systems—the piped water that is used domestically in households as well as in most commercial businesses—and self-supplied water, typically from wells, that is used for a variety of purposes. Conservation efforts have led to marked declines in water withdrawals. Between and , total withdrawals declined by 13 percent, spurred by a 20 percent decline in withdrawals for thermoelectric power and a 9 percent decline in withdrawals for irrigation … For both irrigation and power generation, it is important to note that the final good—food and electricity, respectively—is often consumed far from the place of the water withdrawal.

The policy appeal and political constraints of the various options will likely vary with the characteristics and needs of the local economy. Thema "Wasser in Zentralasien". Wie viel Roh-stoffe produziert Deutschland im eigenen Land, was muss importiert werden? Welchen Anteil steuert das Recycling zur Deckung des Rohstoffbedarfs bei? Deutschland ist nach wie vor ein wichtiges Bergbauland. Alles zusammen entspricht einem Wert von insgesamt rund 14,8 Milliarden Euro. Damit nahm der Wert der produzierten einheimischen Rohstoffe im Vergleich zum Vorjahr um 6,3 Prozent ab.

Das war im Vergleich zu ein Minus von 4,9 Prozent. Metallrohstoffe machten 28,8 Prozent aus, der Rest entfiel auf Nichtmetalle. Eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle bei der Versorgung mit Rohstoffen spielt mittlerweile das Recycling. Texas still the state with the largest proved reserves of oil had the second-largest increase, adding million barrels of proved oil reserves in Pennsylvania and West Virginia reported the largest net increases in natural gas proved reserves in , driven by continued development of the Marcellus shale play, the largest U. Combined, these two states added Proved reserves are those volumes of oil and natural gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Read the full report at: LONDON, Dec 9 Reuters — If prices had not crashed over the past five months, the oil market would have moved into a substantial surplus in the first half of , according to a review of drilling and production statistics from major shale plays in the United States. In August , total production of crude and condensates from the two plays topped 2. Combined output was higher than some members of OPEC. And the industry was preparing to increase output even further. Exploration and production companies were adding more drilling rigs, especially in the Permian Basin, where the number of rigs in operation exceeded throughout the summer, up from less than in , according to Baker Hughes, the oilfield.

Record numbers of applications for permission to drill new wells were being filed with the Railroad Commission. In September , regulators issued almost 2, new permits for oil or combined oil and gas wells, up from less than 1, in the same month a year earlier. But the acceleration in output from the Texas fields played a critical role too in pushing the market toward incipient oversupply. With so much extra oil hitting the market, a sharp drop in prices had become inevitable as the only way to enforce a slowdown in drilling.

Wieder Krieg in Europa? Nicht in unserem Namen! Es geht nicht um Putin. Staatenlenker kommen und gehen. Debatte um andere Russlandpolitik: Die Sorge ist berechtigt … Das war nicht Diplomatie, das war Gehabe.

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Gehabe ist der Geschlechtstrieb der Politik. Russland ist ein Teil davon. Putin stressed that Russia had to branch out its energy supplies as the European consumption increased too slowly, also because of the rising political, regulatory and transit risks in the West. The president particularly mentioned the energy cooperation between Russia and India, saying that India will start receiving shipments of liquefied natural gas from Russia under a contract as early as in He added that views on current international and regional issues, as well as on deepening foreign policy coordination, would be exchanged "in order to further strengthen security and stability in Eurasia and in the whole world.

Meanwhile, as India is seeking to reach a free trade agreement with Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus that have a customs union, experts of a joint group would discuss and decide on details of the agreement and its implementation, Putin said. The visit, the fifth to India by Putin, came amid a great deal of animosity between Russia and the West over the Ukraine crisis. Western sanctions act as stimulus to Russian scientific researches: Russia eyes economic self-development, proves national strength amid Western pressure: The GLMM programme provides data, analyses, and recommendations contributing to the understanding and management of Gulf labour markets and migration, engaging with and respecting the viewpoints of all stakeholders.

Developments The GLMM started in March and the initial priority was the collection, analyses and re-publication of national data and legislation of the six GCC countries together with the production of explanatory notes that capture the main aspects of labour markets and migration in the individual GCC countries. At present, for Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, this work has been completed, while the work for Bahrain is expected to be completed by early December , for Oman by mid-January and the UAE by late February It is developing regional research projects i.

Furthermore, GLMM is developing projects for different forms of training e. All data used by GLMM are published by government ministries and agencies of the Gulf, their metadata is analysed, and the links to the official source provided. This is a sample of data recently published by GLMM:.

All data can be searched, printed, downloaded in PDF and, after registration, also in Excel. Click here to access all demographic-economic data Legal Documents GLMM collects legal documents necessary for research on Gulf labour markets and migration. All documents used by GLMM are published by government ministries and agencies of the Gulf, they are analysed and contextualised, and the links to the official source are provided. This is a sample of documents recently published by GLMM:. All documents can be searched, printed, downloaded in PDF.

Click here to access all legal documents Publications GLMM publishes different forms of papers, including concise notes and research papers. The most recent publications include:. Saudi Arabian Investor Class Visas: An Overview by Arwa Aulaqi Keywords: The program involved capturing terrorism suspects and shipping them to secret overseas prisons, where they were subjected to techniques such as waterboarding.

Opponents allege that it resulted in gross abuses and inhumane treatment of detainees, some of whom were eventually revealed not to have been involved in terror organizations. The agency has said it held fewer than detainees and subjected fewer than one-third of those to controversial tactics such as waterboarding. But Senate investigators found that the CIA had actually kept detainees in custody, 26 of whom were illegally held. And despite CIA insistence that the program was limited in scope, Senate investigators conclude that the use of torture was much more widespread than previously thought.

The study reveals several gruesome instances of torture by mid-level CIA officers who participated in the program, including threats of sexual violence using a broomstick and the use of "rectal hydration" in instances of harsh interrogations that lasted for days or weeks on end. The report cites the presence of materials typically used for waterboarding being present at certain "blacksites," or secret prisons, where the agency had previously said waterboarding was not used. Through narrative examinations of 20 separate detainee cases, the panel attempted to make the case that the use of harsh interrogation techniques such as waterboarding did not yield valuable intelligence.

In some instances, the study finds, the information acquired proved irrelevant to stopping terror threats. In others, the use of the techniques resulted in detainees providing fabricated or inaccurate information, and in still other cases, the information obtained through interrogating the detainees had already been acquired through other techniques. Given that the techniques were ineffective, the study says, the agency routinely misled Congress and the White House when it claimed that the use of torture did in fact contribute to intelligence victories.

In a page discussion on the subject, Senate investigators say the information that led the U. The CIA, however, refutes these conclusions. Still, the CIA is not advocating a return to the use of torture during interrogations. Rather, it is most concerned with defending itself against charges that it misled Congress and the White House about the extent and value of the program. The agency has said that the enhanced interrogations were part of a government-approved program carried out under express orders from within the Bush administration.

In a statement Tuesday , President Barack Obama said, "The report documents a troubling program involving enhanced interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects in secret facilities outside the United States, and it reinforces my long-held view that these harsh methods were not only inconsistent with our values as nation, they did not serve our broader counterterrorism efforts or our national security interests.

The agency says it has no intention of revamping the current version of its interrogation program, which was curbed as a result of directives from Obama. The study, which was first commissioned by Feinstein in , began as a bipartisan effort with then-ranking member Sen. Republicans on the panel, though, withdrew from the study just months after it was commissioned. Although Feinstein suggested in April that the full report would be released at a later date, Republicans are not likely to seek further declassification once they gain control of the committee , given their opposition to the investigation.

The study set the stage for a dramatic, closed-door dispute between the agency and Feinstein, which resulted in deeply personal jabs and competing referrals to the Justice Department asking for criminal investigations. Feinstein, meanwhile, insisted the investigators had a right to the document, and further accused the agency of improperly monitoring the computers her staff used to construct the study. Hiermit geht ein Kapitel in der Geschichte unseres Landes zu Ende. Sie waren nicht mit unseren Werten vereinbar.

Die Mitarbeiter unserer Nachrichtendienste sind Patrioten, und dank ihres heroischen Einsatzes und der von ihnen gebrachten Opfer leben wir sicherer. In den Jahren nach dem Ich habe schon einmal gesagt, dass unser Land in diesen schwierigen Jahren vieles richtig gemacht hat. Der heute erschienene Bericht des Sonderausschusses des Senats zu den Nachrichtendiensten legt detailliert einen Teilbereich der Antwort unseres Landes auf den Kein Land ist vollkommen.

Reuters — In January , Exxon hired one of the best connected men in Iraq: Ali Khedery, an American of Iraqi descent who had served in Baghdad as a special assistant to five U. Iraq under Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki was moving toward dictatorship and civil war, he said he told the session. Iraq was likely to align itself more closely with Iran, which will "have an adverse impact on U.

The gloomy scenario grabbed the attention of Exxon executives. He suggested an alternative: Kurdistan, a semi-autonomous region in northern Iraq that was politically stable, far from the chaos in the south, and had, by some estimates, oil reserves of 45 billion barrels. Less than a year later, Exxon signed a deal with Kurdistan. Numbering some 35 million, they inhabit a band that stretches from Syria across southern Turkey and northern Iraq and into Iran. Most follow Sunni Islam and speak their own distinct languages.

The Exxon deal fueled Kurdish self-belief. The presence of the biggest U. The Exxon deal validated smaller oil deals Kurdistan had already signed and was "a big victory for us. Independence is opposed by Washington, Baghdad, neighboring Turkey and Iran. It also remains unclear whether the Kurds have the strength to stand alone in this volatile region.

Arbil has compromised, but it has also locked in the progress of the past three years. Oil companies have been interested in Kurdistan for years. Letting the Kurds control the oil would rob central government of billions of dollars in revenue and bring a breakup of the country closer. Mid-sized firms began to invest, though the biggest players remained on the sidelines. But terms were tough and many firms, including Exxon, were soon frustrated. Quietly, in late , Exxon began putting out feelers to the Kurdish regional government.

Khedery had resigned from the U. In the oil world, filled with Texas oilmen and former U. Young, rail thin and with the bearing of an academic, he appeared confident and well connected. He had been privy to many of the backroom political deals in Iraq since , and had a direct channel to the president of Kurdistan. Exxon began to rethink its approach to Kurdistan when a small group of company officials met long-time CEO Rex Tillerson and his deputies a few times in the spring of The small Exxon team briefed Tillerson in his huge conference room.

The oil boss listened quietly to the presentations, most of which focused on technology and geology, with a brief talk on Iraqi politics. He pointed instead to Kurdistan, which was "more peaceful, more predictable, and overwhelmingly pro-American. Serious talks with the Kurds began soon after, with a call from Khedery to Hussein, according to the presidential chief of staff. The two sides met secretly in London, Dubai and Arbil. Unusually, the president even joined some meetings himself. Exxon was represented by senior executives from Texas. But it was not just Exxon and the Kurds talking.

The first meeting was in Arbil, which is dominated by a central citadel that is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world. In the summer of , as negotiations continued, Kurdistan sold two oil blocks to Hess, a U. Exxon and Shell had been keen to get the blocks, and the surprise sale nearly ended the talks, according to Hussein. To show Arbil was still serious, Barzani promised more attractive terms, according to both Khedery and Hussein.

A signing ceremony in Arbil was planned for mid-October, but another complication arose. If Shell signed with Arbil, Baghdad might scuttle the gas deal. At a meeting with Barzani in the Imperial hotel in Vienna, where the Kurdish president was on holiday, Exxon executives said they were committed to signing.

Just three days before the Kurdish deal was to be signed, Shell told Exxon it was no longer interested. A Shell spokesman declined to answer questions about the Kurdistan deal. The Texans kept things low key, though. An Exxon delegation flew to Arbil to sign the deal. Tillerson stayed in Dallas. The six blocks Exxon won were scattered around the autonomous region.

One block was near Turkey and another near the border with Iran. The three most controversial were along the line that divides Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq, straddling areas whose control is disputed between Arbil and Baghdad. The Kurds included the blocks in the deal and later managed to bring the governor of Nineveh, one of the provinces affected, on board.

To some, it looked as if Arbil was using Exxon to consolidate its borders. Barzani, though, has since described the presence of companies such as Exxon as a form of insurance for Kurdistan. When news of the deal leaked in early November , both Baghdad and Washington were furious. Maliki wrote a letter to President Barack Obama demanding he push Exxon to scrap the deal. To Washington, the deal was an embarrassment.

Ambassador to Iraq James Jeffrey was livid, said the former diplomat. Hussein remembers a tense meeting he and the Kurdish oil minister, Ashti Hawrami, had with Jeffrey in Baghdad soon after the deal. Hawrami declined to comment.

Jeffrey has since left the State Department. He is reported to be a consultant to Exxon, but declined to comment for this story. Despite the anger, the deal was a political triumph for the Kurds. Exxon had shown Arbil could attract oil majors regardless of what Baghdad thought. Hawrami unveiled the deal at an Arbil energy conference in late Kurdistan had initially signed contracts with "small and beautiful" companies, he said. Now it was working with "the giant and magnificent. Within a few months, both Chevron and Total signed deals, further strengthening Kurdistan. Arbil has even built a pipeline to Turkey, which makes it easier to export its oil.

The Iraqi capital remains riven by strife, but things are looking up for Exxon. Khedery, who has since set up his own consultancy, is not surprised. Confronting the -Islamic State-. Westinghouse signs shareholder agreement for new Bulgarian nuclear unit. But new data suggests that the much-anticipated slowdown in shale country may have finally arrived. Permits for new wells dropped 15 percent across 12 major shale formations last month, according to exclusive information provided to Reuters by DrillingInfo, an industry data firm, offering the first sign of a slowdown in a drilling frenzy that has seen permits double since last November.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries last week agreed to maintain its production quota of 30 million-barrels-per-day, despite a 30 percent drop in oil prices since June, triggering an additional 10 percent decline. That move, many analysts believe, was squarely aimed at U. A cutback of U. Most analysts predict U. Some oil service companies have suggested that a slowdown might be held off, as they continue to buy key drilling components. But, the data suggests that production is likely to eventually succumb to lower prices.

One of the first tiles to drop: Texas issued a record number of permits, , before dropping to in October. A drop in the rig count is expected two to four months after a decline in permits — and production growth would likely start to slow six months later. People are being careful," said Allen Gilmer, chief executive officer of DrillingInfo.

While permits have declined at other times, Gilmer says there is currently an early indication of a slowdown in the rig count. DrillingInfo said for 10 shale formations, a permitting slowdown was noted in October. For one formation, data was not available, and for two, the Barnett shale in Texas and the Bakken in North Dakota, permits rose slightly. The permitting slowdown was particularly pronounced in two Texas formations, the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford shale, which saw new permits decline by 13 and 22 percent respectively.

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