2012 (Varia) (Italian Edition)
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In particular we consider suppliers the firms selling only to order since: Panel A — Firms distribution for level of abilities, industry and size. The total number of firms is split into suppliers selling to order to other firms and final firms selling only to the market.
Firms selling to both are omitted. As expected, these differences are somewhat larger across different size groups, with the share of suppliers being higher among SMEs than among large firms. The figures in the first column for each of the four ABILITIES classes represent the averages over the entire period, while those in the second column represent the corresponding averages for These percentages vary considerably, however, over industries and firm size.
Trends over time are noticeable from comparisons between the entries for the whole period and that for only. Note also that this difference is greater among firms in traditional, specialized and science based industries. In this investigation we choose to adopt a parametric approach that assumes a Cobb-Douglas production function for the individual firm with four factors of production. In the linearized version with logarithmic transformation, our function of production is: Where q it represents the natural logarithm of output, k , l , r and s respectively the physical capital inputs, labour, raw materials and services in logs 12 and the error term consists of a factor determining productivity, specific for each firm v it , known to the firm itself and unknown to the econometrician, plus an idiosyncratic part unknown to either e it.
A measure of TFP is then obtained as follows:. As a consequence, the hypothesis of exogeneity of regressors is no longer valid, thus distorting the results obtained with the adoption of a simple OLS estimator. Moreover, to tackle the problem of simultaneity illustrated above, use is made of the estimator proposed by Blundell and Bond , applied by the authors themselves to estimate production functions Blundell and Bond, This estimator, also known as the System-GMM SYS-GMM , is based on a GMM procedure which makes use, on the one hand, of lagged explanatory variables as instruments for the model in first differences under the assumption of white noise errors, like the GMM-difference of Arellano and Bond, , and, on the other hand, of lagged first differences of the regressors as instruments for the model in levels.
More precisely, for each industry or group of industries, we carry out the following comparisons: The statistical significance of the differences between the average values of TFP is then tested. In this case, the calculation of individual productivity is straightforward. Afterward, comparisons of the average labour productivity of different groups are made. Coefficients yield therefore an estimated measure of the difference between the TFP of final firms and suppliers.
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Differences in average TFP for groups of industries. The numbers not in brackets are the differences between the average TFP values of two groups of fims under comparison. The numbers in brackets are the values of statistic t relative to the test of significance on the differences two-sample t test with unequal variances with null hypothesis of zero difference.
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For the definition of Abilities, see Notes to Table 1. The industries showing the most remarkable differences are the ones of: Summarizing, when considering suppliers without skills in exporting and innovating, i.
And my result in terms of industry sectors is coherent with other empirical surveys at the European level, like the one on German spin-offs Gupte, and the one on French spin-offs Mustar, It also features a text by Mamadou Diouf and an interview with Ndiaye. More precisely, for each industry or group of industries, we carry out the following comparisons: Colonial concubinage somehow persisted in different guises in the region, even after the end of Italian colonial rule, thus implicitly suggesting a certain degree of local agency in the shaping and the persistence of such phenomenon. The balance sheets are available in historical series till 10 years. Skip to main content.
With respect to the previous comparisons, results are now clearly different. The most capable suppliers, i. Again, within each subsample, firms are split into two groups exporting and innovating versus non-exporting and non-innovating and the difference in average TFP is calculated and statistically tested against the null hypothesis of zero difference.
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This finding, together with the previous one, describes a picture where skill and capability upgrading are especially crucial for suppliers aiming at increasing their productivity and filling the TFP gap with respect to final firms. In this vein, belonging to an advanced relational GVC may be vital for suppliers as the incentives and opportunities given by the global chain can stimulate and support the upgrading effort of the firm. This result, even if not invariant to the specificities connected to industry and size, appears quite neatly and seems to be sufficiently robust, even when changing the dependent variable, i.
Differences in average log labour productivity: The numbers not in brackets are the differences between the average labour productivity values of two groups of fims under comparison.
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Data concern either the whole sample columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 or SMEs only columns 5, 6, 7 and 8. Finally, the effect of export and innovation abilities comes out to be more relevant for suppliers than others, highlighting how important is upgrading for suppliers involved in GVCs. Issues of Governance and Upgrading. Productivity in the European Union: A Comparative Industry Approach.
I will rock you (Varia S&K) (Italian Edition)
How US retailers shape overseas production networks, in G. Challenges and opportunities for developing countries, in O. This is a reproduction of a book published before This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc.
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I will rock you (Varia S&K) by Lesley-Ann Jones
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