The Big Animals Encyclopedia [illustrated] [1075 illustrations, high-level formatting]

Department Surface Waters - Research and Management

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Since , multiple antibiotic resistance among isolates of S. Resistance to first line antibiotics is now widespread especially on the Indian subcontinent and in Vietnam. It was also reported that patients who had a history of prior antibiotic usage were more likely to develop typhoid fever caused by resistant S.

With regard to the pathogenesis of typhoid fever, important molecular insights have been obtained and a need to define the role of host immune responses identified. Multiple genes are involved in pathogenesis of disease caused by the salmonellae and there is now a need to make the relevant correlations with human typhoid fever, perhaps by improving animal models for typhoid through gene knockout strategies. What is required is more collaboration between basic science units and clinical centres where typhoid patients are seen.

Evidence for genetic diversity among strains of S. This observation has important implications for virulence and for control strategies. The development of rapid, simple, cheap, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for typhoid fever was identified as an important priority and several new developments were reported, including rapid IgM detection. There was a general mood of optimism that future research based on the advances described will lead to a better understanding of the role of host immune responses, better diagnostic tests, and more relevant pathogenesis studies.

Much stimulus is expected on this front from on-going and planned genome sequencing projects for both S. At the public health level, the most important future priority appears to be more widespread vaccine usage in endemic areas and the need to keep track of antibiotic resistance through surveillance efforts. The next symposium in Taiwan in is eagerly awaited. The newsletter aims at informing readers of the various activities undertaken by the APNL Biotechnology Programme and also aims to disseminate information on biotechnology obtained nationally and internationally.

Contributions to the newsletter especially in the fields of biosafety, biopiracy, biodiversity, patents, transfer of biotechnology, case studies, field experiences and indigenous agricultural knowledge are most welcome. To obtain copies of the Newsletter and for further information please contact: As a continuation of the highly successful biannual Pacific Rim Biotechnology Conference series, the 6th Conference, together with BioExpo 98, will be held in Hong Kong from June As with previous conferences, a strong participation from the biotechnology industry is expected through BioExpo The Second Announcement for the Conference is now available, and for further information contact: The scientific programme includes the following topics: For further information contact: The next function for the group will be a Postgraduate Young Speakers Competition to be held on Thursday, March 19, tentatively from 6.

It is presumed that some attendees will dine informally in Carlton after the meeting. This reflected the rapid development of bioremediation from being simply an array of technologies to a burgeoning business. However, as made clear in this volume, there are problems associated with the wider application and diffusion of these technologies, the solutions largely depending on a better understanding of the underlying scientific principles and the economics of application. The book comprises an extensive summary of the discussions and the recommendations arising from the workshop, plus the technical papers arranged in sections.

The first section, aptly entitled "Setting the Scene", provided a useful introduction to the background and scope of the workshop, and thus the book, which was aimed at bringing together the views of scientists, industrialists and administrators. The potential of environmental biotechnology, opportunities and constraints in the industrial application of environmental biotechnology, information transfer and the public context were outlined.

Although there have been many developments in and increasing application of bioremediation since the Amsterdam'95 Workshop, many of the issues raised in that forum have yet to be resolved. This book would be of use to students, teachers and bioremediation practitioners. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. What can you say? A bit of an unnerving title for a book reviewer.

However, for those of us involved in plant tissue culture, the subject of this title has been an exciting one since the observations in the early 's of the rapid growth of roots of several plant species transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The editor, Pauline Doran, who is a staff member at the University of NSW, has been an active researcher in the area since that time and has been in an excellent position to follow the development of hairy root culture. For this book, she has drawn together 53 authors, expert in their fields for the 21 chapters of this book.

She has divided the volume into three parts:. It gives a comprehensive overview of the molecular biology of hairy root formation, and contains useful detailed experimental protocols. It provides an impressive start to what is an impressive volume. Most other chapters are equally impressive. I enjoyed the practical and illustrative approach taken by most authors in their chapters.

While the book contains quite an amount of experimental data, the data never becomes overwhelming. The book maintains an instructive approach, and would be essential for anyone starting research on plant tissue culture. The editor and publishers are to be congratulated on producing a very well produced and attractively presented book. It is well illustrated with black and white line drawings and photographs and with a few colour photographs where necessary.

This will become the classical work on hairy root cultures, and will be valued by all researchers into plant tissue cultures. Its readership will be researchers and their students. It has been a pleasant experience to review such a well put together volume. This book indeed matches its title - it gives a quite fundamental view of food biotechnology. There is a short introduction to biotechnology. This is followed by three chapters on the principles of biochemistry, microbiology and biochemical engineering. Each of these is around 50 pages in length and thus covers the basic principles of each discipline but little more.

The disadvantage of this approach is that one gets a glimpse of the principles, but the ability for the reader to get a real understanding of each principle from this book alone is not allowed. The second part of the book is on the application of biotechnology to food products.

The author covers yeast, bacteria, and other microorganism-based processes. I found this part of the book more satisfying. The third part of the book is concerned with other potential applications of the new technology. Chapters are plant biotechnology, animal biotechnology, biosensors, waste management and food safety. These short chapters, although providing a brief but competent coverage in each area are also not very satisfying to the reader.

They are just too brief. The author has attempted to cover a very wide area in quite a small book. I think he would have been wiser to expand Part 2 of his book, and to delete or minimise Parts 1 and 3. I am unclear as to his proposed readership. From his Preface, he aims for a classroom text, yet one is unsure of what level.

I suggest that it would be a useful volume for first or second year university applied science students. However, I feel that his worthy attempt to integrate the principles with the application of food biotechnology has not quite succeeded. The book is well referenced, and has a good and comprehensive index.

Meyers Volumes Publisher: ISBN set. DM per volume. DM per volume if all 6 volumes are ordered. These three volumes complete this very well-produced and useful encyclopaedia. The earlier volumes were reviewed in Australasian Biotechnology 7 3: Each volume is of around pages. Volume 6 contains a detailed index of pages covering the contents of all six volumes.

The index appears to have been thoroughly checked. These three volumes continue the attractive approach used for each article with the contents, keywords and summary at the start of each article. The articles are well-illustrated, including a limited number of colour figures. The articles are written by experts in their fields. However, considerable volume editing appears to have been done, as there is a remarkably good feeling of continuity from article to article, even though the individual articles are written by different authors.

Volume 4 opens with two articles on mass spectrometry for DNA fragment sizing and for analysis of biomolecules. The articles give the reader a good idea of the volume and limitations of mass spectrometry for various applications. Other articles included medicinal chemistry, the molecular biology of methanogens and Archaea, motor neurone disease, the mouse genome, four articles on nucleic acids, molecular palaentology, PCR technology, five articles on peptides, and surprisingly, six articles on plants and photosynthesis.

Volume 5 continues in the same vein with a similar diversity of topics - this volume of course containing a large number of articles on proteins and RNA. However, it also contains articles on prions and the renal system. The articles on proteins cover pages. This illustrates the depth of information provided on this topic. Volume 6 contains an interesting set of articles on transgenics - transgenic animal modelling, transgenic animal patents, transgenic fish and transgenic livestock as bioreactors. Cumulatively, these articles give the reader a really good view of the state of the art on this subject.

The volume also contains three useful articles centred on yeast genetics. As mentioned earlier, the volume contains the comprehensive cumulative index. I am impressed by the content of this 6 volume series, as well as by the handsome presentation. The editors have succeeded in producing an "encyclopaedia of molecular genetics and the molecular basis of life, with a focus on molecular medicine, including genetic screening, gene therapy, molecular medicine, structural biology, and the technology and findings of the Human Genome Project" as stated in the Preface.

Inevitably, in a work of this nature, from time to time, the reader will have difficulty finding information on a particular topic. The editors have had to be selective in their choice of topics covered. Bearing this in mind, this set of 6 volumes forms an up-to-date and informative source for medical libraries in particular, but also for all workers involved in medical research or in general molecular biological research. Food and Health for the 21st Century Contact: GlycoBio Technology Symposium Contact: Second announcement listing keynote speakers, conference arrangements, registration form is available from: Registration form and programme is available for this important conference for agricultural biotechnologists from: International Congress on Photosynthesis Contact: The Society for Biomolecular Screening: From benchtop to production systems, the ML represents a quantum leap forward in capability and convenience.

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This system brings high productivity to your lab through the power of two-dye, infrared technology while saving you time and money. Whether you're just starting to automate or running a genome project, there's an IR2 System to fit your needs. The system delivers over kb of highly accurate sequence per day. You don't have to sacrifice read lengths or accuracy to sequence more samples.

With SBS you sequence both directions on a template by combining forward and reverse primers in the same reaction. Twice the data from each reaction helps you complete your projects faster and more easily. IR2 Systems can run over genotypes per day, leading to faster gene discovery. High-sensitivity IR detection, advanced imaging and Gene ImagIR Software provide a powerful solution for fragment analysis applications.

Sarah Gillam marked it as to-read Oct 22, Christa Pittman is currently reading it May 14, Maya Krish is currently reading it Aug 14, Shalini is currently reading it Oct 11, Will Dover added it Oct 17, Aadarsh Mohandas is currently reading it Oct 18, Dolores added it May 12, There are no discussion topics on this book yet.

Books by Alex Shliman. Many in situ studies found local effects of thermal discharge such as attraction oravoidance of mobile organisms , while impacts at the scale of the whole water body were rarely detected. In complex systems, diffuse impacts of thermal discharge are difficult to disentangle from natural variability or other anthropogenic influences.

Discharge of warm water in summer is likely to be most critical, especially in the context of climate change. Under this scenario, water temperatures may reach maxima that negatively affect some species. Given the diversity and complexity of the impacts of thermal pollution on aquatic systems, careful planningand judicious management is required when using lakes and rivers for extraction and disposal of heat. We discuss the drivers that influence the severity of potential impacts of such thermal use, and the options available to avoid or mitigate these impacts such as adapting the operating conditions.

Water , 5 5 , e 18 pp. Methanotrophic bacteria represent an important biological filter regulating methane emissions into the atmosphere. The NC10 clade encompasses methanotrophs related to ' Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera', which oxidize methane using a unique pathway of denitrification that tentatively produces N 2 and O 2 from nitric oxide NO.

Here, we describe a new species of the NC10 clade, 'Ca. Gene transcripts assigned to ' Ca. The reconstructed genome encoded a complete pathway for methane oxidation, and an incomplete denitrification pathway, including two putative nitric oxide dismutase genes. The genome of ' Ca. We speculate that ' Ca. Resistance in bacteria of human clinical isolates Since , different trends have been observed in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA rates have continued to decrease significantly in invasive isolates, mainly in the western part of Switzerland. This trend was also observed in several other European countries, including the neighboring countries Germany, France and Austria. In contrast, MRSA rates are increasing in wound and abscess samples from outpatients.

Penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has also decreased over time. This effect is mainly due to a reduction in the prevalence of more resistant serotypes, due to the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines. Vancomycin resistance in enterococci is still very low, but increasing rates observed during the last months are worrisome.

This increase is observed in most European countries and is consistent with the wide distribution of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- ESBL- producing isolates. During the last two years, this trend seems to have stabilized in Switzerland, as well as in some other European countries. Fortunately, carbapenem resistance still is rare in E. While carbapenem resistance in E. To allow a closer monitoring of the distribution of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, an obligation to report these microorganisms was introduced in Switzerland on 1.

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa , the increasing resistance rates for piperacillin-tazobactam and ceftazidime peaked in and have slightly decreased since then, while resistance rates for aminoglycosides are steadily increasing. No significant trends were observed in Acinetobacter spp. Wastewater treatment plants WWTPs are implicated as hotspots for the dissemination of antibacterial resistance into the environment. However, the in situ processes governing removal, persistence, and evolution of resistance genes during wastewater treatment remain poorly understood.

Here, we used quantitative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to achieve a broad-spectrum view of the flow and expression of genes related to antibacterial resistance to over 20 classes of antibiotics, 65 biocides, and 22 metals. All compartments of 12 WWTPs share persistent resistance genes with detectable transcriptional activities that were comparatively higher in the secondary effluent, where mobility genes also show higher relative abundance and expression ratios.

The richness and abundance of resistance genes vary greatly across metagenomes from different treatment compartments, and their relative and absolute abundances correlate with bacterial community composition and biomass concentration. Contig-based analysis shows considerable co-localization between resistance and mobility genes and implies a history of substantial horizontal resistance transfer involving human bacterial pathogens. Drought as a slow-onset phenomenon inflicts important losses to agriculture where the degree of vulnerabilitydepends not only on physical variables such as precipitation and temperature, but also on societal preparedness.

While the scopes of physical and social vulnerability are very different in nature, studies distinguishing these twoaspects have been lacking. DEI was derived from the exceedance probability of precipitation. The results showed that southern andpartially central Africa are more vulnerable to physical drought as compared to other regions. Central andwestern Africa, however, are socially highly vulnerable. We conclude that quantification of both drought vulnerabilities help a better characterization ofdroughts and identify regions where more investments in drought preparedness are required.

Process-based crop models are increasingly used to assess the effects of different agricultural management practices on crop yield. However, calibration of historic crop yield is a challenging and time-consuming task due to data limitation and lack of adaptive auto-calibration tools compatible with the model to be calibrated on different spatial and temporal scales. In the first step, by adjusting PD parameters, the simulated yield results improved in Western and Central African countries. We also found that countries with less socio-political volatility benefited most from the calibration.

For countries where agricultural production had trends, we suggest improving the calibration results by applying linear de-trending transformations, which we will explore in more detail in a subsequent study. Crop yields exhibit known responses to droughts. However, quantifying crop drought vulnerability is often not straightforward, because components of vulnerability are not defined in a standardized and spatially comparable quantity in most cases and it must be defined on a fine spatial resolution.

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Two different DEI s were compared. One was derived from the cumulative distribution functions fitted to precipitation and the other from the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. DEI s were calculated for one, three, six, nine, and twelve-month time scales.

Using a power function, curves were fitted to CSI and DEI relations resulting in different shapes explaining the severity of vulnerability. The results indicated that the highest correlation was found between CSI and DEI obtained from the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in one, three, and six-month time scales. Our findings show that Southern African countries and some regions of Sahelian strip are highly vulnerable to drought due to experiencing more water stress, whereas vulnerability in Central African countries pertains to temperature stresses.

The proposed methodology provides complementary information on quantifying different degrees of vulnerabilities and the underlying reasons. The methodology can be applied to different regions and spatial scales. Pumped-storage PS hydropower plants are expected to make an important contribution to energy storage in the next decades with growing market shares of new renewable electricity. PS operations affect the water quality of the connected water bodies by exchanging water between them but also by deep water withdrawal from the upper water body.

Here, we assess the importance of these two processes in the context of recommissioning a PS hydropower plant by simulating different scenarios with the numerical hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2.

For extended PS operations, the results show significant impacts of the water exchange between the two water bodies on the seasonal dynamics of temperatures, stratification, nutrients, and ice cover, especially in the smaller upper reservoir. These findings highlight the importance of assessing the effects of different options for water withdrawal depths in the design of PS hydropower plants, as well as the relevance of defining a reference state when a PS facility is to be recommissioned.

A systematic approach for selectinghydropower sites within river networks may help to minimize the detrimental effects of small hydropower onbiodiversity. In addition, a better understanding of reach-and basin-scale impacts is key for designing planning tools. We synthesize the available information about 1 reach-scale and 2 basin-scale impacts of small hydropower plants on biodiversity and ecosystem function, and 3 interactions with other anthropogenic stressors.

We then discuss state-of-the-art, spatially explicit planning tools and suggest how improved knowledge of theecological and evolutionary impacts of hydropower can be incorporated into project development. Such toolscan be used to balance the benefits of hydropower production with the maintenance of ecosystem services andbiodiversity conservation. Adequate planning tools that consider basin-scale effects and interactions with other stressors, such as climate change, can maximize long-term conservation.

The fate of dissolved organic carbon DOC is partly determined by its availability to microbial degradation. Organisms at upper trophic levels could influence the bioavailability of DOC via cascading effects on primary producers and bacteria. Here we experimentally tested whether the presence of fish in aquatic food webs can indirectly affect the composition of the DOC pool.

We found that fish had strong positive effects on phytoplankton biomass that affected the dynamics of DOC composition. Specifically, fish increased protein-like, algae-derived DOC mid-experiment, concurrent with the strongest fish-induced increase in phytoplankton biomass. Fish also increased bacterial abundance, altered the community composition and diversity of bacteria, and temporarily increased DOC compounds with fluorescence properties indicative of microbially-reprocessed organic matter.

Overall, our experiment revealed that fish can positively influence the substrate algae-produced DOC and the key players bacteria of the microbial carbon pump. Consequently, fish could contribute to carbon sequestration by stimulating both the production of bioavailable DOC and the microbial degradation of bioavailable to persistent DOC. We propose this as a novel mechanism whereby the loss of predators from global ecosystems could alter carbon cycling.

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The introduction of antibiotics for both medical and non-medical purposes has had a positive effect on human welfare and agricultural output in the past century. However, there is also an important ecological legacy regarding the use of antibiotics and the consequences of increased levels of these compounds in the environment as a consequence of their use and disposal.

This legacy was investigated by quantifying two antibiotic resistance genes ARG conferring resistance to tetracycline tet W and sulfonamide sul 1 in bacterial seed bank DNA in sediments. The industrial introduction of antibiotics caused an abrupt increase in the total abundance of tet W and a steady increase in sul 1. The abrupt change in tet W corresponded to an increase in relative abundance from ca. This pattern of accumulation was highly correlated with the abundance of specific members of the seed bank community belonging to the phylum Firmicutes.

In contrast, the relative abundance of sul 1 increased after This correlated with a taxonomically broad spectrum of bacteria, reflecting sul 1 dissemination through horizontal gene transfer. The accumulation patterns of both ARGs correspond broadly to the temporal scale of medical antibiotic use. Our results show that the bacterial seed bank can be used to look back at the historical usage of antibiotics and resistance prevalence.

We investigate the impact on remote sensing reflectance by the vertical non-uniformities of water constituents. By stressing the different use of blue and red parts of the spectrum, we argue further that algorithms are affected by variable vertical structures of algal and inorganic particles. Finally, we demonstrate that approximation models of the vertical structure of water constituents are a good solution to better account for non-uniformities in the development of invertible bio-optical models. The use of ground sampled water quality information for global studies is limited due to practicaland financial constraints.

Remote sensing is a valuable means to overcome such limitations and to providesynoptic views of ambient water quality at appropriate spatio-temporal scales. In past years several large dataprocessing efforts were initiated to provide corresponding data sources. Existing retrieval methods anddatasets were selected after an extensive algorithm intercomparison exercise. Chlorophyll-a, total suspendedmatter, turbidity, coloured dissolved organic matter, lake surface water temperature, cyanobacteria and floatingvegetation maps, as well as several auxiliary data layers, provide a generically specified database that can beused for assessing a variety of locally relevant ecosystem properties and environmental problems.

For validationand accuracy assessment, we provide matchup comparisons for 24 lakes and a group of reservoirs representinga wide range of bio-optical conditions. Matchup comparisons for chlorophyll-a concentrations indicate meanabsolute errors and bias in the order of median concentrations for individual lakes, while total suspended matterand turbidity retrieval achieve significantly better performance metrics across several lake-specific datasets. Wedemonstrate the use of the products by illustrating and discussing remotely sensed evidence of lake-specificprocesses and prominent regime shifts documented in the literature.

The Diversity II data are available from doi.

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Aquatic ecosystems serve as a dissemination pathway and a reservoir of both antibiotic resistant bacteria ARB and antibiotic resistance genes ARG. In this study, we investigate the role of the bacterial sporobiota to act as a vector for ARG dispersal in aquatic ecosystems. The sporobiota was operationally defined as the resilient fraction of the bacterial community withstanding a harsh extraction treatment eliminating the easily lysed fraction of the total bacterial community. The sporobiota has been identified as a critical component of the human microbiome, and therefore potentially a key element in the dissemination of ARG in human-impacted environments.

A region of Lake Geneva in which the accumulation of ARG in the sediments has been previously linked to the deposition of treated wastewater was selected to investigate the dissemination of tet W and sul 1, two genes conferring resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide, respectively.

Analysis of the abundance of these ARG within the sporobiome collection of genes of the sporobiota and correlation with community composition and environmental parameters demonstrated that ARG can spread across the environment with the sporobiota being the dispersal vector. The high dispersal rate, long-term survival, and potential reactivation of the sporobiota constitute a serious concern in terms of dissemination and persistence of ARG in the environment. Extreme weather events may be just as important as gradual trends for the long-termtrajectories of ecosystems.

For alpine lakes, which are exposed to both exacerbatedatmospheric warming and intense episodic weather events, future conditionsmight not be appropriately forecast by only climate change trends, i. The occurrence of the observed turbid storms was not relatedto the wind or rain intensities during the events. Instead, the turbid storms occurredafter dry and atypically warm spells, i.

Consequently, stormevents, notwithstanding their intensity, are expected to strongly imprint the futureecological status of alpine lakes under climate warming. Here we used flow cytometry FCM and filtration paired with amplicon sequencing to determine the abundance and composition of small low nucleic acid LNA -content bacteria in a variety of freshwater ecosystems. Using filter-size separation, we separated small LNA-content bacteria passing 0. Moreover, we were able to identify individual operational taxonomical units OTUs that appeared exclusively with small bacteria OTUs or exclusively with large bacteria OTUs.

Surprisingly, these exclusive OTUs clustered at the phylum level, with many OTUs appearing exclusively with small bacteria identified as candidate phyla i. We propose that LNA-content bacteria observed with FCM encompass several previously characterized categories of bacteria ultramicrobacteria, ultra-small bacteria, candidate phyla radiation that share many traits including small size and metabolic dependencies on other microorganisms.

Thermal responses of inland waters to climate change varies on global and regional scales. The extent of warming is determined by system-specific characteristics such as fluvial input. Lake Biel and Lake Geneva. We propagate regional atmospheric temperature effects into river discharge projections. Climate-induced shifts in river discharge regimes, including seasonal flow variations, act as positive and negative feedbacks in influencing river water temperature and SSC.

Differences in temperature and heating regimes between rivers and lakes in turn result in large seasonal shifts in warming of downstream lakes. The extent of this repressive effect on warming is controlled by the lakes hydraulic residence time. Previous studies suggest that climate change will diminish deep-water oxygen renewal in lakes. We find that climate-related seasonal variations in river temperatures and SSC shift deep penetrating river intrusions from summer towards winter.

Thus potentially counteracting the otherwise negative effects associated with climate change on deep-water oxygen content. Our findings provide a template for evaluating the response of similar hydrologic systems to on-going climate change. Large regional programs to restore riverine habitat for fish and aquatic organisms have become common throughout North America, Europe, and elsewhere.

Evaluating the effectiveness of projects implemented under these programs - sometimes called programmatic monitoring and evaluation - has proven challenging, and little guidance exists on programmatic monitoring and evaluation approaches and their effectiveness. In this paper, we review different approaches for evaluating the effectiveness of river restoration projects implemented across a region.

These programmatic monitoring and evaluation approaches include case studies, meta-analyses, multiple before—after control—impact mBACI , extensive posttreatment EPT , intensively monitored watersheds IMWs , and hybrid programmatic approaches that use a combination of different experimental designs.

For each approach, we discuss the pros and cons as well as provide examples. The most appropriate approach depends in part on the questions that the programmatic monitoring and evaluation strives to address, the spatial and temporal scale at which detection of a response is expected, and the scale of inference. Case studies and mBACI approaches can answer questions about individual projects but have several limitations in terms of cost, timely results, and feasibility.

A meta-analysis, which can provide broadly applicable results, is dependent upon a large number of case studies being completed. The EPT approach can provide relatively quick and easy-to-interpret results, but it requires a large population of completed projects and careful selection of controls. The IMW approach has been broadly applied in western North America but has had limited success and appears to be tractable only in small catchments where restoration and monitoring can be well controlled.

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Based on results from recent efforts in the USA and Europe, the most feasible programmatic monitoring and evaluation approach in terms of cost, implementability, and production of timely results appears to be a hybrid approach that uses a combination of the EPT and mBACI approaches. Low oxygen concentrations in lakes and reservoirs are an ongoing environmental concern, particularly in light of increasing anthropogenic activity and climate change.

Oxygen depletion processes in lakes are still not completely understood and a variety of models have been proposed based on limited field observations. Here, we present field measurements of oxygen depletion processes in a deep lake, Lake Geneva Switzerland. The aim of this study was to quantify three basic processes controlling hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and their relative contribution to the total oxygen depletion TOD rate.

Sediment oxygen uptake SOU and the flux of reduced substances were estimated based on oxygen microprofile measurements and sediment core data of reduced substances. Acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and hydrodynamic modeling were used to ensure that SOU was measured under typical hydrodynamic conditions. Comparison with long-term monitoring data allowed for an estimate of the relative importance of SOU and water column mineralization WCM.

Results show a decrease in both SOU and WCM down to mid-depth which could not be explained by changes in hydrodynamic conditions or temperature. The findings are explained by a model which separates the oxygen depletion into an exponentially decreasing component, representing the fast-decaying fraction of the organic matter, and a constant background component. Lake biological parameters show important spatio-temporal heterogeneities. This is why explaining the spatial patchiness of phytoplankton abundance has been a recurrent ecological issue and is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems.

The drivers of these heterogeneities can be identified by modeling their dynamics. This approach is useful for theoretical and applied limnology. It provides 3D maps of water temperature and current velocities with a 1 h time step on a 1 km horizontal grid size and with a vertical resolution of 1 m near the surface to 7 m at the bottom of the lake. The dynamics and the drivers of phytoplankton heterogeneities were assessed by combining the outputs of the model and chlorophyll-a concentration Chl-a data from MERIS satellite images between and Results highlight physical mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance in the lake.

At the beginning of spring, Chl-a heterogeneities are usually caused by an earlier onset of phytoplankton growth in the shallowest and more sheltered areas; spatial differences in the timing of phytoplankton growth can be explained by spatial variability in thermal stratification dynamics. In summer, transient and locally higher phytoplankton abundances are observed in relation to the impact of basin-scale upwelling.

Analysis of over groundwater samples from throughout the Red River Delta indicates de-coupling of dissolved arsenic As and dissolved iron Fe. Sorting of all data along the redox potentials suggests re-adsorption of As released initially from Mn IV -oxyhydroxides and later from Fe III -oxyhydroxides on remaining ferric phases at moderate redox levels.

A gradually decreasing specific surface area available for re-adsorption of As probably plays a role as a consequence of limited reactivity of more crystalline phases such as goethite and hematite. At low redox levels, concentrations of Fe and phosphate decrease, but As concentrations keep increasing and most As is present as As III with limited adsorption affinity.

Based on the results of speciation modeling, the water is supersaturated with respect to siderite and vivianite. A general conceptual model of As and Fe behavior is presented, suggesting that coupled behavior is possible in two geochemical "windows", i. The de-coupling of As from Fe is common and has been observed at many sites around the world where As is released as a consequence of redox processes, e. The presented general conceptual model of de-coupling processes can be applied to the interpretation of As and Fe data, and, thus, it can help in the preparation of a site conceptual model which is a necessary prerequisite for reactive transport modeling.

Fate and reactivity of dissolved organic matter DOM is directly linked to its chemical composition. Therefore, molecular characterisation, for example using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry FT-ICR-MS , is used for a better understanding of those factors.

To study organic compounds in the water column, an efficient extraction method is important. But this method, to the best of our knowledge, was not evaluated for its ability to extract organic nitrogen compounds which are important building blocks of life and therefore an important fraction of DOM. In this study, several solid phase sorbents were tested for their ability to extract organic nitrogen compounds from water samples of natural aqueous environments.

Different cartridges concerning their retention mechanism and pore size were tested. Three cartridges with different extraction mechanism reversed phase, cation exchange or a mixture of both or different pore size were tested. Except for one sorbent type, which heavily contaminated the samples with organic molecules, the tested cartridges leached neither a significant amount of dissolved organic carbon DOC nor dissolved organic nitrogen DON. The sorbents were tested with lake water to be able to investigate their functionality in real conditions.

It could be shown, that the molecular composition of the sample should be considered for the choice of the sorbent material. Additionally, it was shown that a mixed-bed sorbent is a valuable complementary SPE sorbent for the molecular characterisation of lacustrine samples using FT-ICR-MS and it might also be useful for a quantitative extraction. Furthermore, it could be shown that HyperSep Retain CX sorbent allows to extract a broader range of organic nitrogen compounds leading to a more comprehensive data set for investigating organic nitrogen compounds in lakes using FT-ICR-MS.

The present paper aims at reviewing general knowledge of large European perialpine lakes as provided by sediment studies, and at outlining the contribution, from several lines of evidence, of modern paleolimnology in both interpreting past lake ecological evolution and forecasting lake responses to future human impacts. By pinpointing temporal and spatial differences in paleolimnological studies conducted in the Alpine countries, the review identifies knowledge gaps in the perialpine area, and shows how sediment-based reconstructions represent a powerful tool, in mutual support with limnological surveys, to help predicting future scenarios through the "past-forward" principle, which consists in reconstructing past lake responses to conditions comparable to those to come.

The most recent methodological developments of sediment studies show the potential to cope with the increasing ecosystem variability induced by climate change, and to produce innovative and crucial information for tuning future management and sustainable use of Alpine waters.

Ice-covered waterbodies are far from being quiescent systems. In this paper, we investigate ice-covered freshwater basins heated by solar radiation that penetrates across waters with temperatures below or near the temperature of maximum density. The goal of this study is twofold. This result suggests that radiatively heated ice-covered waterbodies might be subject to high mixing rates. Overall, the present work provides a framework to examine energetics and mixing in ice-covered waters.

Ziel des Projekts war es, auf Fragen zur Geschiebereaktivierung und Revitalisierung von Auenlandschaften einzugehen und einen wissenschaftlichen Beitrag dazu zu leisten. Dabei stehen wiederum konkrete Fragen und Antworten zu Hochwasserschutz- und Revitalisierungsprojekten im Vordergrund.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Zielsetzung sowie die Projektschwerpunkte mit den daraus resultierenden einzelnen Teilprojekten vorgestellt. Massive parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragments was used to investigate the composition and diversity of microbial communities in sediments from Southern Baikal to a depth of 9 cm with 1-cm step. In the layers from the sediment surface to the lower border of oxygen penetration 2 cm , organotrophic bacteria with high similarity to the heterotrophic species Luteolibacter luojiensis constituted the largest fraction of the community.

The lower reduced layers showed an increased contribution of the Bacteroidetes , while the shares of the taxa predominant in the higher layers remained significant. Analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed predominance of the soil and aquatic Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I lineage , which are involved in anaerobic ammonium oxidation, practically in all sediment layers.

The buried oxidized layer 6—7 cm , where members of the uncultured Marine Benthic Group D lineage of the order Thermoplasmatales Euryarchaeota predominated, was an exception in this regard. Biogeochemical processes are often confined to very narrow zones in aquatic systems. Therefore, highly resolved in situ measurements are required to study these processes. Potentiometric solid-contact ion selective electrodes SC-ISEs are promising tools for such measurements. SC-ISEs show good performance in analyses under controlled experimental conditions. Very few sensor designs, however, can sustain the challenges of natural water matrices and external environmental conditions during in situ applications.

Their functionality was tested in the laboratory and applied in situ for vertical profiling in a eutrophic lake. Sensors were insensitive to strong redox changes, high sulfide concentrations, and bright daylight conditions during the application in the lake. A common effect of oxygenation is increased oxygen consumption in the hypolimnion and predicting the magnitude of this increase is the crux of effective oxygenation system design.

Simultaneous measurements of sediment oxygen flux J O2 and turbulence in the bottom boundary layer of two oxygenated lakes were used to investigate the impact of oxygenation on J O2. Oxygenation increased J O2 in both lakes by increasing the bulk oxygen concentration, which in turn steepens the diffusive gradient across the diffusive boundary layer. At high flow rates, the diffusive boundary layer thickness decreased as well. A transect along one of the lakes showed J O2 to be spatially quite variable, with near-field and far-field J O2 differing by a factor of 4. Using these in situ measurements, physical models of interfacial flux were compared to microprofile-derived J O2 to determine which models adequately predict J O2 in oxygenated lakes.

Models based on friction velocity, turbulence dissipation rate, and the integral scale of turbulence agreed with microprofile-derived J O2 in both lakes. These models could potentially be used to predict oxygenation-induced oxygen flux and improve oxygenation system design methods for a broad range of reservoir systems. A bistatic high-resolution acoustic profiler was used in order to characterize the lowermost boundary layer of a run of the river reservoir. The profiler allows determining the statistics of the three-dimensional flow field at a single point sweet spot as well as the measurement of the time averaged flow velocity profiles at 1 mm resolution around the sweet spot.

Therefore, in addition to the flow statistics provided by single point acoustic Doppler profilers, mixing coefficients as well as production of turbulent kinetic energy can be calculated using a single device. Fitting of semiempirical relations to observed cospectra allowed eliminating artifacts as they result from coordinate system rotation during calculation of Reynolds stress profiles at millimeter resolution.

While most parameters showed characteristics of a constant stress layer, length scales indicated anisotropy of the turbulent flow. Under these anisotropic near wall conditions, we found that the use of the commonly accepted Kolmogorov constants for the determination of dissipation rates using the inertial dissipation method is not valid any more.

Instead, these constants vary with distance from the sediment water interface. We provide evidence that coefficients determined by numerical simulations are the appropriate choice also in field applications. In addition we resolved the viscous boundary layer close to the sediment-water interface in high resolution 1 mm profiles and identified a double logarithmic layer above 1.

The discrepancy of the scales as well as the double logarithmic layer suggests the existence of roughness elements upstream of the measurement sites. Die wichtigsten praxisrelevanten Resultate werden in der vorliegenden Merkblatt-Sammlung vorgestellt.

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