Totem et Tabou (Annoté) (French Edition)

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Tropical Conservation Science 6, 1: Evaluating the genetic diversity of three endangered lemur species Genus: Propithecus from northern Madagascar. Journal of Primatology 5: Animal Conservation 10, 2: The effects of illegal hunting and habitat on two sympatric endangered primates. International Journal of Primatology 36, 1: Who hunts lemurs and why they hunt them. Collaboration for conservation in Ankarana, Madagascar.

International Journal of Primatology 29, 1: Remote sensing of vegetation in conservation: A case study from the dry and transitional forests of Andrafiamena, northern Madagascar. Biological Conservation , 1: The role of socio-economic factors in the loss of Malagasy biodiversity. The Natural History of Madagascar. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Survey and management proposals for a tropical deciduous forest reserve at Ankarana in northern Madagascar.

Biological Conservation 47, 4: Hunting of protected animals in the Parc National d'Ankarafantsika, north-western Madagascar. Rural bushmeat consumption within multiple-use protected areas: Human Ecology 42, 1: The presence of diurnal lemurs and human-lemur interactions in the buffer zone of the Ankarana National Park. Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, north-eastern Madagascar: Effects of social change on wildlife consumption taboos in northeastern Madagascar. Ecology and Society 20, 2: The human health and conservation relevance of food taboos in northeastern Madagascar.

Economic valuation of subsistence harvest of wildlife in Madagascar. Conservation Biology 28, 1: Hunting of wild animals by Sakalava of the Menabe region: Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros: Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar.

Environmental Conservation 34, 4: Revue de primatologie En ligne , 3, document 16, mis en ligne le 17 mai Ecological impacts of forest fragmentation on diademed sifakas Propithecus diadema at Tsinjoarivo, Eastern Madagascar: Implications for conservation in fragmented landscapes. Census of three eastern rainforest sites north of Ranomafana National Park: The state of lemur conservation in south-eastern Madagascar: Analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of protected species in eastern Madagascar.

PloS ONE 6, The importance of taboos and social norms to conservation in Madagascar. Conservation Biology 22, 4: New density estimates of a threatened sifaka species Propithecus coquereli in Ankarafantsika National Park. American Journal of Primatology 76, 6: Testing for a historical population bottleneck in wild Verreaux's sifaka Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi using microsatellite data.

American Journal of Primatology 70, Lemurs of the Fandriana-Marolambo forest corridor, Madagascar. National Office of the Environment, Antananarivo. Preliminary study of the conservation status of lemur communities in the Betsakafandrika region of eastern Madagascar. Decline of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Varecia variegata variegata Primates: Lemuridae in south-east Madagascar.

One reserve, three primates: Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2, 2: An ethnoprimatological assessment of human impact on the parasite ecology of silky sifaka Propithecus candidus. Phylogeny of the Lemuridae revisited: Evidence from communication signals. Folia Primatologica 63, 1: Conservation status of the Golden-crowned Sifaka, Propithecus tattersalli. Lemur News 1, 1: And unless man 2 can match his strides in weapons and technology with equal strides in social and political development, our great strength, like that of 4 the dinosaur, will become incapable of proper control — and, like the 5 dinosaur, will vanish from the earth.

In that search we cannot 6 expect any final triumph — for new problems will always arise. We 7 cannot expect that all nations will adopt like systems — for confor- 8 mity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth. Nor can we 9 expect to reach our goal by contrivance, by fiat or even by the wishes of all. Statement of President John F. Kennedy to the United Nations 1 General Assembly, 25 September excerpts 2 3 27 a Translate the following passage into French, Spanish, or other 4 working languages.

Translate the proverb first literally, and then, if 5 possible, by an equivalent proverb or other figure of speech: We prefer the opinion that this organization 8 is proving its continuing viability through its actions. Statement by the President of 3 the Slovak Republic 4 5 b Translate the following passage into English, Spanish, or other 6 working languages. Translate the proverb first literally, and then, if 7 posssible, by an equivalent proverb or other figure of speech. Translate the parable first literally, and then by 8 means of an equivalent parable, proverb, or other figure of speech: The New York Times, 1 December , p.

A3 2 3 28 a Using concrete images and objects from everyday life, make up 4 proverbs that convey the following lessons: State the lesson of this story in the form of a proverb or 6 maxim. Does it convey the same 8 message? Explain their meaning, and try to reconstruct the original 2 French from the Spanish translation. Then, relying on the Spanish and French versions, translate the meaning into an English maxim or other 4 figure of speech: Translate them into equally idiomatic 6 English, French, or other working languages, taking special care with the 7 idioms in bold type: Then, translate each sentence, using an idiomatic expres- 3 sion with equivalent meaning if one exists.

How would you say 9 this figuratively in Spanish, French, or other working languages? How 5 would you say this figuratively in Spanish, French, or other working 6 languages? How would you say 1 this in Spanish, French, or other working languages? How would you say 6 this in Spanish, French, or your other working languages? Can you think of others? How many other ways can you think of to make this point 7 in English, French, or your other working languages? The 2 point was understood, and the meeting went on.

Consequently, the correction of the interpreter at the end of the meeting was gratuitous. Translate 6 this idea into Spanish, French or your other working languages using 7 different images. Of the following possible English equivalents, choose the one 7 that would work best in each case: Form 5 illustrative sentences with each, then translate the sentences into your 6 other working languages: Analogy is often used as a compelling way of conveying the 3 broad sweep of situations that speakers consider important.

It differs from 4 the metaphors that may intersperse a speech in the same way that a large 5 canvas occupying a whole wall at an exhibition differs from a series of 6 small canvases hung along a corridor. Metaphors are impressionistic; 7 analogies are panoramic. One was intended to convince 3 people to go to war, while the other was intended to convince people that 4 wars could be prevented.

The first formed the conclusion of a speech by 5 Lloyd George in London on 19 September , and the second formed 6 the conclusion of a speech by Woodrow Wilson at Pueblo, Colorado on 7 25 September I know a valley in North Wales, between the mountains and the sea. It is a beautiful valley, snug, comfortable, sheltered by the 1 mountains from all the bitter blasts. But it is very enervating, and I 2 remember how the boys were in the habit of climbing the hill above the village to have a glimpse of the great mountains in the distance, 4 and to be stimulated and freshened by the breezes which came from 5 the hilltops, and by the great spectacle of their grandeur.

We have 6 been living in a sheltered valley for generations. We have been too 7 comfortable and too indulgent, many, perhaps, too selfish, and the 8 stern hand of fate has scourged us to an elevation where we can see 9 the great everlasting things that matter for a nation — the peaks we had forgotten, of Honor, Duty, Patriotism, and, clad in glittering 1 white, the great pinnacle of sacrifice pointing like a rugged finger to 2 Heaven.

I had a couple of friends who were in 9 the habit of losing their tempers, and when they lost their tempers they were in the habit of using very unparliamentary language. Some 1 of their friends induced them to make a promise that they never 2 would swear inside the town limits. When the impulse next came 3 upon them, they took a streetcar to go out of town to swear, and by 4 the time they got out of town they did not want to swear.

They came back convinced that they were just what they were, a couple of 5 unspeakable fools, and the habit of getting angry and of swearing 6 suffered great inroads upon it by that experience. Now, illustrating 7 the great by the small, that is true of the passions of men, however 8 you combine them.

Give them space to cool off. Can you think of a better analogy to make the same 8 point? An interpreter must be alert to both and remember that they are 5 not mutually exclusive and that neither is better per se. A logically sound 6 argument can be embellished or made more compelling by a poetic choice 7 of words, or a moral argument can be stated in such powerful terms that 8 it overwhelms all logical objections. This requires interpreters to develop 2 some appreciation of both logical and emotive rhetoric. What argu- 8 ments would you use? From the simplest to the most 9 complex, or vice versa?

What evidence could you offer in support of your proposal? Would you state your proposal at the outset or conclude with 1 it? Would you spell it out plainly, or only hint at it and let the audience 2 reach its own conclusions? How would you refute any counter-arguments 3 you might anticipate?

This speech illustrates the use of 8 cold logic in the midst of a passionate debate. It also provides a good 9 example of skillful political polemics and, at the same time, a good lesson 40 in constitutional legal argument, or argument from authority. In a speech of this kind, it is precision, not hyperbole, that counts.

Rather, as the good lawyer that 2 he was, Lincoln accepts their premises, meets them on their own ground, and goes on to prove that they are wrong by their own standards. Remember that, at the time of this speech, slavery still existed 8 throughout the American South and threatened to spread. It was 2 crucial, therefore, that his arguments be flawlessly logical and cogent, as 3 they are. President and fellow citizens of New York: The facts with which 5 I shall deal this evening are mainly old and familiar; nor is there 6 anything new in the general use I shall make of them. In his speech 7 last autumn at Columbus, Ohio.

I fully indorse this, and I adopt it as a text for this discourse. It simply leaves the inquiry: That 5 Constitution consists of the original, framed in Who were our fathers that 7 framed the Constitution? Upon this, Senator Douglas holds the 3 affirmative, and Republicans the negative.

Of these, Roger 2 Sherman, Thomas Mifflin, and Hugh Williamson voted for the prohi- bition, thus showing that, in their understanding, no line dividing 4 local from federal authority, nor anything else, properly forbade the 5 Federal Government to control as to slavery in federal territory. This time the prohibition became a law, being part of. It went 5 through all its stages without a word of opposition, and finally passed 6 both branches without yeas and nays, which is equivalent to an unan- 7 imous passage.

In this Congress there were sixteen of the thirty-nine 8 fathers who framed the original Constitution. Could an 9 interpreter, having once stated this point fully, abridge subsequent repetitions? Then, he goes 7 on to show that 23 of the 39 men who wrote it took legislative action 8 implying that the federal government had the power to restrict 9 slavery by law in federal territories. Thus, he begins from the same premise as Douglas, but reaches the opposite conclusion. What does 1 this force his listeners to do? If Lincoln had pitched his speech on the 7 plane of high moral principle and emotional appeal, would it have 8 been more effective or less effective?

Excessive and uncontrolled 4 production of weapons also facilitates illicit trafficking. In 5 response to the argument that it is not possible to control such 6 production because it would mean an infringement of free- 7 market economic principles, one should recall that inaction in 8 the face of illicit trafficking would lead to an unprecedented 9 expansion of such trafficking, given the persistence of the prob- lems we face in the global arena, filled with potential conflicts.

Statement by the President of Vietnam 7 8 a Which of these two arguments relies more on emotion and which 9 appeals more to reason? Which one is stronger? Is 2 it the kind of argument that could be strengthened by statistics? Try combining them into 5 one sentence. Fifty years after the formation of 5 the United Nations, we meet to affirm our commitment with the 6 founding idea and the common desire to better the life of all human 7 beings. We come from Africa and South Africa on this historic 8 occasion to pay tribute to that founding idea and to thank the United 9 Nations for challenging, with us, a system that defined fellow humans as lesser beings.

The youth at whom we have directed most of 1 our awareness campaign on this golden jubilee should marvel at the 2 nobility of our intentions. For no one in the 7 north or the south can escape the cold fact that we are a single 8 humanity. Which is more powerful?

For this reason, it is very important for an 1 interpreter to gauge correctly just how far the speaker is going with a 2 delicate argument, and not to go the slightest bit farther. Consider the 3 following example: The unfortunate thing is that the words the president used were laden with implications.

With such statements, the 4 president obviously went beyond his intentions, since he also spoke 5 of the role of the French Resistance. Guilt, like innocence, is not collective but personal. The right-wing National Front lost no time 3 in plunging into the fray. But Chirac must take care lest 5 he be accused of demagoguery. It would be unfortunate if a move 6 that was meant to be generous served only to open up old wounds. Was the speech not specifically 8 addressed to a community? Had you been assigned 6 to interpret it, would you have asked for a copy of the speech to study 7 in advance of its delivery?

It was the first time in Roman history that women 2 had played any role outside the home. A conservative senator, Cato, 3 spoke against them with the following arguments: Al final veremos esto: He appeals to authority by saying that, if the laws were repealed, women would be placed on equal footing even 4 legally! He appeals to morality by characterizing women as licentious. He appeals to self-interest 2 by suggesting to the men that they would come to be dominated by 3 women, but he portrays this selfish position as being civic-minded.

He uses reductio ad absurdum humor by conclud- 6 ing that the Romans, who ruled the world, would be the only men in 7 the world ruled by their own wives. And, last but not least, he frames the 8 debate in his own terms, ignoring other issues. Are there any others? Was his failure to address this 7 key issue fatal to his other arguments?

The laws he favored were 8 repealed. In 7 international fora, even what amounts to a declaration of war will gener- 8 ally be framed in sober, carefully chosen words. However, strong 9 language is not altogether absent, and words are often used which carry stern moral judgments. Words of moral disapproval or censure are 1 especially common.

Sometimes intonation can be used to 5 give a word the proper coloring. But drafting groups may also be grateful to the inter- 3 preter for supplying the right word. Conse- 5 quently, common sense would suggest that there is a balance to be struck 6 between diplomatic decorum and forceful debate.

Which is the least 5 appropriate? Do the same with the word you have chosen to translate 2 vejaciones. Since mixed metaphors are best avoided in 3 English, how is this phrase best translated? Which of the two elements 4 of the mixed metaphor should be emphasized, and which should be 5 de-emphasized and made to fit the other? However, there is another pitfall to which interpreters must be alert.

It is possible for an 1 interpreter who is overly reluctant to use strong language in a diplomatic 2 setting to disrupt the dignity of diplomatic discourse by turning a forceful 3 statement into a ludicrous one through incongruity of speech register. When a speaker intends to be blunt or abrasive, the interpreter is not helping the listeners 1 by smoothing down the rough edges. Consider the following candid 2 remarks by Hillary Rodham Clinton: It is a violation of human rights 7 when a leading cause of death worldwide among women ages 14 to 8 44 is the violence they are subjected to in their own homes.

It is a 9 violation of human rights when young girls are brutalized by the painful and degrading practice of genital mutilation. It is a violation 1 of human rights when women are denied the right to plan their own 2 families, and that includes being forced to have abortions or being 3 sterilized against their will. Statement by representative of 4 Benin 5 El internacionalismo de Naciones Unidas es interculturalismo. Statement by representative of 9 Panama 1 a In what sense is the word being used?

A more likely explanation is 1 that, in English, a frank criticism or a sincere compliment does not ring 2 true in superlative form because the superlative is so often used ironi- 3 cally in English to imply its opposite. With this idea in mind, translate 4 the following into English in a way that sounds equally intense without 5 sounding melodramatic or insincere: Translate the following into French, Spanish, or 5 your other working languages, paying special attention to the words in 6 bold type: Now, with 9 fewer than days to go before China reassumes control over Hong Kong, the role of the company in the Opium War is coming back to 1 haunt it.

Instead of swaggering like the consummate colonial occu- 2 pier it used to be, Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd. And it is not 4 comfortable playing its new role. Jardines is no longer an integral part 5 of the Government. The New York Times, 30 November , 1 p. D1—6 2 3 4 11 a Rank the following statements according to level of language, 5 from the most formal and solemn to the most informal and colloquial: Moreover, because memory is 1 fallible, an interpreter should strive always to have two or three possible 2 words at hand for any given idea.

For each sentence given below, choose the most appro- 40 priate word to fill the blank from those suggested. Then, translate the completed sentences into each of your other languages. Then, translate 3 the complete sentence. Then translate the 6 sentences. Remember that two slightly 40 different words can function as synonyms if they will mean the same thing in context. Then rank the remaining 3 ones according to intensity. The interpreter must weigh 6 words carefully when such references do occur, since there is a serious 7 risk of giving offense by the wrong choice of words.

It is a mistake to be 8 blunt when the source-language speaker is clearly being euphemistic, or 9 vice versa. The court interpreter must be especially careful to pin down the precise meaning of a specific allegation or charge of wrongdoing. A more cautious choice of words e. It is important to understand the specific forms of conduct 4 to which such words refer and to distinguish between expressions of 5 moral disapproval and terms referring to illegal acts.

They differ in 6 both meaning and register, and they can be deceptive. Wrongdoing in everyday speech 5 is different from wrongdoing as defined in the penal code. Read 9 the article, analyze and critique the translation from the standpoint of diction, then translate it into your other working languages. Corruption is an everyday affair, made all the more surreal- 8 istic by the fact that it happens all the time. In Russia you learn to pay for everything: In Venezuela 9 it has become the theme of a prime-time sitcom! It may be a few electronic fund transfers between 2 phantom corporations, a few petty deals here and there, a knack 3 for keeping clients and constituents on the hook, or a dim trail 4 leading to a Swiss bank account.

But, wherever you look, you will 5 find influence being bartered for money. The globalization of the economy seems to have brought about a globalization of corruption. Economist 2 Alain Cotta describes one of the reasons: Do they signal a resolve 3 to fight what many consider a social scourge?

Downloading Audiobooks To My Iphone Totem Et Tabou Annoté French Edition By Sigmund Freud Djvu

Nothing could be 4 5 less certain. To win power, you have to portray 8 yourself as being cleaner than all the others. In that context, the black sheep is not the 3 person with his hand in the till but the one who refuses to share 4 the booty. A Chinese Communist Party cadre will work for the 5 development of his village. An African businessman will donate 6 millions of CFA francs to the griots.

The practice of 9 redistributive grabbing is the source of a vast patronage network 40 that encompasses much of the population. You use your position of power in govern- 1 ment to accumulate wealth.

And, contrary to a widespread 2 opinion, that is not a peculiarly African habit. In Africa, 9 on the other hand, corruption hurts capitalism because it has been nothing but one more form of the income dependency that besets 1 the sub-continent. The real problem is one of capital flight. But 2 there can be corruption without capital flight, as in Asia, or with 3 it, as in Africa.

Corruption kept those 2 countries this side of total economic collapse. Why has corruption 2 become the bugbear of every international conference, with 3 leaders the world over vowing to end it? Why has Transparency 4 International, a kind of Amnesty International against corruption, 5 been created? The economic deregula- 7 tion of the s seems to have brought in its wake a deregulation 8 of corruption.

A junior ministry employee could 7 make a few thousand rubles a year in bribes, but no more. His 8 higher-placed chief had bigger ambitions, although he could not 9 compete with the top bosses in Moscow or the capitals of the republics. Those who broke the rules by trying to become local 1 potentates faced reprisals.

Today, 2 you can bribe and be bribed without a party membership card. As a result, 52, corrup- 5 tion-related crimes were reported in According to a recent 6 report, a third of earnings from retail trade is being skimmed off 7 by corruption. Every day the Russian press exposes cases of extor- 8 tion, under-valuation of property slated for privatization, and 9 embezzlement of funds for transfer overseas. Corruption is spreading so fast that illegality has 4 become the rule. Graft is feeding on graft.

L'âge d'or du totémisme

With structural 8 adjustment and falling commodity prices, people seek out new 9 sources of income: For example, the political- 3 military class in Nigeria is investing in the drug trade. The war 4 in Liberia is a drug conflict. Today, there are even 6 more banks in Monrovia than before, and their specialty is still 7 the same. But it seems there is not enough evidence to arrest them. Recently a Moscow intelligence 8 officer was arrested for selling his services to criminal groups.

Here, the government 1 officials and the drug traffickers are the same people. Faced with that law of the jungle, those 3 who lack the means to pay their way with bribery are tempted 4 to resort to violence. Corruption and terrorism go hand in hand. Sandrine Tolotti, Croissance, April 2 excerpts ; translation by James Nolan 3 b Translate the following passage into English, French, or your 4 other working languages: Se la hubiese concedido. Has the 9 nature of the problem changed significantly?

Write illustrative 5 sentences that bring out the distinctions between the terms. Explain 6 differences in register or level of language. Which of the terms are 7 standard vocabulary, which are slang, and which are legal or admin- 8 istrative terms of art? How 3 might you translate this idea into your other languages with a term 4 of equivalent colloquial register?

Bibliographie

Is this a 7 good translation? Are the American political and financial scandals 8 9 known as Watergate, Irangate, Whitewater, and Enron translatable into other languages, or are the words easily recognizable in other 1 languages and therefore best left in English? What is the derivation of this 5 word? Is it based on a metaphor? How might you translate this 6 concept into your other languages? Is this a proper use of the term? But these 8 words tend to be untranslatable because they are culture-specific: The nearest equivalent stereotype in the target language is 9 often over-inclusive or under-inclusive, and often carries a different connotation or resonance.

The former are translatable, but the latter often are not and should be avoided if possible. When speakers consciously use 4 stereotypes which are untranslatable, meaningless, or misleading, but 5 which are at least recognizable in the target language, a literal translation 6 is perhaps safest because it at least has the merit of indicating to the 7 listeners that a stereotype is being used. Immigration is 4 a flow, a flood, a tide, a wave, an influx, a stream, a tsunami, or, 5 after restrictions, a trickle. Immigrants are drained from their 6 homelands. British politicians, with a strong sense of their country as an island, also use water metaphors for immigration.

But while 1 those who wish to appear neutral talk about tides and waves and 2 flows, those who oppose immigration use more insidious liquid 3 metaphors. Creeping into every part of our national life today 9 is a wetness and weediness that would have been unimaginable 50 years ago. As water metaphors reveal a nation- 7 as-island, and filth metaphors reveal an obsession with purity, 8 the French habit of discussing immigration with metaphors of 9 disease reveals an implicit conception of France as a body, and 40 particularly as a female body.

Does the choice of the 3 metaphor used to describe a phenomenon tend to determine whether 4 that phenomenon will be viewed in a positive or negative light? What problems does this present for the translator 7 or interpreter? A translator is to be like his author: Samuel Johnson, Lives of the English Poets: The speaker is sovereign, and may 2 choose to deliver a speech quite different from what the audience 3 expected on a particular occasion.

For example, the crowds who flocked 4 to the burial ground of the Battle of Gettysburg expecting to hear 5 President Abraham Lincoln deliver one of the long, colorful orations for 6 which he had become famous were disappointed to hear only a brief 7 eulogy. Yet that brief speech was so well suited to the historic solemnity 8 and gravity of the occasion that it is widely regarded as one of the finest 9 speeches in the English language.

But the English 7 interpreter working from Spanish or French faces a stylistic dilemma 8 where formal oratory is concerned. Contemporary English speaking style, 9 even on formal and solemn occasions, is marked by relative simplicity and straightforwardness. However, much formal oratory in Spanish and 1 French even today bears the stamp of the Baroque: So, the English 7 interpreter must find ways of striking a delicate balance: Simple ideas are some- 5 times obscured by unnecessarily complex or turgid constructions, and an 6 interpreter who can clarify them in the act of interpreting is doing a 7 service to both himself and and the audience.

But not all 8 ideas are simple. English translations of the 9 speeches of Cicero or English speakers of the 19th century and earlier 40 times. For example, one good, reasonably modern source is the speeches of Abraham Lincoln. We find ourselves under the government of a system of 2 political institutions conducing more essentially to the ends of civil and religious liberty than any of which the history of former times 4 tells us.

This task of gratitude to our fathers, justice to 4 ourselves, duty to posterity, and love for our species in general, all 5 imperatively require us faithfully to perform. The same sentence put in the normal English 5 word order sounds flat and uninteresting by comparison: This disposition is awfully fearful in 4 any community; and that it now exists in ours, though grating to 5 our feelings to admit, it would be a violation of truth, and an insult 6 to our intelligence, to deny.

Note their meaning in 9 context. Having ever regarded Government as their 4 deadliest bane, they make a jubilee of the suspension of its operations. While, on the other hand, good men, men who love tranquility, 6 who desire to abide by the laws. Whenever this effect shall be produced among us; whenever 4 the vicious portion of population shall be permitted to gather in 5 bands.

There 7 are now, and will hereafter be, many causes, dangerous in their 8 tendency, which have not existed heretofore. That our govern- 9 ment should have been maintained in its original form from its 1 establishment until now, is not much to be wondered at. It had 2 many props to support it through that period, which now are decayed, and crumbled away. Through that period, it was felt by all 4 to be an undecided experiment; now, it is understood to be a 5 successful one. That our government should have 8 been maintained in its original form from its establishment until 9 now, is not much to be wondered at.

Debo recalcar la urgencia de actuar inmediatamente. Both speeches are concerned with the same general 7 theme: Notice the expressions in bold type. We have adopted a 3 number of deeply considered and crucial decisions. But if we drag 4 our feet in carrying them out. This should be said loud and clear. Naturally, intensive organizational 9 work to translate this reform into reality lies ahead. We will have to 40 discuss everything thoroughly in our Party and in our society. As concerns the key landmarks 3 of the discussion on the issues, the point is above all that after the 4 Conference we must get down in earnest to the job of dismantling 5 the mechanisms holding us back.

Representatives of virtually all 6 delegations said that the bureaucracy was still showing its teeth, 7 resisting and trying to sabotage our efforts. As a result, the reform is 8 hitting snags in many areas. What we need is not blind faith in 9 a bright future but scientific projections based on a profound and precise knowledge of the inexhaustible potential inherent in a citizen 1 of socialist society, in his work and creative spirit. That is exactly why 2 we refer to a new and humane image of socialism as the objective of perestroika.

And one more issue, comrades, raised shortly 4 before and at the Conference: As noted in the Report, restoring 6 justice with regard to the victims of lawlessness is our political and 7 moral duty. Let us perform that duty and build a monument in 8 Moscow. Play back your recording at a later time and consider whether your 5 performance conveyed the purpose and conviction of the speaker. Then 6 translate the speeches into your other languages and perform the same 7 exercise with the translated versions.

A steadfast concern for 4 peace can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic 5 nations. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace 6 must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We 7 have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind.

It 9 is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful people into war, into the 40 most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. In all our coun- 9 tries it is still a struggling and imperfect thing. It does not plead that the United States or any other country has been blameless of the 1 conditions which made the German people easy victims to the blan- 2 dishments of the Nazi conspirators. But it points to the dreadful sequence of aggressions and crimes I have recited, it points to the 4 weariness of flesh, the exhaustion of resources, and the destruction 5 of all that was beautiful or useful in this world, and to greater poten- 6 tialities in the days to come.

It is not necessary among the ruins of 7 this ancient and beautiful city with untold numbers of its civilian 8 inhabitants buried in its rubble, to argue the proposition that to start 9 or wage an aggressive war has the moral qualities of the worst crimes. Civilization asks whether law is so laggard as to be utterly help- 1 less to deal with crimes of this magnitude by criminals of this order 2 of importance. It does not expect that you [the Tribunal] can make 3 war impossible.

Opening address by Justice Robert H. Jackson 8 to the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal 9 However close we sometimes seem to that dark and final abyss, let 1 no man of peace and freedom despair. For he does not stand alone. Together we shall save our planet or together we shall perish 7 in its flames. Save it we can, and save it we must, and then shall we 8 earn the eternal thanks of mankind and, as peacemakers, the eternal 9 blessings of God.

Speech by President John F. For, in the final analysis, our most basic 3 common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same 4 air. And we are all mortal. This 5 generation of Americans has already had enough — more than enough 6 — of war and hate and oppression. We shall do our part to build 7 a world of peace where the weak are safe and the strong are just. We 8 are not helpless before that task or hopeless of its success. Confident 9 and unafraid, we labor on — not toward a strategy of annihilation but toward a strategy of peace.

Kennedy, 1 commencement address, American University, Washington, 10 June 2 4 Unfortunately, as all of us are painfully aware, our modern world is 5 still witnessing terrible armed conflicts and political and economic 6 tensions which give rise to unspeakable offenses against human life 7 and freedom. In the face 2 of continuing tragedy and evil, however, we do not lose hope with regard 3 to the future. For we witness the sincere efforts of nations striving to 4 work together, actively pursuing policies of partnership and joint 5 responsibility in addressing problems both old and new.

This truth, when effectively put into practice, will point the way to healing the divisions between rich and poor, to overcoming 1 the inequality between the strong and weak, to reconciling man with 2 himself and with God. For men and women are made in the image 3 and likeness of God. So people may never be regarded as mere 4 objects, nor may they be sacrificed for political, economic or social 5 gain.

We must never allow them to be manipulated or enslaved by 6 ideologies or technology. Their God-given dignity and worth as 7 human beings forbid this. I wrote that it was difficult to say what 8 mark the year would leave on the face of human history, to know 9 what it would bring to each people, nation, country and continent. My prayers are with 3 you and your families. May Almighty God bless you always and 4 strengthen you with his grace and peace, that you may continue to 5 serve him in the service you give to the whole human family!

Read the speeches aloud into your tape recorder, 2 giving your delivery and tone of voice a seriousness and solemnity appro- priate to the occasion. Play back your recording at a later time and 4 consider whether your performance conveyed the purpose and conviction 5 of the speaker.

It represents 7 a renewal of our commitment to work on in the conviction that 8 freedom and equality will prevail on this earth. And so, 50 years later, we reiterate the conviction 6 that permanent peace on earth requires justice in international rela- 7 tions and within each country. Only justice will be the foundation of a true peace. We are living in a time of global 9 change in which mankind as a whole is entering a truly universal era, in which the intensity of global exchanges and the new conditions 1 governing the balance of world power foreshadow, for the first time 2 in history, a chance to build a new international order based more 3 on the rational imperative of cooperation than on the use of force.

In this 6 scenario of great changes, if the United Nations wishes to remain 7 faithful to the purposes and principles that presided over its birth and 8 thus constitute a useful instrument of peace and harmonious devel- 9 opment for the planet, rather than a merely symbolic institution, the Organization will undertake a profound renewal of its structures in 1 order to achieve the efficiency that all countries of the world are 2 clearly calling for.

However, it has never been 8 clearer that the principal threats to peace and security come from the 9 deterioration of social or institutional structures whose most stubborn 40 and dangerous expression is the persistence of extreme poverty over broad areas of the planet. It is time to 7 pave the way for international cooperation as the new paradigm 8 governing United Nations activities, as a guarantee of a new era of 9 peace and solidarity in the world. Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, 8 message and greetings to the United Nations on its 50th anniversary, 9 ; translation by James Nolan 1 5 Study the following excerpts from speeches delivered at the solemn 2 commemorative meeting marking the 50th anniversary of the United 3 Nations in Read the speeches aloud into your tape recorder, giving 4 your delivery and tone of voice a seriousness and solemnity appro- 5 priate to the occasion.

Play back your recording at a later time and 6 consider whether your performance conveyed the purpose and convic- 7 tion of the speaker. Translate the passages and repeat the exercise using 8 the translation s. Han diezmado, y siguen diezmando, pueblos 1 enteros en diversas regiones del mundo. Play back your recording at a 3 later time and consider how convincing your performance was. Translate 4 the passage, and repeat the exercise using the translation s. If you have lunch together or break- fast together or you travel back and forth together, you are not to 1 2 discuss the case among yourselves.

You stop at that. You are not to read, watch, or listen to any media reports on 1 the trial of this indictment. Those are your 7 instructions. You are to comply with them. Have a pleasant evening. It is also a matter of circumstances — in which chance 2 or fate may take a hand. One cannot tell when and why a speech will go 3 down in history. Consequently, whatever the occasion, no speech by 4 an important public figure should ever be taken lightly. The following 5 simple speech to a rally must have seemed at the time like just one more 6 political speech.

But it was delivered only moments before the speaker, 7 Yitzakh Rabin, was assassinated, and it turned out to be the last words 8 of a great statesman and peace-maker. Read the speech aloud into your 9 tape recorder, giving your delivery and tone of voice a seriousness appro- 40 priate to the occasion. Translate the speech and repeat the exercise using the 2 translation s. I was a military man for 27 6 years. I waged war as long as there was no chance for peace. I believe 7 there is now a chance for peace, a great chance, and we must take 8 advantage of it for those standing here, and for those who are not 9 here — and they are many.

I have always believed that the majority of the people want peace and are ready to take a chance for peace. Violence erodes the basis of Israeli democ- racy. It should be condemned and wisely expunged and isolated. It 4 is not the way of the state of Israel. There can be 5 disputes but the outcome will be settled by democratic elections. They are trying to attack us in order to 8 torpedo peace. I want to tell you: This rally must broadcast to the Israeli public, to the world 1 Jewish public and to many in the western and outside world that the 2 people of Israel want peace, support peace.

A policy address is 8 an official public statement of position, for the record. Such an address 9 is usually delivered by a plenipotentiary ambassador, a foreign minister, or the head of state or government. Consequently, as regards the content, 1 nearly perfect accuracy is required. Each and every idea must be correctly 2 rendered. Such speeches tend to be very 4 lengthy and detailed, since ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of 5 state will usually take the opportunity of a general debate to cover a great 6 deal of ground. Moreover, even speeches of this kind are now subject 7 to time limits, which force the speaker to speak fast or at least to speed 8 up at certain points.

In one and the same address, the speaker may cover everything 1 from environmental and demographic issues to human rights crises and 2 regional conflicts in several parts of the world. This requires the inter- 3 preter to keep abreast of the latest developments in world affairs, as well 4 as any related new concepts, technical terms, neologisms, and jargon 5 generated by the issues e. The speech has been slightly abridged. As you read, jot down each topic covered.

Consider what changes in structure, phrasing, tone, 5 etc. It is a great honour to represent Canada here today as we celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations during this 4 general debate. Successive Canadian Ambassadors to the United Nations have 4 distinguished themselves in the service of the Organization, as have 5 countless Canadian negotiators in areas ranging from disarmament 6 to trade to development.

Pearson won a Nobel 7 Peace Prize for his contribution to the success of the United Nations in 8 establishing the first peace-keeping operation, in It is clear, however, that the inter- 1 national community remains committed to the goals of the Charter 2 and to the United Nations as the primary instrument for global problem solving.

If we look at the 1 record of just the last few years, the United Nations has conducted 2 successful peace-keeping operations in Cambodia, Mozambique and 3 Haiti. Thanks to the United Nations, in this decade alone 5 million 4 children will grow up normally, children who would otherwise have 5 been paralysed by polio. This year the United Nations is working, as 6 it does every year, to ensure a better life for the almost 23 million 7 refugees in the world.

This vision must be centred on not just striving for, but achieving, human 4 security on the basis of the freedom of people everywhere to live in 5 peace and without fear, to be prosperous and enjoy equality, justice 6 before the law and knowledge. The Members of the United Nations 7 must work together now to renew the Organization and its agencies 8 and programmes and to help make this vision a reality. I will address each objective in turn. If the United Nations is to adapt to a changing world, if 3 confidence in the Organization is to be restored, we must learn from 4 the failures of Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda and build on the 5 successes of Cambodia, Namibia and El Salvador.

We are also taking advantage of our member- 6 ship in La Francophonie, in the Commonwealth and in regional 7 organizations such as the Organization of American States OAS 8 and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 9 OSCE precisely in order to work towards enhancing the ability of 40 these organizations to prevent conflicts.

I recently convened a meeting of La 3 Francophonie in Ottawa to generate recommendations for it to 4 strengthen its role in conflict prevention, particularly in Africa. These 5 recommendations will be presented to the leaders, the Heads of State 6 and Government, gathered at the Francophone Summit to be held in 7 Cotonou, Benin, in December of this year. Canada 6 strongly supports the early establishment of an international criminal 7 court, which will, we hope, deter such crimes in the future but, 8 should they occur, would punish the perpetrators.

Averting crisis requires more flexibility and 2 speed in decision-making and in implementation. The experience of the Human Rights Field Operation 6 in Rwanda revealed the need for the more effective coordination of 7 United Nations field missions. Canada has commissioned work on 8 the human rights components of field operations and on stand-by 9 arrangements for them. We must now 4 complete the comprehensive test-ban treaty negotiations as early as 5 possible in in order to permit its signature at the General 6 Assembly next September.

An agreement to begin negotiations on 7 a treaty to ban the production of fissionable material for nuclear 8 weapons is currently held up. We squander such opportunities 9 at our peril. Canada calls on all members of the Conference on Disarmament to proceed urgently with the cut-off negotiations. Multilateral institutions should 9 take trends in military and other unproductive spending into consid- eration. All States Members of the United Nations should comply 1 with the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms which will, 2 we hope, be expanded soon to include military holdings and national 3 procurement activities.

Together, interested countries could develop 4 criteria to identify excessive military expenditures and appro- 5 priate international responses. Canada has taken some initiatives in 6 this regard in recent months and we look forward to productive 7 negotiations with many Member States here. But much of the blame for the failures of the 4 Organization lies with the Member States themselves who do not 5 provide it with the tools needed for success.

These tools are never 6 needed more than when a crisis erupts. It was in this context that I announced that Canada 1 would examine ways to improve the capacity of the United Nations 2 to react quickly to such events. It presents practical proposals for 5 enhancing the United Nations rapid reaction capability in the field of 6 peace operations. I believe the proposals will both help save lives 7 and conserve scarce resources.

UBC Theses and Dissertations

We 9 are also deeply grateful to the many experts from many countries who have lent us their time and wisdom. This 9 concept will permit the United Nations to assemble, from Member States, a multifunctional force of up to military and civilian per- 1 sonnel, and, with the authorization of the Security Council, quickly 2 deploy it under the control of an operational-level headquarters. Forces will 5 be provided under enhanced stand-by arrangements with Member 6 States.

Our other proposals seek to enhance training, to create more 7 efficient logistics and transportation, and to strengthen the planning 8 efforts of the entire United Nations system. Let me say that none 9 of the 26 recommendations in the report requires Charter reforms. In this regard, the report looked at 5 longer-term questions, such as advanced technology in support of 6 the United Nations peace operations, the feasibility of a permanent 7 group of civilian police, the idea of a United Nations Standing 8 Emergency Group, a permanent force as has been considered by our 9 colleague from the Netherlands; and the question of independent sources of revenue for the United Nations system.

They will help restore confidence in the 2 ability of the United Nations to respond to crises. In the words 9 of a former military adviser to the United Nations: We are now prepared to negotiate with the United Nations a more detailed memorandum of understanding on stand- 1 by arrangements, which would include more information on 2 readiness and capability standards.

Canada 3 is prepared to help in establishing its headquarters should the United 4 Nations decide to accept this recommendation. We have already 5 made a significant number of military personnel available to the 6 United Nations on secondment or on loan. We are prepared to make 7 available additional personnel, both civilian and military, in order to 8 bring this idea closer to realization.

We need to marshal our energies, to 9 determine the most promising areas of action, and to move quickly towards putting words into action. Over the coming weeks and 1 months, Canada intends to work closely with like-minded countries 2 from around the world, and, of course, with the United Nations 3 Secretariat to this end. Indeed, 4 peace-building involves a wide range of activities. Much of the work 5 needed for articulating a broad vision of human security has already 6 been done in the series of United Nations conferences in the economic 7 and social fields, culminating in the Platform for Action recently 8 adopted at the United Nations Conference on Women.

It sets out a 9 comprehensive view of sustainable development, which balances 40 economic and social agendas for the purpose of promoting the well-being of society. The 3 United Nations can continue to play an invaluable role in forging 4 global agreements on development goals, in advocating core values, 5 and in responding to humanitarian and development needs. A strong emphasis must be placed on the 7 reduction of poverty and on the integration of the poorest countries 8 into the world economy.

BUY ON AMAZON'S NEVER EASY

However, no single country, or even group 9 of countries, can achieve global results alone. We are, therefore, determined to work with all Member States to pursue these goals 1 sufficiently and effectively. Let me take this opportunity to set out 2 some ideas on the way to renew commitment to the economic and 3 social work of the United Nations. The justified breadth of debate does not mean that United 7 Nations programmes should be established to address every problem. The United 9 Nations should focus on what it is uniquely equipped to achieve.

The outcomes of the major conferences are at the core, and 9 their distillation and coordinated follow-up should be a touchstone for the United Nations in the economic and social fields. The Agenda for Development is an important opportunity to 8 initiate the institutional change required. The Economic and 7 Social Council must take more responsibility for policy coordination 8 within the United Nations system.

A start was made this summer in 9 Geneva. To ensure a smooth tran- 8 sition from emergencies to rehabilitation, improved cooperation in 9 crises must be an immediate priority. The United Nations therefore has a key role to play in 3 promoting sustainable development. Canada welcomes the recent 4 success of United Nations conferences in some areas of international 5 resource-management operations, such as the United Nations 6 Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish 7 Stocks.

Our goal is concrete, internationally sanctioned conservation 8 measures. The same objective applies to our efforts to ensure the 9 sustainable management of forests and arable land. Canada welcomes the progress made by the 5 Commission on Sustainable Development and by the United Nations 6 Environment Programme UNEP , in clarifying their respective roles 7 in following up these agreements in collaboration with Member 8 States. United Nations Member States must be 9 committed to all three in order for any one to be successful.

Although I could speak of many United 7 Nations agencies in this regard, because of its critical role in 8 promoting the vision of the next 50 years, I will limit my remarks to 9 the Security Council. The binding nature of some decisions adds further weight to its deliberations. It has also experienced setbacks from which we can all learn.

There must be closer consultations with 8 countries contributing personnel and equipment in order to help 9 implement Council decisions. Here, real progress has been achieved 40 of late, which Canada warmly welcomes. This progress needs to be institutionalized. Although we do not regard expansion of its membership as a panacea, it is clear 1 that composition plays a role in fostering credibility and effective- 2 ness. The Council is no longer as representative as it once was. Its legitimacy, and perhaps also the quality of its decisions, would be 4 greatly enhanced by more representation from those countries that 5 contribute the most to the maintenance of international peace and 6 security and to the broad purpose of the Organization — that is, the 7 key criterion for non-permanent membership enshrined in Article 23 8 of the Charter.

They would surely include participation in United 3 Nations peace operations, commitment to arms control and disarma- 4 ment, support for good-neighbourly relations, humanitarian assis- 5 tance, human rights, development cooperation and the promotion of 6 civil society. An understanding among Member States along these 7 lines would help in the selection of non-permanent Council members, 8 whether on the existing basis or on a modified basis.

We cannot allow this to happen. Nous ne pouvons pas permettre que cela se produise. We have had to live with expenditure reductions in real 5 terms while maintaining priority programmes. International organi- 6 zations must respect the same pressures as domestic Governments. Canada strongly supports the proposal put forward by the Secretary-General for an efficiency task force to address these issues. Canada calls on all Member 8 States to do so. We cannot accept that Member States, some of which 9 rank among the richest countries in the world, fail to meet their finan- 1 cial obligations to this institution.

This is even more difficult to accept 2 when we consider that a number of the poorest countries in the world meet their payments in full and on time. Indeed, among the merely 4 60 Member States that had met their regular budget obligations to the 5 United Nations fully by 31 July of this year, 32 were developing coun- 6 tries. Unfortunately, 71 other Member States had made no payment 7 at all.

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