The New World Order

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

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New world order (politics)

Communism by Backdoor Edit Cast Credited cast: Himself Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Himself archive footage Zbigniew Brzezinski Himself archive footage George W. Himself archive footage Bill Clinton During the Red Scare of — , agitators of the American secular and Christian right , influenced by the work of Canadian conspiracy theorist William Guy Carr , increasingly embraced and spread unfounded fears of Freemasons , Illuminati and Jews as the alleged driving forces behind an " international communist conspiracy".

The threat of "Godless communism", in the form of a state atheistic and bureaucratic collectivist world government, demonized as the "Red Menace", therefore became the focus of apocalyptic millenarian conspiracism. The Red Scare came to shape one of the core ideas of the political right in the United States, which is that liberals and progressives , with their welfare-state policies and international cooperation programs such as foreign aid , supposedly contribute to a gradual process of collectivism that will inevitably lead to nations being replaced with a communist one-world government.

Right-wing populist advocacy groups with a paleoconservative world-view, such as the John Birch Society , disseminated a multitude of conspiracy theories in the s claiming that the governments of both the United States and the Soviet Union were controlled by a cabal of corporate internationalists , greedy bankers and corrupt politicians who were intent on using the U. This right-wing anti-globalist conspiracism fuelled the Bircher campaign for US withdrawal from the UN. American writer Mary M. Davison, in her booklet The Profound Revolution , traced the alleged New World Order conspiracy to the establishment of the US Federal Reserve in by international bankers, whom she claimed later formed the Council on Foreign Relations in as a shadow government.

At the time the booklet was published, many readers would have interpreted "international bankers" as a reference to a postulated "international Jewish banking conspiracy" masterminded by the Rothschilds. Claiming that the term "New World Order" is used by a secretive elite dedicated to the destruction of all national sovereignties, American writer Gary Allen —in his books None Dare Call It Conspiracy , Rockefeller: Thus, after the fall of communism in the early s, the main demonized scapegoat of the American far right shifted seamlessly from crypto-communists , who plotted on behalf of the Red Menace, to globalists, plotting on behalf of the New World Order.

The relatively painless nature of the shift was due to growing right-wing populist opposition to corporate internationalism , but also in part to the basic underlying apocalyptic millenarian paradigm, which fed the Cold War ca and the witch-hunts of the McCarthy period [15] s. Bush described his objectives for post-Cold War global governance in cooperation with post-Soviet states.

Until now, the world we've known has been a world divided—a world of barbed wire and concrete block, conflict and cold war. Now, we can see a new world coming into view. A world in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order. In the words of Winston Churchill, a "world order" in which "the principles of justice and fair play A world in which freedom and respect for human rights find a home among all nations. The New York Times observed that progressives were denouncing this new world order as a rationalization of American imperial ambitions in the Middle East , while conservatives rejected any new security arrangements altogether and fulminated about any possibility of a UN revival.

Fundamentalist Christian groups interpreted Bush's words as signaling the End Times , while secular theorists approached it from an anti-communist and anti-collectivist standpoint and feared for a hegemony over all countries by the United Nations. American televangelist Pat Robertson , with his best-selling book The New World Order , became the most prominent Christian popularizer of conspiracy theories about recent American history. He describes a scenario where Wall Street , the Federal Reserve System, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Bilderberg Group and the Trilateral Commission control the flow of events from behind the scenes, nudging people constantly and covertly in the direction of world government for the Antichrist.

Observers note that the galvanizing of right-wing populist conspiracy theorists such as Linda Thompson , Mark Koernke and Robert K. Spear into militancy led to the rise of the militia movement though the 's.

From the mid—s on, the worldwide appeal of those subcultures transmitted New World Order conspiracism like a " mind virus " to a large new audience of seekers of stigmatized knowledge. Hollywood conspiracy-thriller television shows and films also played a role in introducing a vast popular audience to various fringe theories related to New World Order conspiracism— black helicopters , FEMA "concentration camps", etc.

Fight the Future are often cited as notable examples.

Conspiracy Theorists Are Obsessed With the Wrong ‘New World Order’ | The Nation

Following the start of the 21st century, and specifically during the lates financial crisis , many politicians and pundits, such as Gordon Brown [19] and Henry Kissinger , [20] used the term " new world order " in their advocacy for a comprehensive reform of the global financial system and their calls for a "New Bretton Woods" taking into account emerging markets such as China and India. These declarations had the unintended consequence of providing fresh fodder for New World Order conspiracism, which culminated in talk-show host Sean Hannity stating on his Fox News Channel program Hannity that the "conspiracy theorists were right".

In American film directors Luke Meyer and Andrew Neel released New World Order , a critically acclaimed documentary film which explores the world of conspiracy theorists—such as American radio host Alex Jones —who consistently expose and vigorously oppose what they perceive as an emerging New World Order. There are numerous systemic conspiracy theories through which the concept of a New World Order is viewed. The following is a list of the major ones in roughly chronological order: Since the 19th century, many apocalyptic millennial Christian eschatologists , starting with John Nelson Darby , have predicted a globalist conspiracy to impose a tyrannical New World Order governing structure as the fulfillment of prophecies about the " end time " in the Bible , specifically in the Book of Ezekiel , the Book of Daniel , the Olivet discourse found in the Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Revelation.

In many contemporary Christian conspiracy theories, the False Prophet will be either the last pope of the Catholic Church groomed and installed by an Alta Vendita or Jesuit conspiracy , a guru from the New Age movement , or even the leader of an elite fundamentalist Christian organization like the Fellowship , while the Antichrist will be either the President of the European Union , the Secretary-General of the United Nations , or even the Caliph of a pan-Islamic state. Some of the most vocal critics of end-time conspiracy theories come from within Christianity.

Camp's book Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories and End-Times Paranoia. Hughes argues that "New World Order" rhetoric libels the Christian faith, since the "New World Order" as defined by Christian conspiracy theorists has no basis in the Bible whatsoever. Furthermore, he argues that not only is this idea unbiblical, it is positively anti-biblical and fundamentally anti-Christian , because by misinterpreting key passages in the Book of Revelation, it turns a comforting message about the coming kingdom of God into one of fear, panic and despair in the face of an allegedly approaching one-world government.

Gomes , caution Christian fundamentalists that a " spirit of fear " can distort scripture and history through dangerously combining biblical literalism , apocalyptic timetables , demonization and oppressive prejudices, [29] [30] while Camp warns of the "very real danger that Christians could pick up some extra spiritual baggage" by credulously embracing conspiracy theories.

Freemasonry is one of the world's oldest secular fraternal organizations and arose during late 16th—early 17th century Britain. Over the years a number of allegations and conspiracy theories have been directed towards Freemasonry, including the allegation that Freemasons have a hidden political agenda and are conspiring to bring about a New World Order, a world government organized according to Masonic principles or governed only by Freemasons.

The esoteric nature of Masonic symbolism and rites led to Freemasons first being accused of secretly practising Satanism in the late 18th century. Despite the fact that Taxil admitted that his claims were all a hoax , they were and still are believed and repeated by numerous conspiracy theorists and had a huge influence on subsequent anti-Masonic claims about Freemasonry. Some conspiracy theorists eventually speculated that some Founding Fathers of the United States , such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin , were having Masonic sacred geometric designs interwoven into American society, particularly in the Great Seal of the United States , the United States one-dollar bill , the architecture of National Mall landmarks and the streets and highways of Washington, D.

Freemasons rebut these claims of a Masonic conspiracy. Freemasonry, which promotes rationalism , places no power in occult symbols themselves, and it is not a part of its principles to view the drawing of symbols, no matter how large, as an act of consolidating or controlling power. Although the European continental branch of Freemasonry has organizations that allow political discussion within their Masonic Lodges, Masonic researcher Trevor W.

McKeown argues that the accusations ignore several facts. Firstly, the many Grand Lodges are independent and sovereign, meaning they act on their own and do not have a common agenda. The points of belief of the various lodges often differ. Secondly, famous individual Freemasons have always held views that span the political spectrum and show no particular pattern or preference. As such, the term "Masonic government" is erroneous; there is no consensus among Freemasons about what an ideal government would look like.

The movement consisted of advocates of freethought , secularism , liberalism , republicanism , and gender equality , recruited from the German Masonic Lodges , who sought to teach rationalism through mystery schools. In , the order was infiltrated, broken up and suppressed by the government agents of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria , in his preemptive campaign to neutralize the threat of secret societies ever becoming hotbeds of conspiracies to overthrow the Bavarian monarchy and its state religion , Roman Catholicism. In the late 18th century, reactionary conspiracy theorists, such as Scottish physicist John Robison and French Jesuit priest Augustin Barruel , began speculating that the Illuminati had survived their suppression and become the masterminds behind the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

The Illuminati were accused of being subversives who were attempting to secretly orchestrate a revolutionary wave in Europe and the rest of the world in order to spread the most radical ideas and movements of the Enlightenment— anti-clericalism , anti-monarchism , and anti-patriarchalism —and to create a world noocracy and cult of reason. During the 19th century, fear of an Illuminati conspiracy was a real concern of the European ruling classes , and their oppressive reactions to this unfounded fear provoked in the very revolutions they sought to prevent.

During the interwar period of the 20th century, fascist propagandists, such as British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster and American socialite Edith Starr Miller , not only popularized the myth of an Illuminati conspiracy but claimed that it was a subversive secret society which served the Jewish elites that supposedly propped up both finance capitalism and Soviet communism in order to divide and rule the world.

American evangelist Gerald Burton Winrod and other conspiracy theorists within the fundamentalist Christian movement in the United States—which emerged in the s as a backlash against the principles of Enlightenment secular humanism , modernism , and liberalism—became the main channel of dissemination of Illuminati conspiracy theories in the U. Right-wing populists , such as members of the John Birch Society , subsequently began speculating that some collegiate fraternities Skull and Bones , gentlemen's clubs Bohemian Club , and think tanks Council on Foreign Relations , Trilateral Commission of the American upper class are front organizations of the Illuminati, which they accuse of plotting to create a New World Order through a one-world government.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an antisemitic canard , originally published in Russian in , alleging a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to achieve world domination. The text purports to be the minutes of the secret meetings of a cabal of Jewish masterminds, which has co-opted Freemasonry and is plotting to rule the world on behalf of all Jews because they believe themselves to be the chosen people of God.

The Protocols reflect themes similar to more general critiques of Enlightenment liberalism by conservative aristocrats who support monarchies and state religions. The interpretation intended by the publication of The Protocols is that if one peels away the layers of the Masonic conspiracy , past the Illuminati , one finds the rotten Jewish core. Numerous polemicists, such as Irish journalist Philip Graves in a article in The Times , and British academic Norman Cohn in his book Warrant for Genocide , have proven The Protocols to be both a hoax and a clear case of plagiarism.

There is general agreement that Russian-French writer and political activist Matvei Golovinski fabricated the text for Okhrana , the secret police of the Russian Empire , as a work of counter-revolutionary propaganda prior to the Russian Revolution , by plagiarizing, almost word for word in some passages, from The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu , a 19th-century satire against Napoleon III of France written by French political satirist and Legitimist militant Maurice Joly. Responsible for feeding many antisemitic and anti-Masonic mass hysterias of the 20th century, The Protocols has been influential in the development of some conspiracy theories, including some New World Order theories, and appears repeatedly in certain contemporary conspiracy literature.

They speculated that this secret society was working behind the scenes to establish a theocratic " United States of Europe ". Politically and religiously unified through the imperial cult of a Merovingian Great Monarch —supposedly descended from a Jesus bloodline —who occupies both the throne of Europe and the Holy See , this "Holy European Empire" would become the hyperpower of the 21st century.

Skeptics argue that the current gambit of contemporary conspiracy theorists who use The Protocols is to claim that they "really" come from some group other than the Jews, such as fallen angels or alien invaders.

New World Order

Although it is hard to determine whether the conspiracy-minded actually believe this or are simply trying to sanitize a discredited text, skeptics argue that it does not make much difference, since they leave the actual, antisemitic text unchanged. The result is to give The Protocols credibility and circulation. During the second half of Britain's "imperial century" between and , English-born South African businessman, mining magnate and politician Cecil Rhodes advocated the British Empire reannexing the United States of America and reforming itself into an " Imperial Federation " to bring about a hyperpower and lasting world peace.

In his first will, written in at the age of 23, he expressed his wish to fund a secret society known as the Society of the Elect that would advance this goal:. In , thirteen years after "his now famous will," Rhodes elaborated on the same idea: Rhodes also concentrated on the Rhodes Scholarship , which had British statesman Alfred Milner as one of its trustees.

Established in , the original goal of the trust fund was to foster peace among the great powers by creating a sense of fraternity and a shared world view among future British, American, and German leaders by having enabled them to study for free at the University of Oxford. Milner and British official Lionel George Curtis were the architects of the Round Table movement , a network of organizations promoting closer union between Britain and its self-governing colonies.

To this end, Curtis founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in June and, with his book The Commonwealth of God , began advocating for the creation of an imperial federation that eventually reannexes the U. The Council on Foreign Relations began in with a group of New York academics who were asked by President Woodrow Wilson to offer options for the foreign policy of the United States in the interwar period.

Originally envisioned as a group of American and British scholars and diplomats, some of whom belonging to the Round Table movement, it was a subsequent group of New York financiers, manufacturers and international lawyers organized in June by Nobel Peace Prize recipient and U. It is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan. In the s, right-wing populist individuals and groups with a paleoconservative worldview, such as members of the John Birch Society , were the first to combine and spread a business nationalist critique of corporate internationalists networked through think tanks such as the Council on Foreign Relations with a grand conspiracy theory casting them as front organizations for the Round Table of the "Anglo-American Establishment ", which are financed by an "international banking cabal" that has supposedly been plotting from the late 19th century on to impose an oligarchic new world order through a global financial system.

Anti- globalist conspiracy theorists therefore fear that international bankers are planning to eventually subvert the independence of the U. The research findings of historian Carroll Quigley , author of the book Tragedy and Hope , are taken by both conspiracy theorists of the American Old Right W.

Cleon Skousen and New Left Carl Oglesby to substantiate this view, even though Quigley argued that the Establishment is not involved in a plot to implement a one-world government but rather British and American benevolent imperialism driven by the mutual interests of economic elites in the United Kingdom and the United States. Quigley also argued that, although the Round Table still exists today , its position in influencing the policies of world leaders has been much reduced from its heyday during World War I and slowly waned after the end of World War II and the Suez Crisis.

Today the Round Table is largely a ginger group , designed to consider and gradually influence the policies of the Commonwealth of Nations , but faces strong opposition. Furthermore, in American society after , the problem, according to Quigley, was that no elite was in charge and acting responsibly. Larry McDonald , the second president of the John Birch Society and a conservative Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the 7th congressional district of Georgia , wrote a foreword for Allen 's book The Rockefeller File , wherein he claimed that the Rockefellers and their allies were driven by a desire to create a one-world government that combined "super- capitalism " with communism and would be fully under their control.

He saw a conspiracy plot that was "international in scope, generations old in planning, and incredibly evil in intent. For more than a century ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as 'internationalists' and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure—one world, if you will.

If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it. Barkun argues that this statement is partly facetious the claim of "conspiracy" and " treason " and partly serious—the desire to encourage trilateral cooperation among the U. The statement, however, is taken at face value and widely cited by conspiracy theorists as proof that the Council on Foreign Relations uses its role as the brain trust of American presidents, senators and representatives to manipulate them into supporting a New World Order in the form of a one-world government.

In a 13 November interview with Canadian journalist Benjamin Fulford, Rockefeller countered that he felt no need for a world government and wished for the governments of the world to work together and collaborate. He also stated that it seemed neither likely nor desirable to have only one elected government rule the whole world.

He criticized accusations of him being "ruler of the world" as nonsensical. Some American social critics , such as Laurence H. Shoup, argue that the Council on Foreign Relations is an " imperial brain trust" which has, for decades, played a central behind-the-scenes role in shaping U. William Domhoff , argue that it is in fact a mere policy discussion forum [55] which provides the business input to U. All the council does is sponsor discussion groups, debates and speakers. As far as being secretive, it issues annual reports and allows access to its historical archives. Wells promoted cosmopolitanism and offered blueprints for a world revolution and world brain to establish a technocratic world state and planned economy.

When we attempt to evaluate its promise, we have to bear in mind the distress of a generation or so of malcontents, many of them quite gallant and graceful-looking people. Bush visited Europe, but "left undefined for those on both sides of the Iron Curtain his vision for the new world order", leading commentators to view the U.

In A World Transformed , Bush and Scowcroft detail their crafting of a strategy aimed at flooding Gorbachev with proposals at the Malta Conference to catch him off guard, preventing the U.

The real globalists have been destroying civilization for decades.

The Malta Conference on December 2—3, reinvigorated discussion of the new world order. Various new concepts arose in the press as elements on the new order. Commentators expected the replacement of containment with superpower cooperation. This cooperation might then tackle problems such as reducing armaments and troop deployments, settling regional disputes, stimulating economic growth, lessening East—West trade restrictions, the inclusion of the Soviets in international economic institutions and protecting the environment.

Pursuant to superpower cooperation, a new role for NATO was forecast, with the organization perhaps changing into a forum for negotiation and treaty verification, or even a wholesale dissolution of NATO and the Warsaw Pact following the resurrection of the four-power framework from World War II i. In Europe, German reunification was seen as part of the new order. However, Strobe Talbott saw it as more of a brake on the new era and believed Malta to be a holding action on part of the superpowers designed to forestall the "new world order" because of the German question.

The Eastern Europeans believed that the new world order did not signify superpower leadership, but that superpower dominance was coming to an end. In general, the new security structure arising from superpower cooperation seemed to indicate to observers that the new world order would be based on the principles of political liberty, self-determination and non-intervention.

Conspiracy Theorists Are Obsessed With the Wrong ‘New World Order’

This would mean an end to the sponsoring of military conflicts in third countries, restrictions on global arms sales, and greater engagement in the Middle East especially regarding Syria , Palestine and Israel. Economically, debt relief was expected to be a significant issue as East—West competition would give way to North—South cooperation. Economic tripolarity would arise with the U. Meanwhile, the Soviet social and economic crisis was manifestly going to limit its ability to project power abroad, thus necessitating continued U.

Commentators assessing the results of the Conference and how the pronouncements measured up to expectations, were underwhelmed. Bush was criticized for taking refuge behind notions of " status quo -plus" rather than a full commitment to new world order. Others noted that Bush thus far failed to satisfy the out-of-control "soaring expectations" that Gorbachev's speech unleashed.

Bush started to take the initiative from Gorbachev during the run-up to the Persian Gulf War , when he began to define the elements of the new world order as he saw it and link the new order's success to the international community's response in Kuwait. Initial agreement by the Soviets to allow action against Saddam Hussein highlighted this linkage in the press.

The Washington Post declared that this superpower cooperation demonstrates that the Soviet Union has joined the international community and that in the new world order Saddam faces not just the U. Bush places the fate of the new world order on the ability of the U. Bush notes that the "premise [was] that the United States henceforth would be obligated to lead the world community to an unprecedented degree, as demonstrated by the Iraqi crisis, and that we should attempt to pursue our national interests , wherever possible, within a framework of concert with our friends and the international community ".

On March 6, , President Bush addressed Congress in a speech often cited as the Bush administration's principal policy statement on the new world order in the Middle East following the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The centerpiece of his program, however, was the achievement of an Arab-Israeli treaty based on the territory-for-peace principle and the fulfillment of Palestinian rights". As a first step, Bush announced his intention to reconvene the international peace conference in Madrid. Roosevelt at the creation of the United Nations. Key points picked up in the press were:.

These were the common themes that emerged from reporting about Bush's speech and its implications. Does it mean a strengthened U. And new regional security arrangements in the gulf and elsewhere? In the Persian Gulf, Mr. Bush has rejected a UN command outright. Sometimes, when Administration officials describe their goals, they say the U. Other times, they appear determined to seek new arrangements to preserve U. The New York Times observed that the American left was calling the new world order a "rationalization for imperial ambitions" in the Middle East while the right rejected new security arrangements altogether and fulminated about any possibility of United Nations revival.

The Los Angeles Times reported that the speech signified more than just the rhetoric about superpower cooperation. In fact, the deeper reality of the new world order was the U.

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Moscow was crippled by internal problems and thus unable to project power abroad. While hampered by economic malaise, the U. Militarily, it was now a unipolar world as illustrated by the Persian Gulf crisis. While diplomatic rhetoric stressed a U. The speech was indeed pivotal but the meaning hidden. A pivotal interpretation of the speech came the same month a week later on September 18, Charles Krauthammer then delivered a lecture in Washington in which he introduced the idea of American unipolarity.

The main point was the following:.

It has been assumed that the old bipolar world would beget a multipolar world… The immediate post-Cold War world is not multipolar. The center of world power is an unchallenged superpower, the United States, attended by its Western allies. In fact, as Lawrence Freedman commented in , a "unipolar" world is now taken seriously. An underlying theme in all the discussions is that the United States has now acquired a preeminent position in the international hierarchy. This situation has developed because of the precipitate decline of the Soviet Union.

Bush himself has indicated that it is the new relationship with Moscow that creates the possibility for his new order. For many analysts, therefore, the new order's essential feature is not the values it is said to embody nor the principles upon which it is to be based, but that it has the United States at its center In effect, the debate is over the consequences of the West's victory in the Cold War rather than in the Gulf for the generality of international conflicts.

Washington's capacity to exert overwhelming military power and leadership over a multinational coalition provides the "basis for a Pax Americana ". Indeed, one of the problems with Bush's phrase was that "a call for 'order' from Washington chills practically everyone else, because it sounds suspiciously like a Pax Americana ". Twelve years later, Krauthammer in "The Unipolar Moment Revisited" [33] stated that the "moment" is lasting and lasting with "acceleration". The unipolar moment has become the unipolar era". The Economist published an article explaining the drive toward the Persian Gulf War in terms presaging the run-up to the Iraq War of The author notes directly that despite the coalition, in the minds of most governments this is the U.

Bush that "chose to stake his political life on defeating Mr Hussein". An attack on Iraq would certainly shatter Bush's alliance, they assert, predicting calls from United Nations Security Council members saying that diplomacy should have been given more time and that they will not wish to allow a course of action "that leaves America sitting too prettily as sole remaining superpower". When the unanimity of the Security Council ends, "all that lovely talk about the new world order" will too.

When casualties mount, "Bush will be called a warmonger, an imperialist and a bully". The article goes on to say that Bush and James Baker 's speechifying cannot save the new world order once they launch a controversial war. It closes noting that a wide consensus is not necessary for U. The rest need only not interfere.

Bush told him that it was important that we get full implementation on every United Nations resolution: Bush feared that Javier will be cover for Hussein's manipulations. Following the Persian Gulf War which was seen as the crucible in which great power cooperation and collective security would emerge the new norms of the era—several academic assessments of the "new world order" idea were published.

John Lewis Gaddis , a Cold War historian, wrote in Foreign Affairs about what he saw as the key characteristics of the potential new order, namely unchallenged American primacy, increasing integration, resurgent nationalism and religiosity, a diffusion of security threats and collective security. He casts the fundamental challenge as one of integration versus fragmentation and the concomitant benefits and dangers associated with each. Changes in communications , the international economic system, the nature of security threats and the rapid spread of new ideas would prevent nations from retreating into isolation.

In light of this, Gaddis sees a chance for the democratic peace predicted by liberal international relations theorists to come closer to reality. However, he illustrates that not only is the fragmentary pressure of nationalism manifest in the former Communist bloc countries and the Third World , but it is also a considerable factor in the West.

Further, a revitalized Islam could play both integrating and fragmenting roles—emphasizing common identity, but also contributing to new conflicts that could resemble the Lebanese Civil War. The integration coming from the new order could also aggravate ecological , demographic and epidemic threats. National self-determination , leading to the breakup and reunification of states such as Yugoslavia on one hand and Germany on the other could signal abrupt shifts in the balance of power with a destabilizing effect.

Integrated markets, especially energy markets, are now a security liability for the world economic system as events affecting energy security in one part of the globe could threaten countries far removed from potential conflicts. Finally, diffusion of security threats required a new security paradigm involving low-intensity, but more frequent deployment of peacekeeping troops—a type of mission that is hard to sustain under budgetary or public opinion pressure.

Gaddis called for aid to Eastern European countries, updated security and economic regimes for Europe, United Nations-based regional conflict resolution, a slower pace of international economic integration and paying off the U. However, statesman Strobe Talbott wrote of the new world order that it was only in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War that the United Nations took a step toward redefining its role to take account of both interstate relations and intrastate events.

Furthermore, he asserted that it was only as an unintended postscript to Desert Storm that Bush gave meaning to the "new world order" slogan. By the end of the year, Bush stopped talking about a new world order and his advisers explained that he had dropped the phrase because he felt it suggested more enthusiasm for the changes sweeping the planet than he actually felt. As an antidote to the uncertainties of the world, he wanted to stress the old verities of territorial integrity, national sovereignty and international stability.

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