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Vidal de la Blache ne parlait jamais pour ne rien dire. Prenons le terme au pied de la lettre. A ce niveau, qui sont exactement ces disciples et peut-on en faire un portrait collectif? Mais la situation est en fait plus complexe. Bernard ne doit cependant pas attendre bien longtemps, sur un poste cependant beaucoup moins stable: Notre but est de combattre tous les cosmopolites qui chaque jour, insultent ce que nous avons de plus cher: Anonyme, , "Profils sorboniens. Espace et territoires, Savoirs universitaires en situation coloniale , Paris, Belin.
Dogmes et faits , Paris, Plon. Les cinq parties du monde, la France, Paris, G. Les principales puissances du monde.
Ligue coloniale de la jeunesse, , La Ligue coloniale de la Jeunesse. The vidame wants Nemours to claim that the letter is his. Knowing that Nemours has a love interest and might be loathe to risk his status with her if it is publicly assumed the letter is addressed to him, the vidame provides evidence of the identity of the author and recipient to Nemours: Later that morning, when the dauphine asks the Princesse for the letter since the queen has requested to see it, the dauphine is aghast that the Princesse no longer has it.
The dauphine tells her to reproduce its content from memory. Both the Princesse and the letter share a sudden entry into an already existing narrative. Then, suddenly, Mlle de Chartres enters the text and the court: The letter, too, makes an unanticipated entry into an already existing narrative. The letter, too, arrives at court from an unknown origin.
Even when it is read aloud by Chastelart, no mention is made of the author or addressee. Just as no one knows from whence Mlle de Chartres hails when she enters the court, no one knows who authored the letter that has suddenly appeared. Like an object such as the letter, the Princesse often does not have control over the movement of her own body. The Princesse, then, rather than replicating the actions of a person like Diane de Poitiers, Anne de Boulen or Mme de Tournon, is at least initially the structural double of an inanimate object in the text, passive and unable to act on her own.
She has become a mere copy. Lafayette —9, my emphasis.
After the epistolary transgression, even the princess considers her behavior akin to marital infidelity. The product of this metaphorical illicit love affair is a badly written forgery that does not resemble its original. The metaphorical reading of the trajectory of the letter as object and its reproduction reveals that neither the letter nor the Princesse fit in at court nor are convincing.
Others assign meaning to their physical presence without regard for their actual content. As the dauphine states, her actions make her unique: Nemours, too, cannot believe that the Princesse would act so contrary to all other women.
During the refusal, he struggles to understand what she is telling him: The content of the letter initially seems to have very little impact on the narrative. The relationship between authorship and anonymity has been famously explored by DeJean, who maintains that women authors left their writings unsigned, lending authority to their texts. Unsigned works remove any implication that might come with the name — or gender — of the author and instead draw attention to the value of the content of what is written. At first glance, however, just the opposite occurs.
Different values are assigned to the letter by different characters: Reading the words of the letter as given in the novel, another parallel between the letter and the Princesse emerges: For the first time, the Princesse has a model with which she can identify. The Princesse is far less able to master her emotional reactions throughout the novel as well as at its conclusion. Notably, she loses control of her expression when Nemours falls from his horse: In the refusal, the Princesse attempts this same mastery, but she falters.
While speaking to Nemours frankly during the refusal, she tells him she will be able to control her passion: But later in the conversation, she finds herself tempted to give in: Upon greater reflection, she recognizes her weakness:. The Catholic University of America Press, The Privileges of Anonymity. Biblio 17 , 40 Beasley and Katharine Ann Jensen. Lafayette, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de. Mirrors in Texts — Texts in Mirrors. A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures The Cambridge Introduction to French Literature. On Not Making Literary History.
Gunter Narr Verlag, Valincour, Jean-Baptiste Henri du Trousset de. Chez Sebastien Mabre-Cramoisy, The Birth of the Modern Novel. In a footnote to her captivating Sightings: Mirrors in Texts — Texts in Mirrors , Joyce Lowrie invites the further examination of this letter as a source: Finis les grands sentiments, tout au moins en ce qui la concerne. Projet non plus de fuite, mais de contre-attaque. Alors qu'elle devrait triompher, Elvire se cache. All his desires are mediated by his rivals […] Indeed the desire to seduce is so far from being an attribute of sexuality in Don Juan that it would be more accurate to describe his sexuality as an attribute of his desire to seduce.
The familial blood dictates her actions and commands her to speak for it, just as a god might speak through a possessed human host. In her mind, blood calls for blood seemingly despite human volition. The King promises that the blood feud will cease, that the two lovers can be wed, and that all will live together happily thereafter. This logic intensifies in the context of a blood feud, which, as Stuart Carroll has explained, is never an individual matter.
Rochefort claimed the ancient prerogatives of blood, claiming that it was the medium of psychic and moral virtues including bravery and strength inherited from the ancient conquering Franks. Ultimately this gave the King more control to give out noble status according to merit and to decide on limit cases exposed by his genealogists Haddad — Corneille scholars have consequently understood Le Cid as part of this historical story of noble decline, with the language of blood squarely on the side of the aristocracy.
These systems, however, are very much attached to bodies; and when examined in this light, the two opposing sides are not so antithetical as most readings assume. In this negotiation, therefore, the King might likewise make use of this vocabulary.
And though in this case the blood may not be visible onstage, it is graphically imagined nonetheless. Otherwise stated, even though the aristocracy and the monarch cite blood discourses towards contradictory ends, they invest in similar assumptions with similarly violent consequences. King Fernand can attempt to argue that his royal blood the blood of the nation as he puts it matters more than that of the nobility. But if he holds the same premise, that blood matters, then all blood matters; and the King cannot convincingly apply this principle to his body alone.
So long as these characters depend upon and invest in these discourses, regardless of their side in this political divide, blood will not change. Blood will demand more blood, and future generations will be determined by the same violent requirements and demands. The alternative to this dialectic, to have a future without blood, necessitates rejecting this bloody ideology entirely; as Le Cid intimates, defining othersby their bodies here only yields violence, whether in a blood feud or in a holy war against the Moors.
In other words, blood conceived in this way necessarily dictates and determines without concern for any other social or emotional considerations. For instance, Rodrigue voices this reasoning after a lengthy internal debate: For the guarantee does not work for heroines. The first feature to note is that, after proclaiming her father dead, his blood remains her first concern. Blood here becomes the subject of her proclamations: And, of course, as we saw in the opening quotation, the blood speaks and makes demands.
But only Rodrigue appears to have a means out of this bind: The Infante proposes that this marriage commixtio sanguis could cleanse the bad blood between them. If the reference to this sacred tie is at all ambiguous, then the allusion to Hymen clearly implies a sexual bond with its mixing of flesh and blood especially in the form of the maidenhead upon entering married life. Otherwise put, by mixing bloods in marriage commixtio sanguis , the two feuding families would now be members of the same extended kinship group, thereby determining new affine relations that could overturn the stains to family honor.
She asks the King if she must marry him,. Needless to say, she does not conceive of this stain on her honor as a metaphorical one. If two become one in the sanctity of marriage and their bloods mix, then she is guilty of patricide, as though she herself had stabbed her father.
And if this principle of contamination is true, if blood in fact determines and signifies in this way, then the King does not have the authority much less the capacity to absolve it. This belief poses a serious problem for his authority. He cannot deny the power of blood to the aristocracy because he likewise depends on the assumption that blood embodies power and authority, particularly his own blood. Her status as a princess impedes her love for Rodrigue since her union with a noble would debase her royal blood.
However, the Infante wavers once Rodrigue has returned victorious. As she conceives it, this new name reflects a change in person, and one which is founded in blood. For this blood is central to his royal identity. Rodrigue recognizes that his blood, and more specifically his blood that can or will be lost for his King, effectively belongs to the King. Despite the notable political change, both the feudal and monarchical structures invest in a common ideology. One cannot merely insist that the blood feud cease as the King declares in the interest of his own power , but one must explicitly recognize the violent byproducts of defining others, or oneself, by blood.
Faut-il perte sur perte, et douleur sur douleur? Rather than look to bodies and who or what they determine, she instead belabors the physical consequences of maintaining these discourses, loss on loss and woe on woe.
However, on account of her social position, her voice is also muted and ignored, preventing her words from having any immediate impact on the plot. Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia. University of Pennsylvania Press, Feminist Psychocriticisms of Le Cid. Blood and Violence in Early Modern France. Oxford University Press, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Cambridge University Press, Matter for Metaphor from Ancient Rome to the Present.
Dignity versus Privilege in the Parlement of Paris, — Duke University Press, Blood Ties and Fictive Ties. Princeton University Press, Corneille, Classicism, and the Ruses of Symmetry. Papers on French Seventeenth Century Literature , Royal Gratitude in Le Cid. The Mysteries of a Crime of State. Literary Nation-Building in Times of Crisis — University of Delaware, The Role of the Unexpected.
Barnes and Noble Books, The Tragedy of Origins: Pierre Corneille and Historical Perspective. Stanford University Press, The Theory of Tragedy in Classical France.
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Purdue University Press, University of Illinois Press, The Evolution of the Cornelian Heroine. His Heroes and Their Worlds. Cornell University Press, Cultural Meanings of Blood in the Baroque.