Geografía del silencio (Spanish Edition)
Contents:
Durango, oficialmente llamada Victoria de Durango y tambien conocida como Ciudad de Durango, es una ciudad de Mexico, capital del estado de Durango. Se localiza en el norte de la Republica Mexicana, en el Valle del Guadiana situado al centro del estado, es por esta razon que los habitantes la conocen como "La Perla del Guadiana. Fue fundada el 8 de julio de por Francisco de Ibarra con el nombre de Villa de Durango. El primer trazado de la ciudad lo realizo Alonso de Pacheco. La fundacion de la ciudad se origino debido a su cercania con el Cerro de Mercado, el cual se creia contenia grandes cantidades de plata, sin embargo con el tiempo se descubrio que era un importante yacimiento de Paperback - Trade Pages: Review This Product No reviews yet - be the first to create one!
Subscribe to our newsletter Some error text Name. Email address subscribed successfully. A activation email has been sent to you. In the high areas you can find forests pines, firs, beech trees, oaks , bushes and meadows, while the areas of Ebro Valley evergreen oak and juniper are the most numerous trees, apart from the lands exploited for agricultural use.
Most Aragonese rivers are tributaries of the Ebro , which is the strongest in Spain and divides the community in two. Special mention in the hydrography deserve the small Pyrenean mountain lakes called ibones. In this entity are integrated national parks , natural parks , nature reserves , biosphere reserves and other protected natural areas that have been declared by the autonomous community, the Ramsar Convention or the Natura Within the protected areas is the only national park of Aragon: In addition there are other 4 natural parks: There are also three nature reserves, five natural monuments and three protected landscapes.
Aragon, occupying the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula has served as a bridge between the Mediterranean Sea , the peninsular center and the coasts of the Cantabrian Sea. The human presence in the lands that today form the autonomous community date back several millennia, but the current Aragon, like many of the current historical nationalities, were formed during the Middle Ages. This population left the Acheulean industry that found its best weapons in the hand axes of flint or the cleavers of quartzite. In the Upper Palaeolithic appeared two new cultures: The Epipaleolithic was centered in Lower Aragon , occupying the epoch between the 7th and the 5th millennium.
The Eneolithic was characterized in the province of Huesca presenting two important megalithic nuclei: They are Indo-European people, with an alleged origin in Central Europe, who incinerate their dead by placing the ashes in a funeral urn. From the metallurgical point of view there seems to be a boom given the increase in foundry molds that are located in the populations. The Iron Age is the most important, since throughout the centuries it is the true substratum of the Aragonese historical population. The arrival of Central Europeans during the Bronze Age by Pyrenees until reaching the Lower Aragon area, supposed an important ethnic contribution that prepared the way to the invasions of Iron Age.
The Mediterranean contributions represented a commercial activity that will constitute a powerful stimulus for the iron metallurgy, promoting the modernization of the tools and the indigenous armament, replacing the old bronze with the iron.
There is presence of Phoenician , Greek and Etruscan products. In the 6th century BCE there are six groups with different social organization: They are Iberized groups with a tendency towards stability, fixing their habitat in durable populations, with dwellings that evolve towards more enduring and stable models.
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The type of social organization was based on the family group, consisting of four generations. Self-sufficient societies in which the greater part of the population was dedicated to agricultural and livestock activities. In the Iberian scope the power was monarchical, exercised by a king; there was a democratic assembly with participation of the male population. There were visible social differentiations and established legal-political statutes. The Romans arrived and progressed easily into the interior.
In the territorial distribution that Rome made of Hispania , the current Aragon was included in the Hispania Citerior. In the year BCE, Sempronius Tuditanus is the praetor of the Citerior and had to face a general uprising in their territories that ended with the Roman defeat and the own death of Tuditanus. The indigenous peoples of the area were rebelling, except for the Ilergetes who negotiated peace with Cato. In the 1st century BCE Aragon was the scene of the civil war to seize the power of Rome where the governor Quintus Sertorius made Osca Huesca the capital of all the territories controlled by them.
Already in the 1st century BCE, the today Aragonese territory became part of the province Tarraconensis and there was the definitive romanization of it creating roads and consolidating ancient Celtiberian and Iberian cities such as Caesaraugusta Zaragoza , Turiaso Tarazona , Osca Huesca or Bilbilis Calatayud. In the middle of the 3rd century the decay of the Roman Empire began. Between the years and the Franks and the Alemanni , two Germanic peoples who passed through the Pyrenees and came to Tarazona , which they sacked. In the agony of the Empire groups of bandits emerged who were dedicated to pillage.
The Ebro Valley was ravaged in the 5th century by several gangs of evildoers called Bagaudae. After the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire , the current area of Aragon was occupied by the Visigoths , forming the Visigothic Kingdom. In the year the muslims conquered the central area of Aragon, converting to Islam the ancient Roman cities such as Saraqusta Zaragoza or Wasqa Huesca. Under the reign of Ramiro I of Aragon would be extended borders with the annexation of the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza year , after having incorporated populations of the historical comarca of Cinco Villas.
In , on the death of Sancho IV of Pamplona , Aragon incorporates into its territories part of the Navarrese kingdom while Castile does the same with the western area of the former domains of Sancho "the Great". This leads to the reign of Alfonso I of Aragon that would conquer the flat lands of the middle Ebro Valley for Aragon: At his death the nobles would choose his brother Ramiro II of Aragon , who left his religious life to assume the royal scepter and perpetuate the dynasty, which he achieved with the dynastic union of the House of Aragon with the owner of the County of Barcelona in , year in which the union of both patrimonies would give rise to the Crown of Aragon and would add the forces that to its they would make the conquests of the Kingdom of Majorca and the Kingdom of Valencia possible.
The Crown of Aragon would become the hegemonic power of the Mediterranean, controlling territories as important as Sicily , Corsica , Sardinia or Naples. Each of these titles gave him sovereignty over the specific region, and the titles changed as territories were lost and won. According to Aragonese law , the monarch had to swear allegiance to the Kingdom's laws before being accepted as king. Like other Pyrenean and Basque realms, the Aragonese justice and decision making system was based on Pyrenean consuetudinary law , the King was considered primus inter pares 'first among equals' within the nobility.
The subsequent legend made the Aragonese monarchy eligible and created a phrase of coronation of the king that would be perpetuated for centuries:. We, who are worth as much as you we make you our King and Lord, as long as you keep our fueros and liberties, and if not, not.
This situation would be repeated in the Commitment of Caspe , which avoids a war that had dismembered the Crown of Aragon when a good handful of aspirants to the throne emerged after the death of Martin of Aragon a year after the death of his first-born, Martin I of Sicily.
Aragon is already a large-scale political entity: The Early Modern Age was marked by increasing tension between the power of the Spanish Monarchy and those of the regions.
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The appointment of a Castilian as Viceroy in , contrary to the agreement all Royal officials be Aragonese caused widespread unrest; when the Madrid authorities attempted to arrest the Aragonese writer and politician Antonio Perez in May , it caused street violence in Zaragossa and a revolt known as the Alterations of Aragon.
Philip then ordered a reduction in the proportion of taxes retained by the Generality of Aragon to lessen their capacity to raise an army against him. The decay of independent institutions meant political activity focused instead on the preservation of Aragonese history, culture and art. The Archive of the Kingdom of Aragon preserved legal documents and records from the Justiciar and the Palace of Deputation or Parliament, unfortunately largely destroyed by the French in the battles of Much of the work produced by Aragonese writers challenged Philip II's version of events and were censored by the central government.
In retaliation, the Generality of Aragon ordered the work of Castilian historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas to be burned and commissioned Vicencio Blasco de Lanuza to write an alternative. His 'History of Aragon' was published in two volumes, and respectively; the urgency shows the importance placed on responding to Herrera. War and economic decline inevitably led to increases in taxes, with predictable results; the refusal of the Catalan Cortes to contribute their share of the Union of Arms eventually led to a full-scale revolt in The victory of Philip V accelerated the trend towards greater centralisation; the Nueva Planta decrees of abolished the fueros and Aragonese political structures with their powers transferred to the Deputation of the Kingdom in Madrid; Aragon and Valencia were brought into the system in , Catalonia and Majorca following in Zaragoza was largely destroyed in February during the Second Siege of Zaragoza , bringing a halt to its economic development.
The Constitution proposed a number of reforms, including the creation of provincial territories and dividing Aragon into the four provinces of Calatayud , Teruel , Soria and Guadalajara.
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However, these reforms were delayed by Ferdinand VII 's refusal to accept the constitution and finally implemented in during the Trienio Liberal. When Ferdinand was restored by French Bourbon forces in , he abolished the Constitution along with the provincial reforms.
When he died in , the provincial division of divided Aragon into its current three provinces. Throughout the 19th century, Aragon was a stronghold of the Carlists , who offered to restore the fueros and other rights associated with the former Kingdom of Aragon. This period saw a massive exodus from the countryside into the larger cities of Aragon such as Huesca , Zaragoza , Teruel or Calatayud and other nearby regions, such as Catalonia or Madrid.
Todas las palabras reunidas consiguen el silencio / All the words together attain the silence
The history of Aragon in the first half of the 20th century was similar to that of the rest of Spain; the building of infrastructure and reforms made by Miguel Primo de Rivera led to a brief economic boom, with new civil and individual liberties during the Second Spanish Republic. In June , a draft Statute of Autonomy of Aragon was presented to the Cortes Generales but the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War prevented the development of this autonomist project.
During the civil war, Aragon was divided between the two sides. Some of the most important battles were fought in Aragon, including Belchite , Teruel and Ebro. After the defeat of the Republic in April , Aragon and the rest of Spain was governed by the Francoist dictatorship. During the s an exodus and a depopulation of the rural zones towards the industrial zones like the provincial capitals, other areas of Spain, besides other European countries was triggered. In , one of the so-called Development Poles was created in Zaragoza. In the s a period of transition as in the rest of the Country was experienced, after the extinction of the previous regime, with the recovery of democratic normality and the creation of a new constitutional framework.
Not having plebiscited, in the past, affirmatively a draft Statute of autonomy second transitory provision of the constitution and not making use of the difficult access to autonomy by Article whose aggravated procedure required, apart from the initiative of the process autonomic follow the steps of article , which was ratified by three quarters of the municipalities of each of the affected provinces that represent at least the majority of the electoral census, and that this initiative was approved by referendum by the affirmative vote of the majority absolute of the electors of each province, Aragon acceded to the self-government by the slow way of article obtaining lower competence top, and less self-management of resources, during more than 20 years.
Again, a small statutory reform in the year extended the competence framework, forcing a definitive comprehensive review for several years, a new statutory text was approved in , by majority but without reaching total unanimity.
La costa del silencio (English translation)
In the s the Aragonese society increases a significant qualitative step in the quality of life due to the economic progress of the State at all levels. At the beginning of the 21st century, a significant increase in infrastructures was established, such as the arrival of the High Speed Train AVE , the construction of the new dual carriageway Somport-Sagunto and the promotion of the two airports in the Autonomous Community, Zaragoza and Huesca-Pirineos. At the same time, large technological projects are being undertaken, such as the Walqa Technology Park and the implementation of a telematic network throughout the community.
In the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon was reformed again -which was approved by a broad consensus in the Aragonese Corts, having the support of the PSOE , the PP , the PAR and the IU , whereas CHA abstained- granting the Autonomous Community the recognition of historical nationality since the Organic Law of reform of the statute, it had the condition of nationality [17] , includes a new title on the Administration of Chustizia and another on the rights and duties of the Aragoneses and guiding principles of public policies, the possibility of creating an own tax agency in collaboration with that of the State, and also the obligation to public authorities to ensure to avoid transfers from watersheds such as transfer of the Ebro , among many other modifications of the Statute of Autonomy.
The designation of Zaragoza as the venue for the International Exhibition , whose thematic axis was Water and Sustainable development , represented a series of changes and accelerated growth for the autonomous community. In addition, two anniversaries were celebrated that same year, the bicentennial of Sieges of Zaragoza of the War of Independence against the Napoleonic invasion, occurred in and the centenary of the Hispano-French Exposition of that it supposed as a modern event, to demonstrate the cultural and economic thrust of Aragon and at the same time serve to strengthen ties and staunch wounds with the French neighbors after the events of the Napoleonic Wars of the previous century.
As of [update] , half of Aragon's population, The majority of Aragonese citizens, The most densely populated areas are around the valley of the river Ebro , particularly around Zaragoza, and in the Pyrenean foothills, while the areas with the fewest inhabitants tend to be those that are higher up in the Pyrenean mountains, and in most of the southern province of Teruel.
Spanish is the native language in most of Aragon, and it is the only official language, understood and spoken by virtually everyone in the region. In addition to it, the Aragonese language continues to be spoken in several local varieties in the mountainous northern counties of the Pyrenees , particularly in western Ribagorza , Sobrarbe , Jacetania and Somontano ; it is enjoying a resurgence of popularity as a tool for regional identity.
The strip-shaped Catalan-speaking area in Aragon is often called La Franja. Aragon is divided into three provinces from north to south, named after their capitals: Huesca , Zaragoza and Teruel. The provinces are further divided into 33 comarcas , three of which are in more than one province.
Help rating similar searches: They are Iberized groups with a tendency towards stability, fixing their habitat in durable populations, with dwellings that evolve towards more enduring and stable models. Under 1 Hour The decay of independent institutions meant political activity focused instead on the preservation of Aragonese history, culture and art. There are a total of municipalities in the region. English The lyrics are copyright. The current flag was approved in , with the provisions of Article 3 of the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon , the flag is the traditional of the four horizontal red bars on a yellow background with the coat of arms of Aragon shifted towards the flagpole.
There are a total of municipalities in the region. The traditional dance of Aragon is known as jota and is one of the faster Spanish dances. It is also the most widespread in Aragon and the exact style and music depend on the area.