Fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays also survive. More of his plays have survived than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, because of the unique nature of the Euripidean manuscript tradition. Euripides is known primarily for having reshaped the formal structure of Athenian tragedy by portraying strong female characters and intelligent slaves and by satirizing many heroes of Greek mythology. His plays seem modern by comparison with those of his contemporaries, focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown to Greek audiences.
He has ordained that all men fairly possess their property, not seize it.
It will not stay. God batters at its sails. A friend is one who aids with deeds at a critical time when deeds are called for. If you can do that, and live that way, you are really a wise man.
Other sources estimate that he was born as early as BC. His father's name was either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides and his mother's name was Cleito.
Evidence suggests that the family was wealthy and influential. It is recorded that he served as a cup-bearer for Apollo's dancers, but he grew to question the religion he grew up with, exposed as he was to thinkers such as Protagoras, Socrates, and Anaxagoras. He was married twice, to Choerile and Melito, though sources disagree as to which woman he married first.
He had three sons and it is rumored that he also had a daughter who was killed after a rabid dog attacked her some say this was merely a joke made by Aristophanes, who often poked fun at Euripides. The record of Euripides' public life, other than his involvement in dramatic competitions, is almost non-existent. The only reliable story of note is one by Aristotle about Euripides' involvement in a dispute over a liturgy an account that offers strong evidence that Euripides was a wealthy man.
It has been said that he traveled to Syracuse, Sicily; that he engaged in various public or political activities during his lifetime; that he wrote his tragedies in a sanctuary, The Cave of Euripides on Salamis Island; and that he left Athens at the invitation of King Archelaus I of Macedon and stayed with him in Macedonia and allegedly died there in B. He came third, reportedly because he refused to cater to the fancies of the judges. It was not until BC that he won first prize and over the course of his lifetime Euripides claimed only four victories.
He also won a posthumous victory. He was a frequent target of Aristophanes' humour. He appears as a character in The Acharnians , Thesmophoriazusae , and most memorably in The Frogs where Dionysus travels to Hades to bring Euripides back from the dead; after a competition of poetry, the god opts to bring Aeschylus instead. Euripides' final competition in Athens was in BC; there is a story that he left Athens embittered over his defeats.
He accepted an invitation by the king of Macedon in or BC, and once there he wrote Archelaus in honour of his host. The Bacchae was performed after his death in BC and won first prize. In comparison with Aeschylus who won thirteen times and Sophocles who had eighteen victories Euripides was the least honoured of the three, at least in his lifetime. Later in the 4th century BC, Euripides' plays became the most popular, largely because of the simplicity of their language.
His works influenced New Comedy and Roman drama, and were later idolized by the French classicists; his influence on drama extends to modern times.
Also considered notable is Cyclops , the only complete satyr play to have survived. While the seven plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles that have survived were those considered their best, the manuscript containing Euripides' plays was part of a multiple volume, alphabetically-arranged collection of Euripides' works, rediscovered after lying in a monastic collection for approximately years. The manuscript contains those plays whose Greek titles begin with the letters E to K. This accounts for the large number of extant plays of Euripides among ancient dramatists, only Plautus has more surviving plays , the survival of a satyr play, and the absence of a trilogy.
It is a testament to the quality of Euripides' plays that, though their survival was dependent on the letter their title began with and not as with Aeschylus and Sophocles their quality, they are ranked alongside and often above the plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles. In June , classicists at Oxford University worked on a joint project with Brigham Young University, using multi-spectral imaging technology to recover previously illegible writing see References.
Some of this work employed infrared technology In Hippolytus , Euripides writes in a particularly modern style, demonstrating how neither language nor sight aids in understanding in a civilization on its last leg. Euripides makes his point about vision both through the plot Phaedra makes repeated references to her inability to see clearly and her wish to have her eyes covered , and through the sparseness of his staging, which lacked the dazzling elements that other plays often had.
The same was true of his commentary on the use of language. The misuse of words played an important role in the storyline Phaedra's letter, the nurse's betrayal of Phaedra's secret, Hippolytus' refusal to break his oath to save his own life, and his refusal to pay lip-service to Aphrodite , but in addition, the actual language of the play was often purposefully verbose and ungainly, again to show the ineffectual nature of language in comprehension in Euripides' age.
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