Las columnas de Enric González (2009) (Spanish Edition)

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On the one hand, I try to explain the military coup of July as a reaction against the experience of Modernity in the spanish cities, focusing on Madrid. On the other, I try to go in depth into the functional logic of violence instead of the hegemonic historiographical proposals. It is necessary to explain the sequence 2nd Republic-Coup-War in the mid-long range to understand the significance of Francoist Public Order model. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial by-nc Spain 3.

Los mandos eran conscientes de esta cualidad y repartieron entre las tropas la siguiente consigna, de obligado cumplimiento al entrar en la capital:. La importancia de la capital para los sublevados resultaba innegable. Fue entendido por diversos sectores como el socavamiento de los principios tradicionales.

Todos nuestros males vienen de las alcantarillas. No sirven para nada salvo para hacer de esclavos. En esas ciudades construimos alcantarillas, y las hicimos llegar hasta los barrios obreros. No contentos con la obra de Dios, hemos interferido en Su Voluntad [3]. Las palabras de Aguilera no eran ingenuas y el momento, clave.

La marcha del conflicto hizo que Franco y su Estado Mayor fueran conscientes de las nuevas exigencias. A ello dedicaron los primeros meses de En algunos casos, reflexiones nada complacientes, como la que sigue:. El celo por cuidar la cadena de mando queda fuera de toda duda. Una constante, por otro lado, en todas las guerras civiles Kalyvas, Sin embargo, otra vez el contexto imposibilitaba completar sus planes: La principal consigna del plan era clara: En plena guerra las autoridades confiaron en el sector, dirigido por un militar, como eje espacial del control social en la ciudad.

Todo estaba preparado para lanzarse al asalto y control de la capital. Jefes de los distintos servicios de Madrid. La obra de Franco no es material: Todo ello fue ponderado en el ecuador de la guerra y proyectado sobre las grandes capitales que quedaban en territorio republicano, especialmente Madrid. Los mandos eran conscientes de esta cualidad y repartieron entre las tropas la siguiente consigna, de obligado cumplimiento al entrar en la capital: En algunos casos, reflexiones nada complacientes, como la que sigue: Cervera, Javier Madrid en guerra.

Since the ongoing economic crisis began, Spain has had one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe, reaching a eurozone record of The number of unemployed people in Spain stood at 4,, at the end of March , up about , from the previous quarter, [14] while the youth unemployment rate stands at Trade unions called for a general strike, the first in a decade in Spain, on 29 September For the rest of the year, the government proceeded with economic reforms.

In January , the government reached an agreement with the main trade unions to increase the retirement age from 65 to Still, anarcho-syndicalist and other unions rejected the plan and called for a strike on 27 January in Galicia , Catalonia and the Basque Country. Other demonstrations in Madrid ended up in clashes. In February the so-called Sinde law passed, adding another motivation for the protests. The law allows an administrative commission to shut down any web page that shows links or allows irregular downloading of copyrighted content, without judicial supervision, even when the courts had repeatedly declared the legality of linking to these contents.

An anonymous campaign, nolesvotes, appeared online, calling on citizens to vote against any of the parties that passed the law. Prior to 15 May, other demonstrations served as precursors of the protests. These demonstrations include the 7 April demonstration in Madrid by the student group Youth without Future Spanish: Juventud Sin Futuro , which gathered 5, people. Spanish media have linked the demonstrations to the — protests against the Bologna Process.

According to Peter Gelderloos, the movement led to the creation of hundreds of police-free zones across the country, hospitals were occupied and saved from privatisation , neighbourhood assemblies sprang up, unused land and homes were occupied and squatted , worker cooperatives were founded and urban community gardens were established. The first event was called under the motto " we are not goods in the hands of politicians and bankers " and was focused on opposition to what the demonstrators called "antisocial means in the hands of bankers. At the same time, the government continued to announce social program cutbacks.

Protesters demanded spiritual philanthropy. Protests took place in all the planned cities. The National Police , however, placed the number at 20, Also according to the organizers, 15, gathered in the demonstration in Barcelona, which ended in front of the Parliament of Catalonia. In other cities such as Granada, up to 5, protesters attended.

These protests took place mostly without incident, except for an exchange of insults between some protesters and members of the Fraternity of the Virgin of Rosario, whose procession overlapped with the end of the protest after the latter continued longer than expected. In Santiago de Compostela, a group of eight hooded people smashed several banks and local businesses.

Anti-austerity movement in Spain

As a result of the clashes and the following riots, several shop windows were destroyed and trash containers burned. Police officers arrested 24 people, and five police officers were injured. During the day, several people gathered in Puerta del Sol and decided to stay in the square until the elections on 22 May. That day the tag spanishrevolution, as well as other ones related to the protests, became trending topics on Twitter. In the early hours of 17 May, police cleared the Puerta del Sol square and removed the people who had camped out.

Two protesters were arrested and one injured.

Previously, small businesses had provided a great deal of assistance with supplies, including food. All detainees were released. Protests and nighttime camp-outs took place in 30 cities around Spain, including Barcelona and Valencia. As evening fell, the protesters put up a large tarp canopy beneath which they passed out signs with the intention of spending the night. In addition, protesters organized a food stand, which provided food donated by local businesses, and set up a webcam to provide news from Puerta del Sol through the website Ustream. The protesters were advised not to drink alcohol or to organize into groups of more than 20 people, as these acts could provoke a legal police crackdown.

The police ordered protesters to disperse in Valencia, Tenerife and Las Palmas.

During the evacuation of the Plaza del Carmen in Granada, three people were arrested. Protesters created support groups for each campout on Twitter and other national and international networks. Google Docs and other servers began to receive download requests for documents needed to legally request permission for new protests. The Washington Post covered the protests on 15 May; on 18 May, more media outlets began to publish news reports.

Among them was Le Monde , the most widely circulated newspaper written in French, with an article that noted the rarity of such large-scale protests in Spain. In the evening, the President of the Regional Electoral Committee of Madrid issued a statement declaring the protests illegal because "calls for a responsible vote can change the results of the elections. According to Britain's The Guardian , "tens of thousands" had camped out in Madrid and throughout the country on the night of 19—20 May.

United Left announced it would appeal the Supreme Court's decision before the Tribunal Constitucional. They had until midnight. In Madrid, Barcelona, Malaga and other cities, May 21 started with a "mute scream" followed by cheers and applause. These protests occurred even though protests on the day before elections are banned. Around 28, people according to the police crowded Puerta del Sol and the neighboring streets despite the prohibition. Other cities also gathered large numbers of people: At approximately 7 a. Similar incidents also occurred in Lleida and Sabadell , where Mossos d'Esquadra officers dismantled the protesters' encampments.

They demanded, among other things, the resignation of the head of the Mossos d'Esquadra, Felip Puig. They also claimed that, following the incident, the encampment likely would not be taken down on Sunday, 29 May, as had previously been stated. The clearing of the Barcelona camp was broadcast live by two Spanish television channels, including Antena 3 , and was also widely dispersed through social networks such as Twitter.

The Catalan ombudsman opened an investigation into the incident to check if police action was disproportionate and violated citizens' rights. At least 40 people gathered in Montcada i Reixac , Barcelona. They prevented court officials from serving a family with the order to leave their home immediately and protested against banks repossessing people's homes. Representatives from 53 assemblies around Spain gathered in a mass assembly in Puerta del Sol.

In Madrid, hundreds of people gathered in front of the Congreso de los Diputados , with a police barrier preventing them from entering the building.

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Demonstrations in front of the Parliament are banned in Madrid, but the protest finished without incident. In the morning, police clashed with protesters in Valencia , injuring Support demonstrations were held in Barcelona and Madrid, the latter ending up in front of the Parliament for a second night. Barcelona's protest finished in front of the Popular Party's office. Thousands of indignados from the whole country concentrated at the gates of major city halls during the mayors' swearing-ins after the elections. Protesters broke in on the act in Granada , while two activists were arrested in Burgos and three in Palma.

On Sunday, 12 June, four weeks after the protests had begun, protesters in the Puerta del Sol in Madrid began to leave, dismantling the camp site; packing up tents, libraries, and shops; and removing protest signs from surrounding sites. Thousands of people assembled in front of Barcelona's Parc de la Ciutadella and organized themselves to spend the night, in order to start a blockade of the Catalan Parliament which is inside the park on the following day and prevent deputies from entering the building, where the debate on the budget, which would result in cuts in education and health, was to take place.

Clashes between protesters and Mossos d'Esquadra occurred in the early hours of the morning when hundreds of protesters gathered in front of the police cordon, while officers fired plastic bullets in order to disperse a group of protesters who had set up barricades using rubbish containers. Hours later, scuffles broke out as Mossos de Esquadra pushed protesters back so the deputies who arrived on foot could pass through.

Some deputies, such as former Minister of Labour Celestino Corbacho , were jostled, heckled and sprayed on their way in, while others used police helicopters to get to the parliament, including the president of Catalonia, Artur Mas. At least 36 people were injured, 12 of them Mossos d'Esquadra, and six people were arrested. The protest was criticized by politicians across the country.

During a press conference, Mas warned of a possible "legitimate use of force" in case demonstrators stayed outside the Parliament, and he called on the public to be understanding. Some politicians went so far as to denounce an attempted "coup d'etat. A massive demonstration was carried out in almost 80 Spanish cities and towns. It is believed that more than three million people rallied that day. The first columns of the Indignant People's March began walking towards Madrid from throughout the country, planning to arrive in the capital on 23 July.

The March's goal was to expand the proposals of the Movement while visiting rural areas, collecting their demands, and starting people's assemblies.

The March was organized in eight columns, consisting of dozens of activists from 16 cities: Dozens of people protested outside Barcelona's town hall during the swearing-in ceremony of Spanish Convergence and Union 's candidate Xavier Trias. After a month-long walk, the columns of the Indignant People's March joined in Puerta del Sol, where the movement first emerged. Thousands collapsed the main entrances of Madrid in an improvised demonstration, as sympathizers from Madrid and all over Spain joined the walkers.

The eight columns reunited at 9 p. The march culminated in a wrap up and after-action review assembly, at which participants shared the social, political and economic problems of the towns visited along the way, as well as the proposals made by the townspeople. The protesters created The Book of the People to collect these experiences and redacted it into an official document to be deposited in the Congress of Deputies ' register.

A demonstration formed under the motto "It's not a crisis, it's the system" and the poetic "It's not a crisis, I just don't love you anymore," joined by the hundreds of thousands [ citation needed ] of rural protesters who had arrived from all over the country. During the rally, protesters sprayed red hand graffiti on buildings and posted bills saying "GUILTY" on bank offices and ministries, referencing the widely held belief that the crisis was caused by banks, the Government, and cuts in social services.

Due to the large crowds, the demonstration split into two columns to avoid congestion. The demonstration ended with a protest camp in front of the Congress of Deputies. The "I Foro Social del 15M" was held in order to coordinate the mobilizations of the following winter. During the economics assembly, Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz appeared to show his support to the movement. Fifty indignados left Puerta del Sol walking in an International March to Brussels planning to arrive on 8 October, a week before the demonstrations of 15 October , in order to give the people's proposals to the European Parliament.

Police violently removed the camp in Paseo del Prado, injuring a dozen people. Meanwhile, several activists crossed the police line in the Congress wearing formal dresses and succeeded entering the Congress of Deputies , where the Book of the People, containing the rural problematics found during the Indignant People's March, was delivered. Deputy Gaspar Llamazares compromised on presenting it to the Congress and forwarded it to the Prime Minister. However, he made clear that he had no connection to the Movement. When the assembly decided on 12 June to dismantle the tent city in Puerta del Sol, it also decided by consensus to leave behind an information booth, called PuntoSol, where people interested in the movement could find information about how it had been decentralized to the neighborhood assemblies.

In response, protesters called an immediate convergence to try to access the square. The heavy police presence impeded their entry.

The decision was then made by the protesters to occupy Plaza Mayor , where an emergency participatory assembly was held in order to decide what to do. During the Plaza Mayor assembly, protesters decided to hold another assembly at Jacinto Benavente on the next day at 6 p. Police then cordoned off the square, and metro and train stations closed, while police asked for identification from anyone trying to pass into the square. Police also asked customers from shops around Sol to close their businesses several hours earlier than usual.

As the attempt to enter the square failed, the protesters decided to start a new march from Atocha two hours later.

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