Ja zum Glauben Best of 2012 (German Edition)

Text For The Month / Monatsspruch

---

Wie man in den Wald reinruft, so schallt es raus. Forgot something… XD It really is worth adding. I want to know the meaning of this sentence… please help me. This sentence is Swiss-German. Ich glaub, ich spinne! When I started learning English about 60 years ago my teacher warned us to translate idioms literally.

Nowadays this is a common saying in German. Due to the influence of American TV young people are prone to adopt English expressions and merge them into German, e. Nobody would have used this twenty years ago. Handy mobile phone , Showmaster tv host or anchor , Slip panties , etc. Hi Liv, I very much enjoyed your blog, it is amusing and very informative. I am an American and my wife of many years grew up in Bavaria, and so we often go over there for visits. I have some American idioms for which I wonder if there is a comparable German saying. Perhaps you have already listed a comparable one in your list already?

Does anyone else use this term and have a guess about derivation? Some people have left fantastic examples of idioms in the comments, which I have added to the list. Leave your favourites down below! A touch of controversy over this one! I was bo rn and raised in Bremen. Attacked is a little over the top. That breaks my heart.

Liv, bist Du noch nie gefragt worden: Was machst Du damit: Hey Liv, I just have to thank you for your brilliant articles. I just remembered another: Let me know if you have any questions on these, glad to help.

Associated Data

Super, ich liebe es… hier noch one of my favourites: Ach Du gruehne Neune! Mitgefangen, mitgehangen — caught together, hanged together. What do you think? Ich mache mir jetzt schon Sorgen. She worries that he might have an accident. Was ist, wenn du einen Unfall hast? She worries about drugs. Da gibt es sicher Drogen. She thinks that it may be too dangerous.

Show Answer 3 marks: He argues that all his favourite bands will be playing. His mother knows Tobias well. She can trust him.

Highlight: Campbell Smith in German Translation | Frankfurt Bookfair An Aotearoa Affair

He would never take drugs. He will have his mobile phone with him so he can call for help. She and Dad will make the decision together at dinner. Show Transcript for Part Four. They will use them for going to work as grown-ups. It is a classical music competition. For young people in Europe.

From October Takes place every three years. Must apply by 1 July. The rotation of the factors was oblique to leave out unnecessary restrictions and to investigate the relation of the different subscales. After performing exploratory factor analysis, Rasch analysis was performed with the eRm package Mair et al. The rating scale model was chosen as a default model for every subscale of the PTM, as one rating scale was used to answer all the items of the questionnaire see Appendix.

Also, confirmatory factor analysis was performed with onyx software Oertzen et al. The six-factor solution with the six factors proposed by Carlo and colleagues Carlo and Randall, ; Carlo et al. This target model was compared to a one-factor solution. To get detailed information about the model fit, several approximate fit indices Kline, provided by onyx software are reported. Also, Bentler Comparative Fit Index CFI is reported, as well as Tucker-Lewis index indicating good fit the higher they are, with previous recommendations being higher than 0.

For additional information of selecting the fit indices, see Schweizer All participants of the matched sample had English as their first language and the English version of the PTM was used to assess the prosocial tendencies.

The means, standard deviations, and ranges for the subscales of the German version of the PTM-R were computed for both genders and in total. Additionally, Bonferroni adjusted correlations between the PTM-R subscales and the amount of money offered in the one-shot dictator game were computed in subset 3.

All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was not approved by any additional ethics committee, for it was simply a translation and combination of different self-report questionnaires in one study, combined with short self-reports or a dictator game. If the participants took part in the dictator game, a cover story was used, but they were told about this deception as soon as the task was over, as it is common practice in psychological experiments.

Participants scored highest on the altruistic prosocial behavior subscale, followed by compliant prosocial behavior, dire prosocial behavior, emotional prosocial behavior and anonymous prosocial behavior. The lowest scores were observed for public prosocial behavior. As hypothesized, there was a modest interrelation of the subscales with some exceptions.

As expected, the public subscale was highly negatively correlated with the altruism subscale and not correlated with dire, anonymous or compliant prosocial behavior. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between altruism and anonymous prosocial behavior, as well as altruism and emotional prosocial behavior.

Lowest endorsement was in public prosocial behavior and highest endorsement in altruism. Below the middle diagonal the correlation of the subscales are shown, above the diagonal the correlation of the different factors are shown. The fit of this factor solution was 0. In order to verify the six-factor solution and compare with a one-factor solution, also a one-factor solution with fit 0.

The factor loadings for the six-factor solution can be seen in Table ESM3. As proposed in the original English version, the same factors were extracted from the translated item pool. Only the Item altruism1 did not load accordingly on its desired factor see Tabachnick and Fidell, The factor solution suggests 6 factors. The results show good item characteristics for every question as every answer category shows a distinct peak of probability at some point of the continuum where it is the most probable answer category to be picked None of these probability peaks were overpowered by other answer categories.

Also a good differentiation of the item difficulty is given. Item difficulty and intersections of the item response curves of the rating scale model for the German version of the PTM-R. For the confirmatory factor analysis, the fit indices for the target model reported by onyx software were: The comparison with the one-factor solution led to a significant difference in X 2: While correlations between public prosocial behavior and altruism have also been observed for the original version of the PTM-R Carlo et al.

Also, for altruism, as in the original version, there was no correlation with anonymous and dire prosocial behavior.

Model of confirmatory factor analysis, showing all six subcategories of prosocial behavior, their estimated correlations and the estimated relation to the questions of the translated version of the PTM-R. Bold marked correlations are at least medium size. Hence metric invariance was given following Chen and Cheung and Rensvold This means that the factors of both samples had the same unit or same interval.

Thus the scalar invariance was given following Chen , Cheung and Rensvold , and even Meade et al. This means that the scores of the different language groups had the same unit of measurement and the same intercept and therefore origin. Hence one can compare latent mean differences across groups Widaman and Reise, So, residual invariance was present following Chen and Cheung and Rensvold This invariance meant that all differences on the items are due to the group differences on the common latent factors. There were moderate correlations between empathy and the subscales of the E-Scales for empathy with dire prosocial behavior, but the correlation pattern was more pronounced for the emotional prosocial behavior subscale of the PTM-R.

Social desirability correlated moderately with altruism and compliant prosocial behavior, as well as moderately negative with public prosocial behavior.

The Best German Idioms

In sum, the reported altruistic behavior confirmed findings of the entire dataset. Negative affect was negatively related to altruism. As hypothesized, neuroticism and extraversion were both positively related to emotional prosocial behavior. Finally, also as expected, agreeableness was correlated positively with altruism and also mildly positive with compliant prosocial behavior, as well as negatively with public prosocial behavior. Reported prosocial behavior confirmed findings of the complete dataset. As hypothesized above, neuroticism was positively correlated to emotional prosocial behavior, but this relation was likely due to the aspect withdrawal.

Also according to our hypotheses, agreeableness had a strong positive relation with altruism and compliant prosocial behavior but also a lesser correlation with emotional prosocial behavior. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between public prosocial behavior and agreeableness. A similar pattern could be seen on the aspect compassion, where altruism, dire prosocial behavior, emotional prosocial behavior and compliant prosocial behavior were positively correlated.

For the other aspect of agreeableness, the politeness, altruism and compliant prosocial behavior were positive correlated, but public prosocial behavior was negatively correlated. For extraversion, openness and conscientiousness, unexpectedly, there were no correlations with prosocial behavior tendencies. As well, there were no relations of their aspects to the prosocial behavior tendencies measured with the PTM-R.

Correlations of the subscales of PTM-R with neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness measured via Big-Five-Aspect-Scales and the big five aspects volatility, withdrawal, assertiveness, enthusiasm, intellect, openness, compassion, politeness, industriousness, orderliness in subset 3. Correlations of the subscales of PTM-R with the amount of money offered in a one shot dictator game in subset 3. In the study of Rodrigues et al. Also, as the complete questionnaire was used in this study to assess different prosocial tendencies, differences in the correlation of prosocial behavior in a dictator game and the different prosocial behavior tendencies assessed with the PTM-R can be shown.

Additionally, the participants were asked whether they are engaged or were engaged in volunteer work or voluntary office activities. These results are reported here to validate the significance of the PTM-R and the subscales provided by this measure to prosocial behavior tendencies in real life situations or in observable prosocial behavior in economic games. The sample is a subsample of subset 1 as mentioned above, where high and low scoring participants on the subscale altruism where selected.

The paradigm used in this study was the dictator game e. The receiver has no opportunity to interact with the proposer. Hence the dictator may freely distribute or even keep the money to him- or herself. As there is no strategic reason to offer a receiver anything of the money at all, a higher contribution to the receiver is interpreted as an altruistic act in this economic game.

Here, the participant played in the role of the proposer. Beside the anonymity of the interaction, the income level of the receiver was manipulated. For details to the paradigm see Rodrigues et al. For the analysis of correlation between the different prosocial behavior tendencies and the altruistic behavior in this game, a correlation for every subscale of the PTM-R was made with the behavior as a dictator in the condition where the receiver had the highest income, as the influence of altruism was highest in this condition for details see Rodrigues et al.

For the analysis of the reported volunteer work or voluntary office activities, also a correlation between the different subscales of the PTM-R was computed. In sum, as expected. Dire prosocial behavior, as we hypothesized, but also compliant prosocial behavior. Also, measurement invariance was assessed comparing the German version of the PTM to the original English version of the PTM to ensure the generalizability of the theorized six-factor structure across two culture groups. In general, the results suggest that the six factors proposed by Carlo et al.

Moreover, there was evidence that the German language version of the PTM-R demonstrates numerous relations to theoretically-relevant constructs, which adds sources of validity evidence to the measure. Moreover, the findings support the notion that the six forms of prosocial behaviors are distinct; therefore, consistent with recent growing evidence on the importance of conceptualizing and operationalizing prosocial behavior as a multidimensional construct.

Confirmatory factor analysis accounting for the six-factor solution showed a good fit on the data in two of the reported fit indices. Remarkably, compared to another translation of the same measure, trying to fit confirmatory factor analysis on the construct Azimpour et al. The measurement invariance test showed invariance on factor loading level, intercept origin level and also on the residual level. Therefore, the factor structure of prosocial tendencies as proposed by Carlo et al.

The present findings therefore provide support for the six different prosocial tendencies postulated and previously demonstrated Carlo and Randall, ; Carlo et al. In confirmatory factor analysis, many expected relations between the different prosocial behavior types were found.

Especially the very strong negative correlation between public prosocial behavior and altruism shows the complementarity of these two constructs, although they are distinct types of prosocial behavior. Also, the positive relations of the dire and emotional prosocial behavior as well as compliant and dire prosocial behavior are clearly shown in the model.

These relations suggest that these types of prosocial behavior have a common basis. Thus, if one takes into account the validating constructs that were used in the subsamples of the study, the common bases of certain prosocial behavior tendencies or constructs that differ between the different kinds of prosocial behavior can be discovered. Also, one can find a correlation of the subscale altruism with social desirability in subset 1, indicating that the altruism scale may be confounded by a report bias in participants. Similar findings could already be revealed by Carlo et al.

Importantly, this study is also extending the view on the altruistic construct by taking into account the big five personality traits and their aspects as well as positive and negative emotionality. We found that altruism was moderately related to agreeableness, as well as moderately negatively related to negative affect. This indicates less altruistic acts from a person with more trait negative affect, or vice versa, that experiencing more negative affect predicts less altruism.

The relation found for the aspects of agreeableness lead to an even more precise picture of altruism assessed with the PTM-R, as compassion seems to play an important role in this concept, but also politeness plays also an important role in altruism. Hence the altruistic behavior tendencies measured here are not only driven by compassion and empathy, but also by the need of being polite and therefore maybe some motivation to experience harmony in life. The subscale public prosocial behavior, which is negatively correlated to altruism, is also negatively correlated to agreeableness, which may reflect the egoistic motivation behind the public helping acts.

Therefore, public prosocial behavior seems to be more of an opposite construct to altruism, but still is a distinct prosocial behavior tendency. Looking at the aspects of agreeableness, one can see that the negative relation is significant for politeness. Hence this type of prosocial behavior, that is related to cognitive aspects of empathy see subset 1 , is executed if one does not have the need to be polite. This more rational approach to prosocial behavior is yet negatively related to social desirability, maybe also indicating a more rational choice making and utilitarianism Mill, or preference utilitarianism Singer, of the person who is acting in such manner.

Emotional prosocial behavior tendencies measured with the German version of the PTM-R are related positively to neuroticism, agreeableness and extraversion. This shows the necessity of having the sensitivity for the problems of others, denoted by neuroticism and the tendency to actually approach others in such emotional situations, showed by extraversion for emotional prosocial behavior. Additionally, this prosocial behavior category correlated with all subtypes of empathy see subset 1 , showing the high empathic drive of this type of prosocial behavior tendency.

Dire prosocial behavior, which also correlates with all empathy-related subscales measured in subset 1, however is just correlated with the aspect compassion. This fits the concept of dire prosocial behavior, because one can be motivated to help in a crisis by compassion. As no other aspect or concept is related with this kind of prosocial behavior, the motivation to show this behavior seems to be solely driven by the compassionateness.

The compliant prosocial behavior tendencies measured with the German version of the PTM-R, in contrast, are not related to all aspects of empathy, but only to emotional concern. Being also correlated with agreeableness, this shows the reciprocal and interactive nature of this prosocial behavior category. Looking at the aspects of agreeableness related to compliant prosocial behavior, one can see that compassion and politeness are correlated with this kind of prosocial behavior. This leads to the assumption, that there is a common basis for this kind of prosocial behavior and altruism, for they are sharing the same correlational pattern for the big five aspects measured with BFAS.

Finally, the anonymous prosocial behavior is not correlated with any aspect of the big five personality aspects, but it is correlated with emotional and cognitive empathic concerns.

Dictionary

Regarding the correlations of the prosocial tendencies with other personality traits assessed in this study, one can identify empathy, cognitive and emotional concern, cognitive and emotional sensitivity and agreeableness as positive correlates of prosocial behavior. These findings fit the argument that empathy may be a driving force in some prosocial behavior categories Carlo et al. However, there are some differences, distinguishing between the different types of prosocial behavior, mostly expressed by social desirability, neuroticism, extraversion and negative affect.

Considering the results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the correlation of the subscales of the PTM-R with other constructs, the German version of the PTM-R replicates the findings of the original English language version, as well as extend them to a certain point, especially concerning the aspects of the BFAS.

Furthermore, this study provides the opportunity for German speaking researchers to receive a validated instrument for the assessment of prosocial behavior. Concerning the validation of the different subscales of the PTM-R, only a few differences are shown via experimental data in this study, but there are many more examples mentioned in other work e. In our work, in study II and in the subset 3, we showed that the altruism measured via the German version of the PTM-R is linked to offering more money in a dictator game see Rodrigues et al.

As the offering of any money in the dictator game is seen as an altruistic act, and the altruism measured with the PTM-R is correlated with this behavioral measure of altruism while other prosocial behavior tendencies are not, the differentiation of the prosocial behavior tendencies seems useful. Also, concerning the reported volunteer work or voluntary office activities, we saw significant negative correlations with dire prosocial behavior as hypothesized, but also with compliant prosocial behavior.

These two prosocial behavioral tendencies are mainly focused on certain situations that have to occur—a crisis in case of dire prosocial behavior and a previous helping behavior or the concrete chance of repayment of the own prosocial behavior for compliant prosocial behavior.

• Fishermans Son
• Multilingual Aspects of Speech Sound Disorders in Children (Communication Disorders Across Languages)
• Book Of The Terracken
• La Bible (Imagerie des tout-petits) (French Edition)
• Morgan And The Other Side Of The Stone