Escritos K (Debates) (Spanish Edition)
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Priesler Afendras et al. The fourth sense of the term is the "ideal native speaker" concept that is dear to generative linguistics where the NS may indeed be "a scientifically respectable myth" Rajagopalan The fifth use of the NS notion is the "blood native" who bases his or her NS status on race, nationality or ethnicity. This use is a dangerous sense of the NS notion and is precisely the one that bothers Rajagopalan.
Terms associated with "blood native" are "mother tongue," "mother land," if employed as instruments of power over "others" can lead to righteous slogans as "my country right or wrong. Rajagopalan considers the idea of "near native" to be enigmatic. When I look back at all the colleagues and former students of mine, I would indeed use "near-native" to refer to some of them, based on my evaluation to be sure subjective, as all evaluations are of their fluency, ability to debate, on one hand, and on their ability to write papers in academic journals in English. For Sorace the concept of "near-nativeness" is complex and points to its study in the field of Second Language Acquisition.
Observe his use of the terms "native language" and "native speaker of Brazilian Portuguese":. His Portuguese was absolutely fluent and indeed practically indistinguishable from that of any other native speaker of Brazilian Portuguese Rajagopalan In another paper Rajagopalan A number of books dealing with ELF by Jenkins , , are distributed by major publishing houses that show a change in the mindset of that industry.
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What I believe troubles Rajagopalan is the privileged status attributed to the inner circle varieties of English, particularly British and American Englishes that have served as a yardstick in detriment to other varieties. In the next part of this paper, I look at a number of the many arguments presented.
Claiming that British English is native while Indian English is not amounts to saying that speakers of Indian English are not native speakers of Nigerian English. In the author's words, an NS "is one who shares with others in the relevant speech community relatively stable well-formedness judgments on expressions used or unusable in the community Bilingualism or bidialectalism on the part of speakers of British or Australian Englishes does not affect their NS status while bilingualism or bidialectalism of speakers of Singapore or Indian Englishes cancels out their being NSs of their respective varieties.
But still things are not that simple. This author points to a situation in the Indian context:. In Kerala, there is a community of bilingual speakers who use Malayalam as their first language and English as their second language; The major difference between the two bilingual systems is the order of acquisition.
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Based on Mohanan's remarks, I surmise that there is a difference in proficiency between those who learned English early in life, say from 4 or 5 years of age, and those who came to the language later on life, either after puberty or in early or later adulthood. Bonfiglio personal communication, a disagrees with my defense Schmitz, The fact that Singh and some of his colleagues argue for NS status of Indian English alongside British English may be a self-seeking one for not all Indians speak English; in Dasgupta's words many Indians are "marginalized in the fact that the majority of India's people are ignorant of her" Phillipson It is ironic that the more we try to remove the word "native" from the vocabulary of language studies, the more it appears.
It seems that Rajagopalan In a review of Jenkins , he states that Jenkins' consideration of outer circle speakers India, Singapore as NSs is "promoting their cause by giving them a shot in the arm" p. Note that I have italicized his use of NSs for it crops up again and that is the very term he has been objecting to in a number of his papers. He also claims that speakers of "World English" speak "a hotpotch of dialects and accents at different levels of nativization or, contrariwise, fossilization" Rajagopalan, But quite fortunately for English language teaching, he does indeed locate NNSs, and in another admirable about face, Rajagopalan It is indeed unfortunate that some NSs use a place of birth to project themselves as being the sole authorities on the language they speak; learners or NNs are deemed to be failed "natives" and second rate for not speaking the supposedly "pure" and "perfect" standard.
The Positive Flow of Life. The Native Speaker in Dead! But the problem is that Rajagopalan tells us that "the native speaker is a piece of phantasmagoria that exists only in the dream-world of the theoretical linguist" p. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. The author explores contemporary cultural and community topics with the help of engaging essays. Learn more about Amazon Prime. The dialogue among the different scholars uncovers an anxiety on the part of those who work in the area of English studies in the world.
Rajagopalan, in the course of his remarks, confesses that "English was rammed down his throat" from early infancy. Rajagopalan states that as a student in India, he was alphabetized in three different scripts, thereby preparing him as a multilingual person. In my case, as a child, I had no choice in the matter. I heard English from infancy, but my "multilingualism" was limited as a child of five or six to hearing different languages when my father turned on the radio.
Indeed a different situation!
Escritos K (Debates) (Spanish Edition) Download Link ==> www.farmersmarketmusic.com dl/www.farmersmarketmusic.com Conversaciones escritas: Lectura y redacción en contexto (Spanish Edition) . lecturas de varios temas que presentan diferentes aspectos de debate particular.
Rajagopalan's remarks that he was forced to learn English, the language of the colonial masters, I fully understand, for my own Irish-born maternal grandmother manifested to me her displeasure about the presence of the English in Ireland, Britain's first colony. I would welcome from Rajagopalan a narrative on his part dealing with his multilingualism, multiculturalism childhood, adolescence, early adulthood in India, graduate study in the United Kingdom, post-doctoral work in the USA, topped off by a long-time residence in Brazil.
I wonder, however, if Rajagopalan would consider his being forced to learn English as a child the same as the use of the "Welsh not" used as a punishment to children who dared to speak Welsh instead of English. We could also take the case of the prohibition of Catalan during the dictatorship in Spain or the obligatory study of Russian during the Soviet occupation of Hungary. In this part of my article, I want to set out my own voice for debate by Rajagopalan, possibly by the different authors cited as well as colleagues and students. In my first reading of Rajagopalan's paper, I was puzzled; if NSs are "phantasmagorias", "worn out" or "moth-eaten" and if one can't find NNs, where do I stand?
I am indeed grateful to him for his article put me on to the challenging set of papers published earlier in the JP. My interest in this very intriguing topic continued over the years and this essay is open for further debate.
I am not beholden to the NS notion. It is indeed a mark of privilege bestowed on inner circle varieties in detriment to outer circle speakers and also to expanding circle users of English who are viewed as being failed natives. I support the use of term L1 rather than NS for the later carries with it an aura of linguistic superiority vesting those who use NS with power.
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I agree with the main thrust of Singh et al. Both Englishes are varieties of the same my emphasis language and both are native or nativized. I am fully aware that not all the participants of the three JP papers accept the view that speakers of Indian English or Singapore English are NSs of their respective varieties. Those who want to reserve the notion for speakers of inner circle varieties have different reasons. I wonder if it works that way in daily interactions of people. The problem is that those notions are in the mindset of some of the power brokers in the inner circle nations that take it for granted that British English or Canadian English are "better", "purer", "correct" while the NNSs are deemed to be distorted phonetically and flawed grammaticality.
Prejudices are indeed difficult to remove. I realize that my agreement with the argument in favor of NS status for Indian English put forth by Singh may very well place me in conflict with Bonfiglio The JP papers are different for we are dealing with many voices from East Asia and Africa who have not adequately been heard in the West.
The dialogue among the different scholars uncovers an anxiety on the part of those who work in the area of English studies in the world. English is no longer the private terrain of the inner circle nations; the language belongs to all those who speak it. To continue to treat inner circle varieties of English as privileged and to view outer circle ones as "being less equal" or "poor relations" Singh et.
I have no crystal ball to view the future and attempting to speculate on what will happen in this ever-changing world is an impossible task. However, I would like to conjecture that attributing NS status to different varieties of English might contribute to removing inequalities and to reducing tensions among scholars in the South Asia and Africa with their colleagues in the West. The inner circle nations, for the most part, suffer from a monolingual mindset and, in some cases, from a xenophobic stance against the presence of immigrants along with a fear of cultural diversity.
I have in mind the American historian Arthur Schlesinger The outer circle nations are different for they are multilingual and multicultural and I cannot conceive of a counterpart of a Schlesinger in those countries. I do not think that the multilingual and multiethnic condition in India or Africa would ever permit those who view themselves as NSs in those areas to use nativity in the way it has been used historically in the UK and in the USA to "empower some and disempower others", paraphrasing Bonfiglio It is unfortunate that the many people in the inner circle remain monolingual English speakers.
Journal of Pragmatics