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Please enter the message. Please verify that you are not a robot. Would you also like to submit a review for this item? You already recently rated this item. Your rating has been recorded. Curtis was initially caught by surprise, but he quickly regrouped and went on the attack. For two days March 7 and 8 , the armies clashed near a broad plateau called Pea Ridge.
By the end of the fighting on the second day, the Union army had scored a decisive victory. Following the battle, Van Dorn moved what remained of his army—along with all available animals, equipment, arms, and ammunition—east of the Mississippi River, leaving Arkansas virtually defenseless. But lengthening supply lines and a determined stand by local militia and Texas cavalrymen in White County forced the Federals to abandon their plans to take the capital.
Instead, they marched eastward across the state toward the Mississippi River, liberating slaves and destroying property as they went. Throughout the remainder of the war, wherever the Federal army went, the institution of slavery crumbled. The late summer and early fall witnessed changes in both the political and military leadership of Confederate Arkansas. A disgruntled Rector announced that he would seek another term, but in the ensuing election, he was defeated by Harris Flanagin , an attorney and former Whig from Clark County who was serving in the Confederate army east of the Mississippi River.
In an attempt to improve deteriorating Confederate military fortunes in the state, the Confederate high command sent Thomas Hindman to Arkansas to take command of what was styled the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi.
When Hindman arrived in Little Rock in late May, he was shocked at the situation he found there. He declared martial law, established factories, strictly enforced the conscription act, executed deserters, and ordered the immediate burning of all cotton that might be seized by the Federals. Some of the partisan rangers were legitimate guerrilla fighters, strongly dedicated to defending the state against the Northern invaders, but many were little more than armed bandits whose only causes were self-aggrandizement and the settling of personal grudges.
They preyed not only on the Yankees but also on civilians of all political persuasions, contributing greatly to the breakdown of law and order in the state. But combined with his masterful administrative skills, these actions also managed to create a viable fighting force almost out of thin air.
On December 7, at Prairie Grove, about ten miles southwest of Fayetteville Washington County , the Confederates clashed not only with that division but also with two additional divisions of Union reinforcements who had moved south from Missouri. In some of the most brutal fighting of the war, each side suffered more than 1, casualties. Tactically, the battle was a draw, but during the night of December 7, the Confederates withdrew from the field. The battles at Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove helped secure Missouri for the Union, but much remained to be done before Union forces regained control of Arkansas.
The first full year of war seriously disrupted civil society in the state. With courts closed and jails open, the thin veneer of civilization quickly eroded. Incidents of murder, torture, rape, theft, and wanton destruction increased dramatically. Nearly 4, Confederate soldiers were taken prisoner, and the Southerners lost vast quantities of sorely needed arms, ammunition, and supplies.
Major General Theophilus Holmes , the new supreme Confederate commander in Arkansas, devised a plan for just such a victory. His forces would attack and seize Helena, a busy agricultural and commercial center that had been occupied by Union forces the previous July. The attack, begun in the early morning hours of July 4, was an utter failure. The Confederates suffered more than 1, casualties and failed to take the city. The disaster was compounded by the news that Confederate General Robert E.
Lee had been repulsed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 3 and was retreating with heavy casualties. Even more ominous for Arkansas Confederates was the news that the Confederate Mississippi River stronghold at Vicksburg had surrendered on July 4, freeing up thousands of Union soldiers for service in Arkansas. The significance of that defeat soon became apparent.
By the time this force reached the vicinity of Little Rock, it had been reinforced to about 14, men. On September 10, the Union cavalry crossed the Arkansas River south of Little Rock and began to move north toward the city along the south bank of the river, while their infantry moved along the north bank. Furious skirmishing took place south of the river, but the Confederates were forced to evacuate the city in the late afternoon.
In late October, the Confederates tried once again to gain the initiative. Two thousand Confederate cavalry led by Brig. They struck on the morning of October 24, but despite fierce fighting, they were unable to retake the town. The Union garrison was assisted by many former slaves who put up barricades of cotton bales to protect the Federal position. The Action at Pine Bluff was the last major military action in Arkansas in As the Confederate military fortunes declined, discontent with the Confederate government grew.
In large areas of Arkansas, food and other necessities were in short supply. Where neither army held sway, the last remnants of civil government and the rule of law disappeared, and guerrilla fighters roamed the countryside. Steele began to prepare for the establishment of a loyal state government. This was accomplished in January That same month, Arkansas Unionists drafted a new state constitution. The new document differed little from the original state constitution, with the exception that it outlawed slavery and repudiated secession. The convention also chose a provisional slate of officers, with Isaac Murphy as governor.
In March, loyalist voters approved the constitution and the slate of officials by a wide margin, and they elected a new state legislature. In late March, Union forces embarked on an ambitious military venture known as the Red River Expedition. If successful, the operation would destroy the remaining Confederate forces in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, reassert Federal authority in Texas, and seize millions of dollars worth of Confederate cotton and other supplies.
The Red River Expedition turned to disaster for Union forces. The Louisiana wing of the operation was defeated at Mansfield, Louisiana, and forced to retreat. Steele fared little better. Dwindling supplies and growing resistance forced him to abandon his advance on Shreveport.
He turned east, and on April 15, his troops occupied the Ouachita River town of Camden Ouachita County , only recently abandoned by the Confederates. Steele sent a foraging party west with a large wagon train to gather corn and other supplies, but it was ambushed by Confederate cavalry at Poison Spring Ouachita County as it was returning to Camden on April The Confederates overran the wagon train and captured the wagons. The Rebels shot wounded African-American soldiers of the First Kansas Colored Infantry as they lay helpless on the ground and gunned down others as they tried to surrender.
With the disastrous failure of the Red River Expedition, Confederate forces across the state went on the offensive. After crossing that state from east to west, the Rebels were soundly defeated at the Battle of Westport near the Kansas border on October 23 and began a long retreat south. In November, Abraham Lincoln was elected to second term as president, dashing any hope in the South for a negotiated peace.
The war in the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi did not officially end until June 2, , but by that time, the Confederacy in Arkansas had long since ceased to exist. The Civil War was one of the greatest disasters in Arkansas history. More than 10, Arkansans—black and white, Union and Confederate—lost their lives. Thousands of others were wounded. Devastation was widespread, and property losses ran into the millions of dollars. The war left a legacy of bitterness that the passage of many years would not erase. The process actually began in late , when President Lincoln issued his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, often referred to as the Ten Percent Plan.
When the president was assassinated on April 14, , the prospects for an easy reunification of the nation were severely dimmed. In Arkansas, Governor Murphy had worked diligently since his election in early to promote reconciliation and to prepare the state for its return to the Union.
Murphy survived only because his term was not up until The old planter elites were also engaged in an attempt to restore their prewar economic status. Most had retained control of their land, but with slavery gone, they now had to bargain for the labor of their former slaves. A variety of labor arrangements ensued, but over time, a system called sharecropping emerged as the most popular form.
In late October, the Confederates tried once again to gain the initiative. Sister States, Enemy States. This book fills a long standing gap in state histories dealing with the period of the Civil War in the western frontier that was Arkansas. Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. The book focuses heaviest on the period before the fall of Little Rock, suggesting that Confederate control of the state didn't really survive that event, though Confederate control over the southwest part endured in some fashion through the end of the war.
Under this system, a landowner rented a plot of land to an individual to farm independently and furnished everything necessary to grow a crop. The owner would then receive a share of the crop generally about one half as rent. The Bureau began operations in Arkansas in June In the period immediately following the war, Arkansans turned again to cotton as their major money crop. But poor harvests in the two years after the war threatened the economic viability of planters and sharecroppers alike. The seceded states were divided into five military districts Arkansas and Mississippi constituted the Fourth Military District , each under the control of a military officer.
The states were required to draft new constitutions providing for universal male suffrage and to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. Many former Confederates were disqualified from holding office or participating in the process. In January , seventy delegates assembled in Little Rock to draft the new state constitution. Due largely to their greater unity of purpose, the white delegates from outside the South dominated the convention. The deliberations were often contentious, but the document that emerged from this convention was, in many ways, a progressive charter.
A popular vote on ratification and the election of new state officials was scheduled for mid-March. The major issue in the campaign was the granting of full civil and political rights to black Arkansans. The election was marred by irregularities in voting, but the majority of eligible voters approved the charter. The new state legislature ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.
Confederate Arkansas: The People and Policies of a Frontier State in Wartime [ Michael B. Dougan] on www.farmersmarketmusic.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Confederate Arkansas: the people and policies of a frontier state in wartime. by Dougan, Michael Topics Frontier and pioneer life. Publisher.
Constitution, and Arkansas was officially readmitted to the Union on June 22, Republican Reconstruction and the Militia War, and The governor elected under the new state constitution of was thirty-four-year-old Powell Clayton , a former Federal cavalry officer from Kansas who had served with distinction at the battles of Helena and Pine Bluff.
Clayton had been a Democrat before the war, but the growing hostility and violence directed against African Americans and Unionists in the immediate postwar period had caused him to turn against his former party.