The Elementary Education System in India: Exploring Institutional Structures, Processes and Dynamics
The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organizations which support LCPSs. This success is attributed to excess demand.
Rashmi Sharma , Vimala Ramachandran. We are serving the literary community of the world incuding students, teachers and libraries for last 20 years. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. It unravels and analyses the inability of the system to achieve high quality education for all. Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country when children enter primary education.
These surveys found concern for:. The report showed some cases of successful voucher and subsidy programs; evaluations of international support to the sector are not widespread. Emerging approaches stress the importance of understanding the political economy of the market for LCPS, specifically how relationships of power and accountability between users, government, and private providers can produce better education outcomes for the poor.
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists , whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists.
Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities. Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology , bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology.
Educational psychology, in turn, informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design , educational technology , curriculum development, organizational learning , special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education.
There has been much interest in learning modalities and styles over the last two decades. The most commonly employed learning modalities are: Other commonly employed modalities include musical , interpersonal , verbal , logical , and intrapersonal. Dunn and Dunn [62] focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli [63] recommended varying teaching strategies.
Howard Gardner [64] identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter , based on the works of Jung , [65] focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences.
Educational neuroscience is an emerging scientific field that brings together researchers in cognitive neuroscience , developmental cognitive neuroscience , educational psychology , educational technology , education theory and other related disciplines to explore the interactions between biological processes and education. Several academic institutions around the world are beginning to devote resources to the establishment of educational neuroscience research. As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline.
There is no broad consensus as to what education's chief aim or aims are or should be. Some authors stress its value to the individual, emphasizing its potential for positively influencing students' personal development, promoting autonomy, forming a cultural identity or establishing a career or occupation. Other authors emphasize education's contributions to societal purposes, including good citizenship, shaping students into productive members of society, thereby promoting society's general economic development, and preserving cultural values.
In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course , referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university — or via some other such method.
Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences , mathematics , computer science , social sciences , humanities and applied sciences.
Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theatre. The Sudbury Valley School offers a model of education without a curricula. Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers , and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading , writing , mathematics , science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers , instructors, or professors , depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline.
Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers SETS , but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.
He would show a the correct way to perform an action, b the incorrect way the player performed it, and again c the correct way to perform an action. This helped him to be a responsive teacher and fix errors on the fly.
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Also, less communication from him meant more time that the player could practice. It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation.
Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of " human capital ". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions [92] and the role of cognitive skills. At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer , [94] on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital.
This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial.
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The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued in that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production.
Many countries are now drastically changing the way they educate their citizens. The world is changing at an ever quickening rate, which means that a lot of knowledge becomes obsolete and inaccurate more quickly.
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The emphasis is therefore shifting to teaching the skills of learning: Finnish schools have even begun to move away from the regular subject-focused curricula, introducing instead developments like phenomenon-based learning, where students study concepts like climate change instead. Education is also becoming a commodity no longer reserved for children.
Adults need it too. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Education disambiguation. Learning in which knowledge and skills is transferred through teaching. Higher education and Adult education. Open education and Educational technology. Curriculum , Curriculum theory , and List of academic disciplines. Education portal Schools portal University portal. The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs.
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Indigenous Education through Dance and Ceremony: Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. University of Oklahoma Press.
Alternative Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Archived from the original on 15 October The Establishment of Preschool in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education.
Elsevier Science and Technology. Institute of Education Sciences. Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2 October Addressing Current Issues and Developments". Review of Research in Education. Informal Learning in Museums. The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. Online learning can cost more than traditional education". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Out in the Open: Programme for International Student Assessment. Retrieved 25 June An evidence-informed approach PDF. Journal of International Cooperation in Education.
What drives donor financing of basic education? Archived from the original on 27 June Capacity development strategies Report. Archived from the original on 5 May Retrieved 1 October Password Forgot your password? Register for a new account. Please Sign or Register for new account to continue.
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Exploring Institutional Structures, Processes and Dynamics.