A Primeira Invasão de Portugal, 1807-1808 – Wellington contra Junot (Portuguese Edition)

A Primeira Invasão de Portugal, 1807-1808 – Wellington contra Junot

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Full Text Available Introduction Sporotrichosis is a mycosis affecting both humans and animals. Methods The medical records of the cats followed were reviewed; the inclusion criterion was the isolation of Sporothrix spp. Results In total, 2, feline cases were identified. Conclusions These results should alert sanitary authorities to the difficulties associated with sporotrichosis control. In the scientific literature, sporotrichosis has traditionally been associated with agricultural work, since the causative agent is found naturally in the soil.

However, cases have been reported recently in an urban area, related to zoonotic transmission. The current study aimed to contribute to knowledge on sporotrichosis in an urban area through an exploratory analysis of its socio-spatial distribution in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from to , identifying the areas with the heaviest transmission. During the study period, 1, cases of sporotrichosis were reported, predominantly in adult women not currently in the labor market. The leading source of infection was wounds caused by domestic cats, which contributed to the spread of sporotrichosis in this urban area.

Georeferencing of 1, cases showed a transmission belt along the border between the city of Rio de Janeiro and the adjacent municipalities in the Greater Metropolitan Area. The study area covers part of the mangrove belt located around Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Representing a continental-marine transition, the mangrove ecosystem is very susceptible to environmental variations and impacts.

The vegetation cover plays an important role in prevention of erosion and contamination processes in those areas. Uncertainties regarding dengue modeling in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Full Text Available Dengue fever is currently the most important arthropod-borne viral disease in Brazil. Mathematical modeling of disease dynamics is a very useful tool for the evaluation of control measures. To be used in decision-making, however, a mathematical model must be carefully parameterized and validated with epidemiological and entomological data.

In this work, we developed a simple dengue model to answer three questions: Our model consists of an expression for the basic reproductive number R0 that incorporates vector density spatial heterogeneity. To deal with the uncertainty regarding parameter values, we parameterized the model using a priori probability density functions covering a range of plausible values for each parameter.

Using the Latin Hypercube Sampling procedure, values for the parameters were generated. We conclude that, even in the presence of vector spatial heterogeneity, the two most important entomological parameters to be estimated in the field are the mortality rate and the extrinsic incubation period.

The spatial heterogeneity of the vector population increases the risk of epidemics and makes the control strategies more complex. Finally, we stress the point that epidemiologists, mathematicians, and entomologists need to interact more to find better approaches to the measuring and interpretation of the transmission dynamics of arthropod-borne diseases. Clinical conditions associated withintestinal strongyloidiasis in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth that produces an infection that can persist for decades.

The relationships between certain clinical conditions and strongyloidiasis remains controversial. This study aims to identify the clinical conditions associated with intestinal strongyloidiasis at a reference center for infectious diseases in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. We compared S. With respect to leukocyte counts, patients with strongyloidiasis presented with significantly higher relative eosinophil Strongyloidiasis should be routinely investigated in hospitalized patients with complex conditions facilitate the treatment of patients who will undergo immunosuppressive therapy.

Diagnoses should be determined through the use of appropriate parasitological methods, such as the Baermann-Moraes technique. Borges dos Santos, Maria A. Our findings support previously published entomological data suggesting Zika virus was introduced into Brazil during October —May Herein, we report the first case for Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , in Focuses on the aim of the Cultural Inglesa, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which is the development of a new, fully sustainable concept for classroom-based research--exploratory practice--and its assimilation into the normal working and professional-development practices of Rio Cultura teachers.

Dating and characterization of archaeological ceramics of the Araruama area at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. These ceramics are being characterized, in your elementary chemical composition, by INAA. Preliminary results are presented and the samples treatment method is described. Mobile phone appropriation in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. This qualitative case study describes the social appropriation of mobile phones among low-income communities in Rio de Janeiro Brazil by asking how favela slum residents appropriate cell phones.

Findings highlight the difficulty these populations encounter in acquiring and using cell phones due The introduction of computer technology has touched off an actual revolution for teaching and learning activities. In the present study, we investigated the impact of the implementation and use of computers in the public school system, from the elementary grades to high school, in Niteroi city, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.

This city, with a total…. Sky luminosity for Rio de Janeiro City - Brazil. This paper presents sky luminosity data for Rio de Janeiro City, useful to be used in daylighting design in architecture. The data are presented as monthly graphics that correlate sunshine-hours with the frequency of occurrence during the day of a specific type of sky, that would present one of five defined characteristics among clear and overcast sky. These results were derived from the knowledge of daily solar radiation and sunshine-hours data, for every day for a twelve year period.

This work is based on the study of the core T1 collected in the Guaratiba Mangrove, located on the northeastern margin of Sepetiba Bay. Few studies dealing with the application of benthic foraminifera to study sea level changes during the Holocene have been conducted in Sepetiba Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. In order to fill this gap, the core T1 was studied using textural, geochemical carbonate, total organic carbon, total sulfur and stable isotopes evaluated in Ammonia tepida and Transitional environments such as coastal lagoons with narrow connections to the sea are ecosystems very sensitive to natural or anthropogenic pressures.

They are biodiversity hotspots and for this reason it should be studied and preserved. Although studies concerning the herpetofaunal diversity in this biome have been intensified in the past years, its diversity is still underestimated. This marine cladoceran species occurred in zooplanktonic samples obtained on July, with mean density of 10 ind. Its presence may be related to two hypotheses, due to ballast water and through the Brazilian current, which gets closer to the coast Winter.

Orchidaceae of the Grumari restinga: Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most diverse plant families in the world. The number of floristic studies of this family in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil , has increased significantly in recent years. However, only a few such studies have been conducted in areas of restinga vegetation and none of those have examined the similarity, in terms of orchid diversity, among such areas. The present study sought to improve our knowledge of the Orchidaceae diversity occurring in Grumari restinga, a Social and spatial inequality regarding environmental resources and services is one of most complex issues affecting contemporary urban life.

The objective of this research is to study the spatial distribution of trees in public areas in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. This inequality stresses a problem with environmental justice, a characteristic of Brazilian cities intrinsically connected to urban sustainability Radioisotope production at the cyclotron in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. A radioisotope production laboratory has been installed at Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear in Rio de Janeiro. It is intended primarily for processing short-lived radioisotopes produced by a multiparticle, variable energy, isochronous, compact CV Cyclotron and for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals and labelled molecules.

Carrier-free iodine, indium, thalium, bromine and gallium with high purity have been produced. An irradiated target transport system has been built. Special targets that can dissipate high surface power densities are being developed. Each radioisotope is processed in a remotely controlled cell equiped with electric and pneumatic systems as well as manipulators ans tongs.

Quality control is achieved by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, spot tests, gamma-ray spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography.

Biological tests in mice have confirmed the good quality of the radiopharmaceuticals. Species distribution and potential vectors of leishmaniases. Rio de Janeiro State, in Brazil , has endemic areas of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases. In these areas, entomologic surveillance actions are highly recommended by Brazil 's Ministry of Health. The present work describes the results of sand fly captures performed by the Health Department of Rio de Janeiro State between and in several municipalities. An updated species list and distribution of phlebotomine sand flies in the state are provided based on an extensive literature review.

Currently, the sand fly fauna of Rio de Janeiro State has 65 species, belonging to the genera Brumptomyia 8 spp. Distribution maps of potential leishmaniases vector species Lutzomyia Nyssomyia intermedia, L. Lutzomyia longipalpis are provided and their epidemiological importance is discussed.

Patient exposures in oral radiology, at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. The basic goal is the reduction of patient exposure during dental X-ray examinations. The program is being applied by mail to the pilot area of the city of Rio de Janeiro and covers the following topics: Determination of skin doses and all physical parameters inherent to radiographic examinations wich are needed for effective dose equivalent calculations; 2.

Guidance to dentists regarding proper techniques, basic procedures in Radiation Protection and aptimization of the radiographic image. According to the results obtained from people studied the exposure ranged from mR to mR at the patient skin during a molar X-ray. Height, weight, weight change and risk of breast cancer in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. The relationship between body size and breast cancer still remains controversial in considering menopausal status. To evaluate the association of height, weight and weight changes with breast cancer in the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

Height and weight were measured and information on maximum weight, weight at ages 18 and 30 years, and potential risk factors were ascertained by interview at the hospital. Height was not related to risk of breast cancer among both pre and postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, women in this study were shorter than in studies that have found a positive association.

Premenopausal women in the upper quartile of recent body mass index BMI and maximum BMI showed a reduced risk of breast cancer P for trend Distribution of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from humans from an urban community in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Full Text Available Abstract Background Blastocystis is a cosmopolitan protist parasite found in the human gastrointestinal tract and is highly prevalent in developing countries. Recent molecular studies have revealed extensive genetic diversity, which has been classified into different subtypes STs based on sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

Blastocystis is one of the most common fecal parasites in Brazil , but the diversity of subtypes remains unknown in the country. Conclusions DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian Blastocystis isolates identified four different subtypes. To our knowledge, this study provided the first genetic characterization of Blastocystis subtypes in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. We also identified ST4 for the first time in Brazil.

Further studies are necessary to determine the distribution of STs across human populations in Rio de Janeiro. This paper shows the result of a study on the extent of cocaine contamination in Real banknotes in circulation in the state of Rio de Janeiro Brazil. A study of the percentage of contaminated banknotes was made, as well as a study on the contamination of banknotes based on different values, and a study of contamination depending on the region where the banknote was collected.

The idea of this last study was to verify if the peculiar characteristics of the region of study in particular, the city of Rio de Janeiro influence the amount of cocaine in the banknotes. Also, some contaminated banknotes confiscated directly from drug dealers and users were analyzed. Also, is showed in this paper all the optimization of the available analytical techniques for making the measurements possible. International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce. The United States Department of Soares Quinete, Natalia, E-mail: A superficial water quality survey in a watershed of the Paraiba do Sul River, the main water supply for the most populated cities of southeastern Brazil , was held in order to assess the impact of the expansion of agricultural activity in the near border of the Atlantic Rain Forest.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of priority organochlorine pollutants in soils and superficial waters of Atlantic rainforest fragments in Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro State. Soil sample preparations were compared by using ultrasound, microwave assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction. Although low concentrations of organochlorine residues were found in water and soil samples, this area is of environmental importance and concern, thus demanding a monitoring program of its compartments.

Hippeastrum species in areas of restinga in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil: Amaryllidaceae is a family of economic relevance and includes numerous ornamental genera. The genus Hippeastrum is widely distributed in Brazil and comprises 34 species, 11 of which occur in areas of restinga coastal woodland and Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The morphology of Hippeastrum has not been extensively studied in Brazil , where only a few systematic floristic surveys have been carried out with native species.

In field studies and reviews of herbarium collections, we identified five Hippeastrum species occurring in areas of restinga in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The five species identified could be distinguished according to the following palynological characteristics: Of the five species identified, Hippeastrum aulicum Herb. Among the three species that were found in the field, H. Through palynological examinations of specimens from herbaria in the state of Rio de Janeiro , we were able to confirm the identity of all five species of Hippeastrum studied.

Our data represent a relevant contribution to increasing knowledge of this plant group in the region and will aid in future conservation efforts. Full Text Available http: Transmission electron microscopy analysis of skin lesions from sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Transmission electron microscopy can yield useful information in a range of scientific fields; it is capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes and has been a very useful tool in the identification of morphological changes of the dermis as well as assessment of changes in the extracellular matrix.

Our aim is to characterize by electron microscopy the cellular profile of lesions caused by Sporothrix schenckii from the sporotrichosis epidemic in its zoonotic form that occurs in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris L. Thirty-nine constituents were detected, of which twenty-eight were identified according to their chromatographic retention indices and mass spectra. The major constituents of the oil were thymol Triagem neonatal para hemoglobinopatias no Rio de Janeiro , Brasil Neonatal screening for hemoglobinopathies in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

Houve um caso de homozigose para Hb C. To describe the main results obtained in the first 15 months of neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from August to November Starting in August , blood samples began to be collected for sickle cell disease screening from all newborns. Galgoul The Bureau of Galgoul, with a last known address of Av. Spatial distribution and socioeconomic context of tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

The rates were standardized by sex and age group, and smoothed by the empirical Bayes method. Multiple linear regression models were studied and the appropriateness of incorporating the spatial component in modeling was evaluated. RESULTS We observed a higher risk of the disease in some neighborhoods of the port and north regions, as well as a high incidence in the slums of Rocinha and Vidigal, in the south region, and Cidade de Deus, in the west.

The final model identified a positive association for the variables: However, the inclusion of the space component in the final model was not required during the modeling process. Professional profile of pediatric intensivists in Rio de Janeiro , southeastern Brazil.

This study described the sociodemographic profile and professional qualifications of pediatric intensive care physicians in the State of Rio de Janeiro RJ , southeastern Brazil. This investigation was an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study that was conducted in neonatal, pediatric and mixed intensive care units in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Physicians working in the participating intensive care units voluntarily completed a semistructured and anonymous questionnaire.

A total of physicians were included in this study: These results suggested that the medical qualifications of neonatal and pediatric intensive care physicians in the State of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil are inadequate, especially in pediatric intensive care medicine. A high level of dissatisfaction was reported, which may jeopardize the quality of medical assistance that is provided by these professionals.

This study carried out an insect gall inventory in restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly from April to March along the full extension of seven beaches. A total number of gall morphotypes associated with 70 plant species were found, distributed in 33 plant families, and at least 54 genera. Myrtaceae was the botanical family with the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host species, followed by Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Malpighiaceae.

Most of the gall morphotypes occurred in leaves 78 morphotypes, 38 in stems, 14 in flowers, eight in buds and fruits, and one in adventitious roots. The galling insects belong to the five orders: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera.

Cecidomyiidae Diptera was the most common galling taxon 78 morphotypes, represented by 87 species, being 78 gallers, seven inquilines and two predators. In addition to the gallers, parasitoids, inquilines, and predators were also found. Supply and usage of hemodynamic services in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. Full Text Available Objective: The paper analyzes the supply and the utilization of hemodynamic services in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. It's an exploratory study that uses data obtained from Brazilian official databases. The period of supply analysis was from to , and of utilization was from to October Since there is a growth of hemodynamic equipment purchase.

The private sector concentrates most of the supply, but it has been reducing its availability to SUS. The rate between population and equipment in Brazil exceeds the ones of some rich countries. In the sense of supply, there are in , a supply rate of 1,4 equipments for 1 million inhabitants in RJ state, larger than brazilian rate, of 3,4 but the rates are similar for public customers. Interventional cardiology procedures have improved in the state, but in a different way. And this is because the public hospitals at Rio de Janeiro have mostly reduced their production, while the private ones have increased their production.

The observed result is the SUS users performing their procedures at great distances. Full Text Available Bat species richness in Neotropical localities is generally higher than that of any other group of mammals, and surveys of local bat assemblages may provide useful data for conservation management plans. Although the bat fauna of the Rio de Janeiro state is currently one of the best known in Brazil , there are several localities not adequately surveyed yet, and most of them are in the mountainous regions and in the northern portion of the state. From January to November , we conducted surveys of bats in three localities in the state of Rio de Janeiro municipalities of Varre-Sai, Sumidouro, and Cantagalo, and our fieldwork constitutes the first assessment of the bat assemblages of these localities.

Surveys were conducted using mist nets in four different habitat types in each locality forest interior, forest edge, riparian forest, and open areas [pastures]. We captured a total of individuals in 17 species, 14 genera and 3 families. Among them, 11 species were recorded in Sumidouro, seven in Cantagalo, and nine in Varre-Sai. The results reinforce the importance of sampling different habitats in short surveys to improve the number of species registered.

An ongoing extensive research effort in the Petrochemical Complex of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil , focuses on the man-induced changes in the physical environment soils, groundwater flow system, type and volumes of contaminants, geochemical aspects and the consequences on the neighboring mangrove ecosystem. This article describes the importance of hydrogeological studies in mangrove areas as part of an appropriate environmental assessment, taking as an example an industrial dumping area located in that Petrochemical Complex.

Field work included extensive drilling and sampling to obtain basic geological and hydrogeological parameters and data in the pilot area, such as hydraulic conductivity and piezometric heads; emphasizing the tracking of possible contamination by industrial effluents and the marine influence; validation of the conceptual model with mathematical models numerical and analytical models was carried out. Results show the great importance of well conducted and detailed hydrogeological studies to properly address environmental problems caused by industrial plants in mangrove areas.

In Search Of the Ideal City. The socio-economic and environmental inequalities in Brazil are well publicized facts and one can state that spatial segregation has been a defining factor in its urbanization. Brazilian cities, such as Rio de Janeiro , are increasingly characterized by the presence of very wealthy neighborhoods To date Favela-Bairro is the largest-scale squatter settlement upgrading programme implemented in Latin America.

It aims to comprehensively upgrade squatter The main question we are interested in is: Characterization of sewage sludge generated in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and perspectives for agricultural recycling. Full Text Available Sanitary sewage collection and treatment is a serious environmental problem in Brazilian cities, as well as the destination of solid waste resulting from this process, i.

It also focused on analyzing the perspectives for its agricultural recycling based on the potential demand for main agricultural crops grown in Rio de Janeiro State. Samples from eight sewage sludge lots from four treatment stations located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. These stations receive and treat only domestic sewage by activated sludge system. For chemical and biological characterization of these lots, representative samples were collected and analyzed according to parameters of CONAMA Resolution No.

To determine the potential demand for sewage sludge in agriculture, the area occupied by these crops were multiplied by each fertilizer recommendation considering the sewage sludge as fertilizer. The analyzed sludge presented a high content of nutrients and organic matter and was included in the parameters of heavy metals, pathogenic agents, and bacteriological indicators stipulated by CONAMA Resolution No. The agricultural panorama of Rio de Janeiro State is favorable for agricultural recycling of sewage sludge since there is a great potential demand for this residue and, among the 10 agricultural crops with the.

Seasonal variations of total suspended particles TSP and heavy metals under tropical conditions in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. The total suspended particle TSP and heavy metal concentrations are studied in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil from until The principal aims are to determine how these things vary in two different areas and how meteorological parameters responsible for the transport and dilution of atmospheric pollutants affect these areas. Multivariate analysis applied to monthly rainfall over Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall were identified over the state of Rio de Janeiro , southeast Brazil.

The proximity to the coast and the complex topography create great diversity of rainfall over space and time. The dataset consisted of time series of monthly rainfall over meteorological stations. Clustering analysis made it possible to divide the stations into six groups G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 with similar rainfall spatio-temporal patterns.

A linear regression model was applied to a time series and a reference. The reference series was calculated from the average rainfall within a group, using nearby stations with higher correlation Pearson. The driest months in all regions were June, July and August, while November, December and January were the rainiest months.

Sharp transitions occurred when considering monthly accumulated rainfall: Mortality in children, adolescents and adults with sickle cell anemia in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. To determine the mortality rate of children, adolescents and adults with sickle cell anemia in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. The number of deaths, the mortality rate and the causes of deaths in patients with sickle cell anemia who were treated and followed up at our institution for 15 years were determined and compared to data available for the Brazilian population.

The overall number of deaths was patients with a mortality rate of Survival probability was significantly higher in females. The number of deaths and the mortality rate were age-specific with a significant increase in the to year-old age group. The remaining life expectancy of the patients with sickle cell anemia was less than that of Brazilians at large. The gap between the two was about 20 years for ages between one and five years with this gap decreasing to ten years after the age of 65 years. The most common causes of death were infection, acute chest syndrome, overt stroke, organ damage and sudden death during painful crises.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian study in a single institution in Rio de Janeiro ; the mortality rate was The mortality rates in children and adults are higher than those reported in developed countries of the northern hemisphere. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Full Text Available The occurrence and fate of trace-level contamination of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry.

The effluents of wastewater treatment plants, usually directly emitted to the environment, often contain the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Diclofenac was chosen because it is of high consumption; by background literature indicate toxic effects on biota and the lack of profile in sewage removal provided by the city. For this purpose, a survey on the presence of diclofenac in urban wastewater of Rio de Janeiro was carried out. The removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals in the wastewater treatment plants was roughly evaluated. Diclofenac was detected in all samples analysed wastewater treated and raw, which confirms the low removal efficiency of conventional treatment systems, aerobes and anaerobes.

Full Text Available In the developing countries of the world, few people with hemophilia receive adequate care. Nevertheless, Brazil has made significant advances in the treatment of hemophilia over the last decade. The provision of factor concentrates imported by the Government of Brazil is gradually increasing, and patients receive the concentrates for free. A national register was established as well as a coordinated program for comprehensive care.

Of the 6 persons with hemophilia in Brazil who were registered as of January , of them Of those , of them were being monitored at the state's coordinating blood transfusion center, which is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Among those , factor VIII inhibitors were identified in 81 of them Among of the Rio de Janeiro patients who were tested for transfusion-transmitted diseases, the overall prevalence found was The state of Rio de Janeiro has adopted a comprehensive hemophilia management approach that includes medical, psychological, and social care.

As a result, the quality of life of hemophilia patients has improved noticeably. De las 6 personas con. Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil. The drug residues of lipid regulators, anti-inflammatories and some drug metabolites have been detected in raw sewage, treated waste water and river water in the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

These residues are mainly derived from humans via excretion. The median concentrations in the effluents of sewage treatment plants STPs of most drugs investigated in this study ranged from 0. As a consequence of the incomplete removal of these residues during passage through a STP, rivers were also found to be contaminated. Median concentrations ranged from between 0. New species of Parotocinclus Siluriformes: Loricariidae from coastal drainages of Rio de Janeiro , southeastern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the possession of a triangular patch of dark pigmentation on the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin base, a fully developed adipose fin, complete exposure of the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle, and a distinctive pigmentation pattern of the caudal fin.

The caudal fin has a hyaline background with a large black blotch covering its anterior portion, tapering irregularly through distal portions of the ventral lobe with a hyaline rounded area, and a small patch of dark pigmentation on distal portions of the dorsal lobe. To evaluate dentists' professional experience and knowledge of emergency management of tooth avulsion injuries in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

A total of questionnaires were evaluated. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of questions regarding personal information. The second part evaluated dentists' knowledge of emergency management in cases of dental avulsion. The responses for each question were counted and expressed as percentages. All dentists had a college degree or above. Only three dentists had a Master's or PhD degree. Most of the dentists However, the dentists did not show consistent responses about the adequate time and ideal storage media to transport avulsed teeth. The study highlighted Brazilian dentists' need for continuing education in order to improve current knowledge in emergency management of avulsed teeth.

Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis CVL in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro , an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings.

Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus. The article describes their social, economic, and demographic characteristics, quality of life, mental health, and work conditions.

Imprensa Nacional, , 1. Comprehensive plans were developed and implemented for a possible defensive campaign against land-based aggression. For example, in , a military camp was created to mobilise a substantial part of the Portuguese Army, perfecting defensive manoeuvres to face a potential Franco-Spanish invasion. Inspections carried out by Baron Waldeck, in , revealed a relatively well prepared defensive force of ten regiments, competent in undertaking military manoeuvres but in various guises due to inconsistent implementation of new military regulations and the necessity of drilling with arms of various provenance and bore.

In addition, a British expeditionary force was sent out to strengthen the Portuguese Army. Allen Lane, , pp. For mercantilism and colonialism to the end of the eighteenth century, see Parry, Trade and dominion. The prince regent would become King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, the Algarves and Brazil and, on Brazil gaining its independence, King of Portugal and the Algarves, For details of the wide range of imports and re-exports into and from Lisbon see A.

RussellWood, A world on the move: Throughout the eighteenth century the British economy benefited from sustained and increasing demand for manufactured goods and therefore, given necessary limitations on growth of domestic demand, the growth of overseas markets. The intermittent discontinuities in the development of foreign markets, resulting from wars throughout the long eighteenth century, meant that exporting manufacturers and merchants increasingly sought new markets.

For the years , products originating from Brazil and which had been re-exported from Lisbon were finding markets in Hamburg Russell-Wood, A world on the move: Cancarnet - Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, , pp. However, in underlining the permanent and structural nature of this vulnerability, throughout the eighteenth century, we would also equally stress an enhanced manoeuvrability within Portuguese foreign policy, from , based upon increasingly close relations between the courts of Lisbon, Madrid and Paris whilst [at the same time] preserving the principal and preferential relationship with England.

Portuguese foreign policy evolved into a multi-polar system of alliances, which better permitted resistance to British pressures. Slavery had been prohibited from mainland Portugal since But here a note is required on the concept of political allegiance.

There were, of course, no formal political parties in Portugal at this time. They were further complicated by a complex and entangled web of political and familial connections and, of course, the pervasiveness of political patronage and vested interests as represented, for example, by the Portuguese and Brazilian mercantilist and protoindustrialist oligarchies.

Additionally, France and Spain had designs on Brazil: The drivers of European political economy were increasingly global in character throughout the long eighteenth century; resulting intermittently in continuity and change, conflict and compromise.

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Maintaining the policy of appeasement, and the preferred position of neutrality in the face of European conflict, would appear to have offered 31 the only realistic and feasible diplomatic options to ensure economic stability and growth. In , Napoleon effectively coerced Godoy, first minister of Spain, into a joint invasion of Portugal. Godoy though had his own designs. Military success against Portugal would help undermine his detractors, secure his power base and help divert attention from domestic issues.

While Portugal was not the maritime power of old, the overall size and importance of the Portuguese fleet had been substantially augmented under the ministry of D. Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho.

Parry argues that trade, rather than dominion, had already become the driver of British foreign and economic policy in the final quarter of the eighteenth century, Parry, Trade and dominion, part iv: For Portugal, in addition to matters of international politics and diplomacy, there were a number of military considerations and issues to take into account. Firstly, Portugal had no appetite for European aggrandisement; although an aggressive policy of territorial acquisition in Brazil and surrounding territories was actively pursued throughout this period and beyond. The Portuguese army was therefore inadequately prepared for the war in Godoy meantime, in support of domestic political ambitions, had the triple aims of: The short-lived War of the Oranges, military operations and subsequent negotiations between the Spanish and Portuguese which ended in the Treaty of Badajoz are of no immediate concern here.

However, two outcomes are. Firstly, as a consequence of the peace, French troops had no excuse to enter the Iberian Peninsula and become involved in the war against - and ultimately occupy - Portugal. Napoleon viewed the terms of treaty with some disdain, blaming his brother Lucien Bonaparte and Godoy for not imposing more strenuous terms on Portugal and, thereby, securing Portuguese submission to French foreign policy - especially on matters relating to the war against Britain.

Thirdly, a small but important reinforcement to the existing British military force, mentioned above, had as recently as been promised to Portugal. However, just at the point when it was most required, all direct military aid subsequently had to be withdrawn. Finally, Anglo-Portuguese diplomacy at the time came to revolve around British concerns for what they saw as Portuguese acquiescence to, and subsequent collusion with, Spain on matters of trade.

Ultimately, the effects of these developments at the turn of the century were substantial and, in addition, Anglo-Portuguese diplomatic relations soured somewhat in the period to She maintained a significant influence on aspects of Portuguese policy and, particularly, regarding relations with Spain; that is, until the estrangement of the royal couple in the period immediately prior to the first French invasion in While there is more than a hint of inconsistency and improvisation in British policy towards Portugal at this time, the greater and impending threat to British interests can be seen to be the driving force behind the shift in emphasis in British foreign policy — i.

Portugal steadfastly refused to take sides in face of increasing pressures, from both Britain and France at the turn of the century and, especially, after the See Frederick Black Jr. Florida State University, , pp. Britain had three underlying concerns with Portugal in relation to trade: However, her attempts to remain neutral became increasingly more difficult to sustain. The revival of hostilities ratcheted up commercial conflict.

The drivers of Napoleonic policy towards Portugal were complex. Napoleon was attempting to secure closure of one of the few remaining breaches of the economic stranglehold he was trying to impose on Britain. He also had designs on Eli F Heckscher, The continental system: Clarendon Press, , part II, chapter 1, and especially pp.

In this last regard though, Portuguese policy would ultimately be shaped by her long standing maritime and commercial agreements with Britain. Indeed, while Britain may not have been in a position to provide direct, land based, military support to Portugal, to face the French invasion, France could be denied access to South America. And a small British naval and military contingent duly set out for and landed in Madeira to secure this strategically important naval base; albeit for the duration of the present crisis, and amidst not a little Portuguese resentment and humility.

This assertion is not only a considerable distortion of the complex economic relationships between the two countries but also seriously undervalues the autonomy of Portuguese political economy and foreign policy. Four main influences shaped the development of Portuguese foreign policy from the seventeenth century onwards.

Security in neutrality was a possibility, but could only be achieved with the successful development and implementation of some very complex policy options in reaction to, or in attempts to mitigate, external drivers and internal pressures. See also Parry, Trade and Dominion, pp. The period immediately following the War of the Oranges, and the re-commencement of hostilities between Britain and France following the Peace of Amiens, was interesting to say the least.

Similarly, the period immediately preceding was marked by a series of political and military events, the dynamics of which were to continue to have repercussions for at least two decades. In addition to Portuguese domestic issues, a number of international developments featured prominently such as the resumption of hostilities between Britain and France, the crowning of Napoleon as Emperor in , the development of the third coalition in and the resumption and intensification of European conflict. Within Portugal, two main developments arose from the unsuccessful campaign of the War of the Oranges.

One result of these changes, and, more specifically, of interventions resulting directly from the work of the military commissions, was the development of a modern structure for the recruitment and mobilisation of the Portuguese army and, for the first time, a professional general staff. Soriano, ibid, chapter vi. Sorionao, ibid, chapter vii. Petersburg had replaced Anadia as secretary of state for war. Conflicts and conspiracies, pp.

Whilst he negotiated and signed a formal peace treaty, in , it was never ratified by the prince regent, D. He was later appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The alliance with Spain closed her ports to British shipping and exports and, with the support of Portugal, the remainder would follow. The Foreign Office list and Diplomatic and Consular year book, , p. Thereafter, from November , he concentrated on implementing the continental system, as set out in the Berlin decree, in central Europe and was therefore less immediately interested in the affairs of Spain and Portugal.

The End of the Old Order, especially pp. But Napoleon decided to maintain the status quo [in that country] while he implemented his plans for Spain and Portugal which he considered more urgent. The Free Press, , p.

Parry, Trade and Dominion, p. There is a clear consensus within the literature that the Portuguese government was increasingly amenable to French influence and estranged from that of Britain in a decisive period immediately prior to The policy proved more or less impossible to implement: In due course, pressure was increasingly applied to ensure compliance with the terms of the decree given Portuguese insistence on neutrality and continued trade with Britain throughout the previous period.

In South America a mighty empire could be created …[and, moreover] the [Prince] had very little choice 48 in the event of a showdown. If the French took Portugal, then the British would take Brazil. It was better to anticipate both by seizing the initiative. If any hopes for a favourable conclusion of affairs in northern and central Europe remained in Portugal, they were quickly dispelled with the crippling defeat of the Russian forces at Friedland.

Cambridge University Press, , pp. Chez Magimel, Anselin et Pochard, What is not well documented within British historiography is that he not only appointed a regency council to govern in his absence but also directed the Portuguese army and people to receive the French amicably rather than oppose them. Equally, the role played by the family Sousa Coutinho, in the negotiations and the convention agreed between Portugal and Britain, is also inadequately understood.

As a result, the momentous decision to transfer court, government and its supporting impedimenta en masse to Brazil to escape falling into French control and its repercussions remain under-examined. Similarly, the important role of political economy underpinning the transfer remains substantially underplayed and misunderstood.

Essentially, without this shift in the location of political power and authority, Portugal and the Portuguese economy would - to all intents and purposes - have ceased to exist. The ultimately disastrous Whitelocke expedition to Buenos Aires was a major factor in the shift in policy - the potential for provoking widespread rebellion or territorial conquest in the Americas being put on hold if not fully disproved. Rodrigo Sousa Coutinho as early as and afforded serious consideration in the crisis of Sousa Coutinho believed, probably with no little justification, that Portugal would be unable to oppose invasion: Robson, Britain, Portugal and South America, pp.

The nominated governadores were as follows: There the court faced the contradictions found in all empires in a single city: Muir, Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, pp. Editorial Estampa, , p. The Portuguese royal court in Brazil, 54 Chapter three: The invasion and occupation of Portugal to I On concluding the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit, and returning to Paris, a triumphant Napoleon summoned the Portuguese minister D. Greenhill, , , especially pp. In the present emergency [of ], however, Madeira was too valuable a pledge to be risked.

However, times had changed and both policy and military options open to Britain were much broader. The occupation of Madeira in was agreed in a secret treaty, negotiated between D. As we saw earlier, the potential to transfer the court to Brazil had a well-established history as a strategic option. Duke University Press, , pp. Portugal and Brazil, c. A further factor was that more people than had been anticipated sought to escape the occupation of Portugal by the French, and joined the mass migration of the Portuguese court and nobility.

Not all who wanted to leave could do so. A small number of ships were not able to set sail either because they were not seaworthy or were prevented by the last minute arrival of Junot. The consensus is that the prince regent set sail, with the royal court, a variety of dignitaries, ministers, army and navy officers, together with tonnes of documentation to support the continued governance of the realm from Brazil.

In addition, somewhere between 10, and 15, people also set sail for Brazil — many never to return. This policy at one and the same time sought to appease Napoleon and placate the British government. Interestingly, this would appear to be a policy option agreed upon and openly supported by the main political factions at court on this occasion. The transfer of the court and the whole apparatus of government were complex issues that could not possibly be managed in a matter of days; therefore a great deal of planning must have been undertaken behind the scenes to ensure its success.

It was subsequently ratified in Portugal on the 9 th November and returned to Britain on the 19th December — a very tight timeline given the exigencies of the situation and the nature of seaborne communications. In December , Napoleon directed Clarke, his minister for war, as follows: Oman, provides a succinct but not altogether credible account of the French invasion and subsequent arrival in Lisbon at the end of November In particular, he avoids all consideration of the difficult decisions taken, and dangerous situation faced by, the Portuguese ministry, Oman History of the Peninsular War, vol.

Chez Magimel, Anselin et Pochard, , especially chapter 5 and, in particular, pp. Therefore, while it could be argued there was a disproportionate focus on the minutiae to ensure the strategy was implemented, and an under-estimation of the complex, and often conflicting, tasks these various invasion forces were set, in terms of financing operations, the strategy and its implementation were totally unambiguous. An additional, and not unimportant factor, was that the higher echelons of the Portuguese military were divided on the options available to Portugal and the correct course of action to take.

There were some very similar lines of allegiance drawn to those relating to the concept of military reform at the turn of the century. Vous vous entendrez pour cela avec M. A number of those Portuguese officers who left for France, but did not serve against Portugal in the subsequent invasion of , were not only pardoned but also served their country in various capacities post For a popular history see Pinheiro Chagas.

Junot dismissed the regency council and installed, in its place, a military government as reported by das Neves: Some of the Portuguese members, for example the Conde de Sampaio and Pedro Mello de Breyner, were seen to be actively cooperating with the French and, as such, the regency council as a whole was tainted with collaboration in the eyes of their fellow countrymen.

But the acute emotional response to perceptions of collaboration and betrayal would become key factors underlying popular resentment and anger. Hermann and Petro [Pedro] de Mello Clearly the military only had overwhelming control over the wider metropolitan area of Lisbon plus a limited number of cities and fortified places held by small French garrisons and their Spanish allies.

Luuyt and le comte Saint-Payo [Conde de Sampaio], ministres de la guerre et de la marine ; M le principal de Castro ministre de justice et des cultes ; M. During April the following officials were appointed as corregedores-mores with responsibility for five provinces: Pepin de Bellisle; Beira, Sr. Lafond; and the Algarve, Mr. However, there is considerable evidence that increasingly, between April and May, the violent nature and extent of exactions, together with perceived collaboration, was leading to much more widespread discontent than the existing historiography would have us believe.

Even with some cities. See, for example Oman, History of the Peninsular War, vol, 1, pp. However, paradoxically, he could count upon the compliance of the provincial and local representatives of the absolutist state. Therefore, although the vast majority of French troops were concentrated in Lisbon, and fortified cities such as Abrantes, Almeida and Elvas, there were other factors underpinning the general compliance and quiescence of the Portuguese population. James and, from onwards, the regency council in Portugal — such that by May a state of war had been declared with France.

The scale and nature of the insurrections, and participants involved, varied from locality to locality. But, from contemporary records, it would appear that participants in the insurrections, with one or two specific exceptions were ordinary people and, moreover, people from within the lower classes of society with little or no property: Matos, though, affords a much more pro-active role to the representatives of the state in the insurrectionary activities.

Some officials attempted to maintain the rule of law: Other officials did just enough to placate the mob and keep their heads, or pro-actively sought to harness and control the excesses of the mob and direct it towards the French. Another, more sinister, side to the insurrections was the settling of old scores against local officials, nobles, the church and the state: A further issue was that, in many cases, the authorities imposing exactions, either in the absolutist regime or French military regime, were one and the same.

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Even after taking into account the evidence presented above, it is still not clear how such a small force of occupation was able to exert such powerful control over an entire country with a population in excess of three million. Contrary to the assertion that Portugal continued to benefit from a period of enlightened despotism throughout the second half of the eighteenth century , she had been subjected to an intense programme of measures in the thirty years to that could best be described as counter-reformationary.

Esdaile, A new history, pp. O despotismo iluminado , Lisbon: Editorial Verbo, , pp. Conversely, leading academics in Coimbra, liberals, deists, encyclopaedists, were imprisoned, purged from office or exiled. A substantial number of Pombaline reforms were reversed, the exceptions generally being those that served to strengthen, rather than undermine, absolutist authority: Firstly, they help us to understand the pervasiveness of the absolutist state and its apparatus in Portugal and, in particular, the reinforcement of the role and importance of the first two estates - the nobility and clergy in government, at national and provincial level.

Suffice to say, the third estate had no real involvement in government, there was neither a partido popular nor a numerous and powerful stratum of society that could be identified as comprising a See, for example, Maxwell, Conflicts and conspiracies, pp. As we saw earlier, starting with the Spanish insurrection in Madrid referred to from the date of its occurrence as the dos de mayo, the Iberian Peninsula began to rise up against French occupation.

It was only at this stage that the growing, albeit passive, animosity towards French rule was eventually transformed into positive and active opposition and open insurrection. But the insurrection had still not, during these early days, erupted in Lisbon itself. Moreover, Junot was, even at this stage, still able to rely upon Spanish troops to control the north and south of Portugal. However, upon receiving news of the rebellion in Spain, Junot was forced to first deceive and then disarm the Spanish contingent helping to secure Lisbon. Similar insurrections took place in Estremadura; quickly spreading into the provinces of the Alentejo and the Algarve, given they too had previously been controlled by troops who had now departed for Spain.

However, these insurrections were successively and brutally repressed, starting with the first of these three regions; as Loison and other French generals were despatched at the head of flying columns to systematically and rigorously put down the Portuguese rebellion. In a small but significant number of cities, French reprisals attained a level of brutality that forewarned of the scale, nature and intensity of the forthcoming struggle: Meantime, the desembargador Joaquim Rodrigues Botelho tried to formally organize popular insurrections. There was no credible centre for opposition in the capital Lisbon.

Crucially, they also help to define the centres for that opposition and the forms the opposition took, albeit not providing a definitive and comprehensive record of the social basis of popular resistance. But the insurrection did succeed in disturbing French rule and substantially dissipating the forces of occupation. Ultimately, British intervention in Portugal was greatly It has not been possible to obtain a comprehensive idea of the social basis leading and supporting this opposition in all of these areas to support the current study, but analysis of the signatories of the many proclamations issued by the juntas would be a useful start in investigating these types of issues in future: Typographia de Antonio Alvarez Ribeiro, In the main, the timeliness of responses and the number of troops deployed meant Junot was able to quickly and efficiently deal with the hastily and ill-organised, military opposition.

Moreover, given that many of these points had been formerly held by Spanish troops, Junot was forced to detach a number of troops to garrison the main settlements and to suppress disturbances as they occurred in a desperate attempt to control the rapidly increasing scale of the insurrection. Despite having received some limited reinforcements in the meantime, increasing his total available force to around 30,, these detachments seriously undermined the security of his central base in Lisbon and Estremadura where approximately 15, troops held down a population perhaps twenty times that number.

There was a great deal of popular support for the widespread insurrections across the length and breadth of Portugal. Civilians and volunteers helped to defend major settlements which had risen against the French: As a result of the ill-coordinated but passionate resistance they encountered, both from the impromptu gatherings of armed troops and volunteers defending major towns and cities, but also the passionate and stubborn resistance of the general population in dispersed settlements they passed through, the French inflicted dreadful reprisals in retaliation against the civilian population in Beira, Estremadura, and Alentejo.

These reprisals against Portuguese patriots, as against those in Spain, served only to stiffen resolve and incite, rather than stifle, further opposition. Declarations were published to assure the citizens of Oporto, and the nearby provinces, of the steps being taken, in the name of the prince regent, for the defence of Portugal. They helped to assure people of all classes that the junta had been established, that its members were being pro-active in the defence of the This gave the junta at one and the same time power, legitimacy and, crucially, control over the masses.

Importantly, the Junta Suprema had also requested the assistance of military forces troops , arms, and equipment from Britain. Some of the scenes of public disorder will, no doubt, have been due to popular discontent not only with the invasion itself but also the perceived lack of an appropriate, official national response to the invasion. In many cases they would appear to have resulted directly from perceptions of collaboration by the apparatus of state with the French regime and the coercion of the Portuguese population.

We can now address the concept of ideology in some further detail and specifically the assertion that it had no, or a very limited, role in the insurrections and opposition to the French. Moreover, the nature of the insurrections and activities of insurrectionists appeared more retributory than revolutionary. Esdaile, Popular resistance in the French wars, p. In relation to the former, to counter some of the more excessive examples of violence the juntas acted quickly to criminalise certain aspects of insurrectionary behaviour. At first sight, then, the evidence suggests the motivation was, in the main, economic and social and, in some cases, criminal, rather than political.

There is some evidence that the violence was justifiably directed against persons who were suspected of collaboration, and in many cases of course this was correct. But there were other, less rational, examples of victimisation - for example the number of recorded attacks on members of the Jewish population, perceived heretics, and some which would appear to be no more than the settling of old scores. There is a clearly defined chronology and pattern for the establishment of the juntas, across the north of Portugal, and some useful indicators for the social basis of their membership.

Moreover, the centres for these juntas were the centres of military governorship, Oporto Partido de Porto , Viana, Braga, etc — many of which were conterminous with or approximately followed the boundaries of clerical diocese. The 80 establishment of civil, judicial and military authority restored absolutism, and curbed the excess of the masses.

Rather than supporting and empowering the people to oppose the French, their enthusiasm was harnessed: In these matters it is clear that inadequate recognition has been afforded to the extent to which Portuguese society was marked by ascription and deference, an acceptance of the existing hierarchical structures and the subaltern status of commoners and — especially - the non propertied majority of both the rural and urban population.

For the role of the magistracy in Portuguese society in the eighteenth century see Stuart B. However, from that point on members of the clergy not only actively participated in insurrectionary activities they clearly gave them an ideological basis — whether in terms of the fight against the French enemy, personified as Jacobin, anti-Christ or both, or in terms of further defining the insurrections as conservative and reformatory, rather than a revolutionary force for change.

Despite a lack of consensus on all matters, the membership of the Junta Suprema was united in relation to the pressing need for arms, munitions and finance to sustain popular opposition to the French. The Junta Suprema defined the territorial limits for recruitment to each regiment and announced an increase in The lack of finance and more particularly the deficiency in officers and staff, and therefore military discipline, organisation and logistics, would continue to present problems. The civil and judicial authorities were armed in an effort to maintain the rule of law and ensure public safety.

To provide an infrastructure and raise funds, the Junta Suprema implored the population to make patriotic donations of arms, equipment, horses, and money to sustain military mobilisation. In addition to imposing new taxation, in coin, on staple exports such as wine, oil, vinegar and aguadente, the Junta Suprema requested a loan from the Portuguese treasury of two million Cruzados and sought a similar amount of finance from the British government.

As far as can be ascertained, there is no mention of this private correspondence between the Bishop of Oporto and the Portuguese minister in London, Sousa Coutinho, within secondary sources in English. Up until the very last hour before embarkation, this force had been destined for South America, the defining moment in the decision making process being the Spanish uprising against Napoleon. The decision to intervene in Portugal was determined by the unfolding of events in the Iberian Peninsula including the critical mass of Spanish troops located in the northern regions of Spain and a combination of Spanish pride and unease at a further British military presence in mainland Spain.

It was joined by an ad hoc combination of other troops that had previously been intended to serve in a variety of other operations, for ibid. IB Tauris, , pp. For details of which see Esdaile, A new history, pp. Leo Cooper, , pp. The decision to divert all of these troops from their various operations and for them to concentrate on the Iberian Peninsula came after requests for support from Asturian delegates despatched to London, and no doubt similar requests from the Portuguese, and resulted in a wide ranging brief being given to Wellesley by Castlereagh. This shift in emphasis, coupled with the direct requests for military aid by, and more recent intelligence from, Portugal as represented by the Junta Suprema in Oporto and the minister plenipotentiary in London convinced the British government of the wisdom of intervening in Portugal.

He informed him of the extent of the Spanish insurrection, the most likely basis for British military intervention and his intention to sail on to Oporto. Writing again from Oporto, he detailed the extent of insurrection in Portugal, in all provinces to the north of the Tagus, the very limited indigenous military forces and the general lack of arms and equipment for the same.

Wellesley estimated there were approximately 5, formal troops of which only 1, were properly armed and accoutred; and, taking into account local intelligence relating to French deployment, determined to disembark the British expeditionary force at the mouth of the Mondego. Pen and Sword, , in particular pp. Yale University Press, , pp. For details of the expeditionary force, its remit and composition, see the correspondence in WD iv, pp.

III Bernadim Freire de Andrade played a substantial role in the mobilisation and deployment of Portuguese armed forces in and An investigation of the activities of this general, his links with the Junta Suprema in Oporto, and his relationship with Wellesley and the Portuguese army, provides an excellent opportunity to explore in more detail some of the issues identified and outlined in the previous section. Da Costa was viewed as a dangerous Jacobin by the church and the political establishment in Portugal.

His immediate tasks were to mobilise and lead the military forces under its jurisdiction. While the Spanish occupying forces had been tasked with ensuring compliance with that decree, in those areas over which they had jurisdiction, it is likely that some if not all of the sequestered arms would subsequently become available upon The small Portuguese army Freire managed to assemble was not only recruited from four different provinces, it was composed of a wide variety of troop types, was poorly officered, inadequately trained, and almost entirely deficient in proper arms and equipment.

David Buttery

Initially, it was agreed that all the Portuguese troops under their command would act jointly with the British force under Wellesley. One possibility was the perceived difficulties with procuring supplies the Portuguese troops ordered towards the Beira Baixa province would encounter. Indeed, Wellesley had already recognised the extent of the problem for the British expeditionary force, profiting from a number of sources of military intelligence, not least of which from Lt.

Despite the eagerness with which the British were received, and the willingness of WD, iv, Wellesley to the Juiz de Fora at Figueira, 1st August, pp. Topbooks, Luccok, John. Livraria Martins Fontes, Malerba, Jurandir. Anais da Biblioteca Nacional, Mawe, John. Viagens ao interior do Brasil. Edusp, Monteiro, Tobias.

Edusp, Oman, Sir Charles. A history of the Peninsular War. Greenhill Books, O'Neill, Thomas. Magestade Elrei nosso senhor D. Tropical Versailles - empire, monarchy, and the portuguese royal court in Rio de Janeiro, A longa viagem da biblioteca dos reis: Companhia das Letras, Silva, J.

Garnier, Silva, Manuel Vieira da. Objetiva, Wilcken, Patrick. Empire adrift - the portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro, Estratto da " https: Saggi del Saggi in portoghese Saggi storici. Contestualizzare fonti - opere letterarie Contestualizzare fonti - settembre Wikificare - opere letterarie Wikificare - settembre P18 uguale su Wikidata P50 letta da Wikidata.

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