Observations of a Rational Mind

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Hence, they can realize that the real cause behind their rejection and objection is actually not those claims, but that most of them have an aversion to the truth that Muhammad is God's messenger. Thus, in the following verse comes the question: Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy. In fact, it is conceivable that any human being could not compose discourses on different subjects under different circumstances and on different occasions, then its collection grows into a coherent homogeneous and integrated work, no component of which is discordant with the others.

Logical analysis and intuitive knowing. Thus, this is a real challenge not only to them, but also to the whole human beings and Jinn. Meanwhile, it proved that their doubts are not only argumentative and refractory, but also against human conscience. Therefore, as a real challenge represents a concrete test of mind or thought process of reason, it supposedly stimulates rethinking for the sake of offering or producing an evidence.

In conclusion, the confrontation of the problem of blind imitation in fact needs actualization of the possibilities of all intellect. The use of the above mentioned means of condemnation, questioning and the real challenge of mind seems to be effective in achieving this goal. But most of them know not The Truth, and so turn away. Why do they not bring forward an authority clear and convincing for what they do? Who doth more wrong than such as invent a falsehood against Allah?

Furthermore, they could not offer any proof as actually the multiplicity of gods is inconceivable considering the unity of design in this wonderful universe. Thus, they were reproached for basing their religious doctrines on guesswork and conjecture without considering whether or not those doctrines are backed up or supported by: Evidence, any proof or even clear rational argument. Why didst thou grant them exemption until those who told the truth were seen by thee in a clear light, and thou hadst proved the liars?

Why dispute ye about Abraham when the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed till after him? Have ye no understanding? Ye are those who fell to disputing even in matters of which ye had some knowledge! But why dispute ye in matters of which ye have no knowledge? It is Allah who knows, and ye who know not! Accordingly, Abraham is neither a Jew nor a Christian because the Torah and Gospel were not revealed until after his time.

Meanwhile, there should be no dispute about his religion as it is only God who knows and he told us that Abraham was wholly devoted to Him and never associated others with Him in His divinity. If there were many gods , behold, each god would have taken away what he had created, and some would have lorded it over others!

He is free from the sort of things they attribute to Him!

But glory to Allah, The Lord of the Throne: High is He above what they attribute to Him! Thus, we will be exercising fair-mindedness and developing intellectual perseverance and confidence in reason. Otherwise, our attitudes are illogical, irrational, and unscientific.

The Qur’ān and the development of rational thinking

Analogical reasoning is built into the very fabric of Islam as it is estimating or measuring one thing in terms of another and coming up with new concepts. In fact, in the sight of God, Adam was just a mere handful of dust and after creation is nothing more than a human and prophet. Therefore, by analogy, Jesus, as well as all humanity, is as human as Adam. Thus, in Islam, the high status which Jesus occupies is attributed to him only as a human great prophet and teacher.

In fact, analogical reasoning represents a higher cognitive function of reason as it is based on the brain ability to form patterns of association for coming up with new concepts. They will come to thee flying with speed. This demonstration of Abraham confirmed that life and death are under God's complete control and time is immaterial to God's working. Furthermore, it does not signify that Abraham denied or entertained any doubts as regard life after death because he had complete faith in God's power. They have neither the power to remove your troubles from you nor to change them.

Thus, to confirm by themselves the inability of those deities and subsequently give them the strongest condemnation of imagining that any other being is as equal or in the same category with one true God who have all power. In order that they may turn back from evil. In fact, mischief and corruption appear in societies as consequences of people's ill deeds.

Meanwhile, it denotes God's will to give them the taste of some of their evil deeds as partial punishment so that it may be a warning for the future, an invitation to enter the door of repentance and elimination of evil by education and purification of people's own will. Thus, it seems that there is no other way for influencing the collective mind of the society in ordering human conduct on a sound foundation.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Urol Ann v. Abdel-Maguid and Rabie E. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Theory and Observation in Science

Received Apr 17; Accepted May Philosophical rationalism in its most extreme form is the doctrine that knowledge can ultimately be founded on pure reason, while logicism is the doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others are reducible to pure logic. Deductive reasoning concerns the logical consequence of given premises.

On a narrow conception of logic, logic concerns just deductive reasoning, although such a narrow conception controversially excludes most of what is called informal logic from the discipline.

Other forms of reasoning are sometimes also taken to be part of logic, such as inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning , which are forms of reasoning that are not purely deductive, but include material inference. Similarly, it is important to distinguish deductive validity and inductive validity called "strength". An inference is deductively valid if and only if there is no possible situation in which all the premises are true but the conclusion false.

An inference is inductively strong if and only if its premises give some degree of probability to its conclusion. The notion of deductive validity can be rigorously stated for systems of formal logic in terms of the well-understood notions of semantics. Inductive validity, on the other hand, requires us to define a reliable generalization of some set of observations.

The task of providing this definition may be approached in various ways, some less formal than others; some of these definitions may use logical association rule induction , while others may use mathematical models of probability such as decision trees. For the most part this discussion of logic deals only with deductive logic. Abductive reasoning is a form of inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation.

In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning as "inference to the best explanation".

Critical thinking, also called critical analysis, is clear, rational thinking involving critique. Dialectic is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. It has been the object of study since ancient times, but only recently has it been the subject of attempts at formalisation.

Illogicality in terms of thinking processes are, as defined by researchers such as Aaron T.

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Beck , cognitive distortions that cause abnormal functioning. The state of depression often feeds off of illogical thinking and results in victims being mired in self-defeating conclusions. Patients seeking psychological help may suffer from problems of over-generalization , becoming mired in general, negative conclusions on the basis of essentially insignificant life events.

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive behavioral therapy can assist individuals in recognizing their own habits of faulty logic and slanted interpretations of past experiences. On the other hand depression in the sense of "Weltschmerz" in its non-aesthetically realistic and non-positivistic nature is intrinsically logical and rational. Some philosophers assert that the question of value of life has not been answered in psychologically pleasing way without embracing circular reasoning fallacy.

In the socio-political context, the ability to amalgamate disparate, conflicting interests and passions into an illogical synthesis has been labeled as a possible strength, albeit one with concurrent weaknesses, by literary publications such as Blackwood's Magazine:. It is difficult not to connect together these two very characteristic ideas of illogicalness and permanence. Not that illogicalness is itself a virtue, but the illogicalness of which we speak is not simply bad reasoning.

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