Claimed in Canada

List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States

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That form of liberty focused not on the virtues of citizens but on protecting their rights from infringement by the state. The American frontier states voted for war to suppress the First Nations raids that frustrated settlement of the frontier. American forces took control of Lake Erie in , driving the British out of western Ontario, killing the Native American leader Tecumseh , and breaking the military power of his confederacy.

The rebellions of against the British colonial government took place in both Upper and Lower Canada. In Upper Canada, a band of Reformers under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie took up arms in a disorganized and ultimately unsuccessful series of small-scale skirmishes around Toronto, London , and Hamilton. In Lower Canada, a more substantial rebellion occurred against British rule. Both English- and French-Canadian rebels, sometimes using bases in the neutral United States, fought several skirmishes against the authorities.

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The towns of Chambly and Sorel were taken by the rebels, and Quebec City was isolated from the rest of the colony. Montreal rebel leader Robert Nelson read the " Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada " to a crowd assembled at the town of Napierville in Hundreds were arrested, and several villages were burnt in reprisal.

British Government then sent Lord Durham to examine the situation; he stayed in Canada only five months before returning to Britain and brought with him his Durham Report , which strongly recommended responsible government. The Canadas were merged into a single colony, the United Province of Canada , by the Act of Union , and responsible government was achieved in , a few months after it was accomplished in Nova Scotia.

Between the Napoleonic Wars and , some , immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the British Isles , as part of the great migration of Canada. The Irish Famine of the s significantly increased the pace of Irish Catholic immigration to British North America, with over 35, distressed Irish landing in Toronto alone in and In Alexander MacKenzie , a Canadian working for the North West Company , crossed the continent and with his Aboriginal guides and French-Canadian crew, reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River , completing the first continental crossing north of Mexico, missing George Vancouver 's charting expedition to the region by only a few weeks.

The Colony of Vancouver Island was chartered in , with the trading post at Fort Victoria as the capital. This was followed by the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in , and by the creation of the Colony of British Columbia in and the Stikine Territory in , with the latter three being founded expressly to keep those regions from being overrun and annexed by American gold miners.

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McCullough, use of the phrase "Dominion of Canada Federation emerged from multiple impulses: Using the lure of the Canadian Pacific Railway , a transcontinental line that would unite the nation, Ottawa attracted support in the Maritimes and in British Columbia. In , Prince Edward Island joined. Newfoundland—which had no use for a transcontinental railway—voted no in , and did not join Canada until In John A. It guaranteed Anglophone control of the Prairies, and demonstrated the national government was capable of decisive action.

However, it lost the Conservative Party most of their support in Quebec and led to permanent distrust of the Anglophone community on the part of the Francophones. In the s, legal experts codified a framework of criminal law, culminating in the Criminal Code, The Alaska boundary dispute , simmering since the Alaska purchase of , became critical when gold was discovered in the Yukon during the late s, with the U. Canada argued its boundary included the port of Skagway.

The dispute went to arbitration in , but the British delegate sided with the Americans, angering Canadians who felt the British had betrayed Canadian interests to curry favour with the U. In Saskatchewan and Alberta were admitted as provinces. They were growing rapidly thanks to abundant wheat crops that attracted immigration to the plains by Ukrainians and Northern and Central Europeans and by settlers from the United States, Britain and eastern Canada. Laurier signed a reciprocity treaty with the U.

Conservatives under Robert Borden denounced it, saying it would integrate Canada's economy into that of the U. The Conservative party won the Canadian federal election, Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time period of westward expansion. Contributing factors include Canada's unique geography, climate, and cultural makeup. Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year, certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including hockey and lacrosse.

Play-by-play sports coverage, especially of ice hockey, absorbed fans far more intensely than newspaper accounts the next day. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage. This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and such sports as ice hockey and snowshoeing that reflected this were asserted as characteristically Canadian. Inside they scream their lungs out at ice hockey games, cheering the speed, ferocity, and violence, making hockey an ambiguous symbol of Canada.

The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the First World War came during the Somme , Vimy , Passchendaele battles and what later became known as " Canada's Hundred Days ". Support for Great Britain during the First World War caused a major political crisis over conscription , with Francophones , mainly from Quebec, rejecting national policies.

Women's political status without the vote was vigorously promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from to It promoted a vision of "transcendent citizenship" for women.

The ballot was not needed, for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public-spirited sons. While the woman suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked White women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from "racial degeneration". Women did have a local vote in some provinces, as in Canada West from , where women owning land could vote for school trustees.

By other provinces adopted similar provisions, and in Manitoba took the lead in extending full women's suffrage. The Military Voters Act of gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons or husbands serving overseas. Unionists Prime Minister Borden pledged himself during the campaign to equal suffrage for women.

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After his landslide victory, he introduced a bill in for extending the franchise to women. This passed without division, but did not apply to Quebec provincial and municipal elections. The women of Quebec gained full suffrage in The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail of Ontario in As a result of its contribution to Allied victory in the First World War, Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.

This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw such a delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60, men, a far larger proportion of its men, its right to equal status as a nation had been consecrated on the battlefield.

These also received their own seats in the League of Nations. It played only a modest role at Paris, but just having a seat was a matter of pride.

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It was cautiously optimistic about the new League of Nations, in which it played an active and independent role. In to , William Lyon Mackenzie King 's Liberal government pursued a conservative domestic policy with the object of lowering wartime taxes and, especially, cooling wartime ethnic tensions, as well as defusing postwar labour conflicts. The Progressives refused to join the government, but did help the Liberals defeat non-confidence motions. King faced a delicate balancing act of reducing tariffs enough to please the Prairie-based Progressives, but not too much to alienate his vital support in industrial Ontario and Quebec, which needed tariffs to compete with American imports.

King and Conservative leader Arthur Meighen sparred constantly and bitterly in Commons debates. Their effective and passionate leader, Thomas Crerar , resigned to return to his grain business, and was replaced by the more placid Robert Forke. The socialist reformer J. Woodsworth gradually gained influence and power among the Progressives, and he reached an accommodation with King on policy matters. Instead Byng called upon Meighen, the Conservative Party leader, to form a government. The episode, the King—Byng Affair , marks a constitutional crisis that was resolved by a new tradition of complete non-interference in Canadian political affairs on the part of the British government.

Canada was hit hard by the worldwide Great Depression that began in Wheat prices plunged from 78c per bushel crop to 29c in Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed. Wages fell as did prices. Worst hit were areas dependent on primary industries such as farming, mining and logging, as prices fell and there were few alternative jobs.

Most families had moderate losses and little hardship, though they too became pessimistic and their debts became heavier as prices fell. Some families saw most or all of their assets disappear, and suffered severely. In , in the first stage of the long depression, Prime Minister Mackenzie King believed that the crisis was a temporary swing of the business cycle and that the economy would soon recover without government intervention. He refused to provide unemployment relief or federal aid to the provinces, saying that if Conservative provincial governments demanded federal dollars, he would not give them "a five cent piece.

The main issue was the rapid deterioration in the economy and whether the prime minister was out of touch with the hardships of ordinary people. Bennett had promised high tariffs and large-scale spending, but as deficits increased, he became wary and cut back severely on Federal spending. With falling support and the depression getting only worse, Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of President Franklin D. Bennett's government became a focus of popular discontent. For example, auto owners saved on gasoline by using horses to pull their cars, dubbing them Bennett Buggies.

The Conservative failure to restore prosperity led to the return of Mackenzie King's Liberals in the election. In , the Liberals used the slogan "King or Chaos" to win a landslide in the election. It marked the turning point in Canadian-American economic relations, reversing the disastrous trade war of —31, lowering tariffs, and yielding a dramatic increase in trade. The worst of the Depression had passed by , as Ottawa launched relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation became a crown corporation in In , Parliament transformed the Bank of Canada from a private entity to a crown corporation. One political response was a highly restrictive immigration policy and a rise in nativism. Times were especially hard in western Canada, where a full recovery did not occur until the Second World War began in One response was the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation , as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.

Following the Balfour Declaration of , the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster in which acknowledged Canada as coequal with the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. It was a crucial step in the development of Canada as a separate state in that it provided for nearly complete legislative autonomy from the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Canada's involvement in the Second World War began when Canada declared war on Nazi Germany on September 10, , delaying it one week after Britain acted to symbolically demonstrate independence. The war restored Canada's economic health and its self-confidence, as it played a major role in the Atlantic and in Europe. During the war, Canada became more closely linked to the U.

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The Americans took virtual control of Yukon in order to build the Alaska Highway , and were a major presence in the British colony of Newfoundland with major airbases. Mackenzie King — and Canada — were largely ignored by Winston Churchill and the British government despite Canada's major role in supplying food, raw materials, munitions and money to the hard-pressed British economy, training airmen for the Commonwealth, guarding the western half of the North Atlantic Ocean against German U-boats, and providing combat troops for the invasions of Italy, France and Germany in — The government successfully mobilized the economy for war, with impressive results in industrial and agricultural output.

The depression ended, prosperity returned, and Canada's economy expanded significantly. On the political side, Mackenzie King rejected any notion of a government of national unity. After the start of war with Japan in December , the government, in cooperation with the U.

The reason was intense public demand for removal and fears of espionage or sabotage. The Battle of the Atlantic began immediately, and from to was led by Leonard W. Murray , from Nova Scotia. German U-boats operated in Canadian and Newfoundland waters throughout the war, sinking many naval and merchant vessels, as Canada took charge of the defenses of the western Atlantic. The Conscription Crisis of greatly affected unity between French and English-speaking Canadians, though was not as politically intrusive as that of the First World War. Many thousands more served with the Canadian Merchant Navy.

Prosperity returned to Canada during the Second World War and continued in the following years, with the development of universal health care , old-age pensions , and veterans' pensions. Joining the United States was not made an option. After bitter debate Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in as a province. Canada was a founding member of NATO which Canada wanted to be a transatlantic economic and political union as well [].

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The federal government's desire to assert its territorial claims in the Arctic during the Cold War manifested with the High Arctic relocation , in which Inuit were moved from Nunavik the northern third of Quebec to barren Cornwallis Island ; [] this project was later the subject of a long investigation by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Laurent 12th Prime Minister of Canada and his successor John Diefenbaker attempted to create a new, highly advanced jet fighter, the Avro Arrow. There were voices on both left and right that warned against being too close to the United States.

Few Canadians listened before Instead, there was wide consensus on foreign and defense policies to Bothwell, Drummond and English state:. However the consensus did not the last. By the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one.

In the s, what became known as the Quiet Revolution took place in Quebec, overthrowing the old establishment which centred on the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec and led to modernizing of the economy and society. In , Canada adopted the maple leaf flag , although not without considerable debate and misgivings among large number of English Canadians.

The fair opened April 28, , with the theme "Man and his World" and became the best attended of all BIE -sanctioned world expositions until that time. Legislative restrictions on Canadian immigration that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world. During his long tenure in the office —79, —84 , Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau made social and cultural change his political goals, including the pursuit of official bilingualism in Canada and plans for significant constitutional change.

In , the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments. The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act , which also included the text of the Constitution Act, On April 17, , the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act, into force, thus patriating the Constitution of Canada.

In addition to the enactment of a Canadian amending formulas, the Constitution Act, enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter is a constitutionally entrenched bill of rights which applies to both the federal government and the provincial governments, unlike the earlier Canadian Bill of Rights. On June 23, , Air India Flight was destroyed above the Atlantic Ocean by a bomb on board exploding; all on board were killed, of whom were Canadian citizens. In the Meech Lake Accord talks began between the provincial and federal governments, seeking constitutional changes favourable to Quebec.

Under Brian Mulroney, relations with the United States began to grow more closely integrated. In , Canada and the U. In , the federal government adopted the Free Trade Agreement with the United States despite significant animosity from the Canadian public who were concerned about the economic and cultural impacts of close integration with the United States.

In August , Canada was one of the first nations to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the U. Canada deployed destroyers and later a CF Hornet squadron with support personnel, as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties. Following Mulroney's resignation as prime minister in , Kim Campbell took office and became Canada's first female prime minister. In , the government of Quebec held a second referendum on sovereignty that was rejected by a margin of The accord was in nullified by Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservative government, which proposed a "made-in-Canada" solution to climate change.

Canada became the fourth country in the world and the first country in the Americas to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act. Before the passage of the Act, more than 3, same-sex couples had married in these areas. The party was elected twice as a minority government under the leadership of Stephen Harper in the federal election and federal election.

Under Harper, Canada and the United States continued to integrate state and provincial agencies to strengthen security along the Canada—United States border through the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative. On October 19, , Stephen Harper's Conservatives were defeated by a newly resurgent Liberal party under the leadership of Justin Trudeau and which had been reduced to third party status in the elections.

Multiculturalism cultural and ethnic diversity has been emphasized in recent decades. Ambrose and Mudde conclude that: This unique blend of policies has led to a relatively low level of opposition to multiculturalism". The Conquest of New France has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory.

Historians of the s tried to explain the economic inferiority of the French-Canadians by arguing that the Conquest:. At the other pole, are those Francophone historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language, and religion and traditional customs under British rule. Anglophone historians, on the other hand, portray the Conquest as a victory for British military, political and economic superiority that was a permanent benefit to the French.

Allan Greer argues that Whig history was once the dominant style of scholars. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Part of a series on the History of Canada. Timeline of Canadian history and List of years in Canada. Indigenous peoples in Canada. Pre-Columbian distribution of Algonquian languages in North America. European colonization of the Americas. New France and Former colonies and territories in Canada. French and Indian Wars.

Military history of Canada. Canada under British rule. Invasion of Quebec War of and Origins of the War of History of British Columbia. Territorial evolution of Canada. Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years. Military history of Canada during World War I. Canadian women during the world wars. Great Depression in Canada. Statute of Westminster, Military history of Canada during the Second World War. History of Canada — History of Canada —present. History of Canada portal. Beringia and the Peopling of the New World. Retrieved February 5, Canada And Arctic North America: Laurel Sefton MacDowell An Environmental History of Canada.

Guy Gugliotta February Retrieved June 25, University of Utah Press. Archaeological Legislation on Lands in Canada. Archived from the original on April 24, Retrieved January 9, Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12, years ago as at U. Archaeology and the First Americans. Encyclopedia of American Indian History. Geological Methods for Archaeology.

Early Human Occupation in British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press. Gibbon, Guy; et al. Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: Prehistory of the Americas. Prehistoric Periods Eras of Adaptation ". Archived from the original on April 12, Retrieved April 15, People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Aboriginal Material Culture in Southern Ontario.

A History of Canada second ed. From Prehistory through Geronimo. History and Ethnography of the Beothuk. Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved January 22, Archived from the original on August 31, The Canadian Encyclopedia online ed. Retrieved January 16, Akwesasne Notes New Series. Retrieved October 1, Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee Iroquois Confederacy. The Great Plains Region.

Aspects of Comparative Linguistics. Retrieved April 11, Archived from the original on March 14, Inuit Perspectives on Traditional Law". Archived from the original on February 21, Retrieved August 28, John Cabot and the Matthew. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site.

Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved January 25, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: University of Minnesota Press. A Concise History of the United States. The Atlantic Coast — Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans. University of California Press. Chronology of World History: The Story of Labrador.

Retrieved June 27, Parks Canada Government of Canada. The Birth of French America. The World Through Maps: A History of Cartography. A Brief History of Canada second ed. Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, — The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History.

University of Toronto Press. Johns Hopkins University Press. History of the Canadian Peoples. Aboriginal peoples of Canada: Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. The Great Peace of Montreal of French-native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century. In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I — online ed. British Atlantic, American frontier: University Press of New England. Retrieved June 23, The History of Canada. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration.

Hine; John Mack Faragher A Short History of the American West. Retrieved January 17, The Founding of New Societies: The Texture of Contact: U of Nebraska Press. The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Archived from the original on February 25, Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 24, Retrieved August 26, The Fall of New France: From the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day. Atlas of British overseas expansion. Find free newcomer services near you Find friendly and experienced settlement professionals who can help you feel at home in Canada.

A History of Refuge Visit our online refugee exposition to learn more about refugees in Canada. Report a problem or mistake on this page. Please select all that apply: A link, button or video is not working. It has a spelling mistake. Information is outdated or wrong.

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