LEIS UNIVERSAIS - O efeito dominó (Portuguese Edition)

Línguas do Império Romano

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Dental caries of lifetime residents in Baixo Guandu, Brazil, fluoridated since a brief communication. This study aimed to verify the dental caries prevalence in Baixo Guandu, the first Brazilian city to fluoridate its public water supplies; to compare the findings with the data from the national survey; and also to compare the prevalence in the year-old age group with the data obtained before the beginning of the fluoridation. All the lifetime residents aged 5, 12, 15 to 19, and 35 to 44 years old were clinically examined World Health Organization. The addition of fluoride to public water supplies was an important ally in the improvement of the oral health of Baixo Guandu inhabitants.

Controls on accretion of flysch and melange belts at convergent margins: Controls on accretion of flysch and melange terranes at convergent margins are poorly understood. Southern Alaska's Chugach terrane forms the outboard accretionary margin of the Wrangellia composite terrane, and consists of two major lithotectonic units, including Triassic-Cretaceous melange of the McHugh Complex and Late Cretaceous flysch of the Valdez Group. The contact between the McHugh Complex and the Valdez Group on the Kenai Peninsula is a tectonic boundary between chaotically deformed melange of argillite, chert, greenstone, and graywacke of the McHugh Complex and a less chaotically deformed melange of argillite and graywacke of the Valdez Group.

We assign the latter to a new, informal unit of formational rank, the Iceworm melange, and interpret it as a contractional fault zone Chugach Bay thrust along which the Valdez Group was emplaced beneath the McHugh Complex. The McHugh Complex had already been deformed and metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite facies prior to formation of the Iceworm melange.

The Chugach Bay thrust formed between 75 and 55 Ma, as shown by Campanian-Maastrichtian depositional ages of the Valdez Group, and fault-related fabrics in the Iceworm melange that are cut by Paleocene dikes. We propose a model in which subduction of thinly sedimented plates concentrates shear strains in a narrow zone, generating melanges like the McHugh in accretionary complexes. Subduction of thickly sedimented plates allows wider distribution of shear strains to accommodate plate convergence, generating a more coherent accretionary style. Hydromorphological parameters of natural channel behavior in conditions of the Hercynian System and the flysch belt of the Western Carpathians on the territory of the Czech Republic.

A fundamental prerequisite for assessing the current ecological status of streams is the establishment of reference conditions for each stream type that serve as a benchmark. The hydromorphological reference conditions reflect the natural channel behavior, which is extremely variable. Significant parameters of natural channel behavior were determined using a combination of four selected statistical methods: Macroscale analyses of data about altitude, stream order, channel slope, valley floor slope, sinuosity, and characteristics of the hydrological regime were conducted for reaches of major rivers in the Czech Republic with total length of 15, km.

On the basis of selected significant parameters and their threshold values, channels were classified into groups of river characteristics based on shared behaviors. The channel behavior within these groups was validated using hydromorphological characteristics of natural channels determined during field research at reference sites. Classification of channels into groups confirmed the fundamental differences between channel behavior under conditions of the Hercynian System and the flysch belt of the Western Carpathians in the Czech Republic and determined a specific group in the flattened high areas of mountains in the Bohemian Massif.

Validating confirmed the distinctions between groups of river characteristics and the uniqueness of each one; it also emphasized the benefits of using qualitative data and riparian zone characteristics for describing channel behavior. Channel slope, entrenchment ratio, bed structure, and d50 were determined as quantitative characteristics of natural channel behavior. The analyses were performed with the calculation modules of the GeoSlope Inc.

The stability calculations have confirmed that the rainfall threshold values are a function of many variables, primarily the hydraulic properties of slope covers and rock substratum, temporal distribution of precipitation, and wetness conditions degree of slope cover saturation. Given this mechanism, observations of the groundwater table can be an important factor in assessment of the susceptibility of slopes to mass movements, besides meteorological observations. It also seems that slope stability calculations can be an important tool for assessment of landslide hazards.

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Importantly, the calculations have to take into account not only precipitation data but also other meteorological factors, which have impact on the amount of water accumulated in slope covers. Job satisfaction is a measure of quality of life at work and is related to emotional states. The interest for this theme is increasing and, in the last years, many studies have attempted to demonstrate its relation with professional performance.

Therefore, it is necessary that they feel satisfaction with their jobs, in order to perform the tasks with the quality required. Several factors seem to have impact in the satisfaction of these professionals, such as payment, promotion, recognition from supervisors and peers, physical conditions at work and available resources, opportunities for personal development, among others.

Insatisfaction may lead to absentism and in the limit to job quit. The main objective of this work is to study job satisfaction among the professionals working at the health centers of ACeS Baixo Vouga II, namely, the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction and between job characteristics and considering job quit as a serious option. All the professionals working in the four health centers were inquired.

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Results show that job characteristics are defined by six dimensions: Globally, payment and opportunities for personal and professional development and promotion are perceived at low level by all the professional groups. Results also show that there are differences by gender and professional groups regarding job satisfaction and the will to quit job. Considering the specificity of the tasks performed by these professionals, measures should be taken in order to improve job satisfaction in the Portuguese health centers. Constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb ages and fission-track ages of the Triassic sedimentary sequence.

The Zoige depression is an important depocenter within the northeast Songpan-Ganzi flysch basin, which is bounded by the South China, North China and Qiangtang Blocks and forms the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. This paper discusses the sediment provenance and Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Zoige depression in the Songpan-Ganzi flysch basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau, using the detrital zircon U-Pb ages and apatite fission-track data from the Middle to Late Triassic sedimentary rocks in the area.

Our new results demonstrate that the detritus deposited during the Middle Triassic Ladinian, T2zg primarily originated from the Eastern Kunlun and North Qinling Orogens, with lesser contributions from the North China Block. By the Late Triassic early Carnian, T3z , the materials at the southern margin of the North China Block were generally transported westward to the basin along a river network that flowed through the Qinling region between the North China and South China Blocks: Since the Late Triassic middle Carnian, T3zh , considerable changes have occurred in the source terranes, such as the cessation of the Eastern Kunlun Orogen and North China Block sources and the rise of the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block and South Qinling Orogen.

These drastic changes are compatible with a model of a sustained westward collision between the South China and North China Blocks during the late Triassic and the clockwise rotation of the South China Block progressively closed the basin. Subsequently, orogeny-associated folds have formed in the basin since the Late Triassic late Carnian , and the study area was generally subjected to uplifting and.

Respiratory illness and air pollution from the steel industry: The study has the objective to contribute to the existing literature on the health risks associated with fine particle pollution PM2. We collected data about the health conditions of participant subjects in two ways: The results were evaluated based on comparative studies.

This incidence rate is between six and two times higher than those reported in similar studies carried out in other countries which range between 4. In light of the above considerations, we believe that our findings contribute to the existing literature on the correlation between pulmonary disease and air pollution in industrialized areas. Degradation of metalaxyl and folpet by filamentous fungi isolated from Portuguese Alentejo vineyard soils.

Degradation of xenobiotics by microbial populations is a potential method to enhance the effectiveness of ex situ or in situ bioremediation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated metalaxyl and folpet treatments on soil microbial communities and to select soil fungal strains able to degrade these fungicides.

Results showed enhanced degradation of metalaxyl and folpet in vineyards soils submitted to repeated treatments with these fungicides.

Indeed, the greatest degradation ability was observed in vineyard soil samples submitted to greater numbers of treatments. Respiration activities, as determined in the presence of selective antibiotics in soil suspensions amended with metalaxyl and folpet, showed that the fungal population was the microbiota community most active in the degradation process. Batch cultures performed with a progressive increase of fungicide concentrations allowed the selection of five tolerant fungal strains: Among these strains, mycelium sterila 3 and R.

Using specific methods for inducing sporulation, mycelium sterila 3 was identified as Gongronella sp. Because this fungus is rare, it was compared using csMpolymerase chain reaction PCR with the two known species, Gongronella butleri and G. The high tolerance to metalaxyl and folpet shown by Gongronella sp. Our results point out that selected strains have potential for the bioremediation of metalaxyl and folpet in polluted soil sites. Antioxidant activity and cholinesterase inhibition studies of four flavouring herbs from Alentejo.

Essential oils EOs and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of four aromatic species, Calamintha nepeta, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha spicata and Thymus mastichina, from southwest of Portugal were characterised chemically and analysed in order to evaluate their antioxidant potential and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The main components of EOs were oxygenated monoterpenes, and aqueous extracts were rich in phenol and flavonoid compounds.

EOs and aqueous extracts presented a high antioxidant potential, with ability to protect the lipid substrate, free radical scavenging and iron reducing power. Results suggested the potential use of EOs and aqueous extracts of these flavouring herbs as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical preparations to minimise the oxidative stress and the progression of degenerative diseases. Massive sulfide exploration models of the Iberian Pyrite Belt Neves Corvo mine region, based in a 3D geological, geophysical and geochemical ProMine study.

This highly productive VMS belt contains more than 85 massive sulfide deposits, totalling an estimate of Mt of massive ore and about Mt of stockwork ore Leistel et al. The ore deposits are hosted by felsic volcanic rocks and sediments that are dominant in the lower part of the VSC succession. New surveys were done: Based on the TEM data, significant conductors have been identified related with: The Iberian Pyrite Belt IPB is a massive sulfide province that is located in the south of Portugal and Spain, and hosts more than 90 massive sulfide deposits that amount to more than million metric tonnes of sulfide ore Tornos, The ore deposits are hosted by a submarine sedimentary and volcanic, felsic dominated, succession that constitutes the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous Volcanic and Sedimentary Complex VSC.

The VSC ranges in thickness from approximately to m Tornos The Lousal massive sulfide deposit is located in the western part of the IPB and occurs mostly interbedded with black mudstone. Above the rhyolitic lavas there is a thick sequence of black and grey mudstone that hosts the massive sulfide ore bodies, and a rhyolitic sill.

The upper part of the VSC sequence consists of a thick mudstone interval that hosts two thick basaltic units, locally with pillows. The rhyolites have small coherent cores, locally with flow bands, that grade to surrounding massive clastic intervals, with large lateral extent. The clasts show jigsaw-fit arrangement in many places and have planar or curviplanar margins and locally are perlitic at the margin.

The top contact of these units is in most locations not exposed, which makes difficult to interpret the mode of emplacement. However, the thick clastic intervals, above described, are in accordance with quenching of volcanic glass with abundant water and therefore indicate that quenching of the rhyolites was the. Sequence of structures in fine-grained turbidites: Comparison of recent deep-sea and ancient flysch sediments. A comparative study of the sequence of sedimentary structures in ancient and modern fine-grained turbidites is made in three contrasting areas. A standard sequence of structures is proposed for fine-grained turbidites.

The complete sequence has nine sub-divisions that are here termed T 0 to T 8. The overlying sequence shows textural and compositional grading through alternating silt and mud laminae. A convolute-laminated sub-division T 1 is overlain by low-amplitude climbing ripples T 2 , thin regular laminae T 3 , thin indistinct laminae T 4 , and thin wipsy or convolute laminae T 5. The topmost three divisions, graded mud T 6 , ungraded mud T 7 and bioturbated mud T 8 , do not have silt laminae but rare patchy silt lenses and silt pseudonodules and a thin zone of micro-burrowing near the upper surface.

The proposed sequence is analogous to the Bouma structural scheme for sandy turbidites and is approximately equivalent to Bouma's C DE divisions. Microstructural detail and sequence are well preserved in ancient and even slightly metamorphosed sediments.

Their recognition is important for determining depositional processes and for palaeoenvironmental interpretation. Effect of water stage and tree stand composition on spatiotemporal differentiation of spring water chemistry draining Carpathian flysch slopes Gorce Mts. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting spring water chemistry in different tree stands and to measure the influence of water stage on the physicochemical parameters of spring waters in a small Carpathian catchment.

Water samples were collected three times per year at various stages of the water: After filtration through 0. The following ions were analyzed: Multivariate analysis PCA allowed the identification of two factors of spring water chemistry: Treinamento de anastomoses vasculares de baixo custo: Lipophilic extracts of Cynara cardunculus L.

In addition, other new compounds were identified: Four triterpenyl fatty acid esters were also detected. Cynaropicrin was the most abundant sesquiterpene lactone, while taraxasteryl acetate was the main pentacyclic triterpene. Our hope is that a study along these lines can help to illuminate current understandings of questions related to sexuality both within and outside of the religious contexts found in contemporary Brazil. Such questions are of special interest for those who are concerned with both old and new problems found in the field that has come to be known as sexual and reproductive rights, with implications for the field of Public Health.

By analogy with late paleozoic orogeny in the Venezuelan Andes, Maracaibo Basin is en route to a granitic event. Postulated stages of orogeny in a continental crustal setting are: Stresses of plate convergence lead to block uplift and complementary basin subsidence. This about doubles the thickness of K-rich sial.

In situ heating of the flysch by radioactive decay provides a thermal gradient of c. After maximum crustal subsidence continued compression results in updoming of crust and overlying flysch. Cannibalism of flysch , cooling and mild subsidence follow; autometamorphism declines. The unconformity a span of only Ma is of minor import. Resetting of the thermal profile of the depressed crust lags far behind that in the flysch. Parallels to the above in the Maracalbo basin fill are: Presence of impermeable strata in the Maracaibo Basin suggests that large-scale fluid convection is inhibited; conductive models of heat transfer can be used.

Computer modeling suggests that radiogenic heat, augmented by exothermic oxidation of organic matter, and with a normal mantle heat flow will explain the autometamorphism of the flysch. Alternative orogenic models invoking pull-apart basins do not explain the great thickness of sediments and absence of volcanic activity. Comparative survey of PAHs incidence in Portuguese traditional meat and blood sausages. In general terms, the mean BaP content of all analyzed samples from " Alentejo " was 0. Stratigraphic and petrographic revision and insights for geodynamic evolution of the Maghrebian Chain.

New stratigraphic and petrographic data on sedimentary successions intruded upon by plutonic rocks enabled a better definition of the palaeogeographic and palaeotectonic evolutionary model of the area during the early-middle Miocene. These deposits are related to a typical syn-orogenic deposition in the Maghrebian Flysch Basin Domain, successively backthrusted above the internal units.

The backthrusting age is post-Burdigalian probably Langhian-Serravallian and the compressional phase represents the last stage in the building of the accretionary wedge of the Maghrebian orogen. These flysch units may be co-relatable to the similar well-known formations along the Maghrebian and Betic Chains. The emplacement of potassic peraluminous magmatism, caused local metamorphism in the Late Serravallian-Early Tortonian Ma , after the last compressional phase backthrusting , during an extensional tectonic event.

This extensional phase is probably due to the opening of a slab break-off in the deep subduction system. La Galite Archipelago represents a portion of the Maghrebian Flysch Basin tectonically emplaced above the southern margin of the "Mesomediterranean Microplate" which separated the Piemontese-Ligurian Ocean from a southern oceanic branch of the Tethys i. The possible presence of an imbricate thrust system between La Galite Archipelago and northern Tunisia may be useful to exclude the petroleum exploration from the deformed sectors of the offshore area considered.

Variscan structures of the northeastern Armorican massif consist of folds induced by south-verging thrust faults. So, the northeastern Armorican domain can be integrated to the tectonic model admitted at the Variscan Orogenesis scale. Slow moving landslides are widespread geomorphological features in the Northern Apennines of Italy where they represent one of the main landscape forming processes. While flysch rocks with a high pelitic fraction host earthslides that occasionally evolve into flow like movements, earthflows are the dominant landslide type in chaotic clay shales.

In the present work, we document the kinematic response to rainfall of landslides in these different lithologies using radar interferometry. The study area includes three river catchments in the Northern Apennines. Here, the Mediterranean climate is characterized by two wet seasons during autumn and spring respectively, separated by dry summers and winters with moderate precipitation.

We also document detailed temporal and spatial deformation signals for eight representative landslides, although the InSAR derived deformation signal is only well constrained by our dataset during the years and In spring , long enduring rainfalls struck the study area and numerous landslide reactivations were documented by the regional authorities.

During , we measured higher displacement rates on the landslides in pelitic flysch formations compared to the earthflows in the clay shales. Slower mean velocities were measured on most landslides during We analyse the temporal deformation signal of our eight representative landslides and compare the temporal response to precipitation. We show that earthslides in pelitic flysch formations. Uncertainties in climate change projections for viticulture in Portugal. Fraga, Helder; Malheiro, Aureliano C.

The assessment of climate change impacts on viticulture is often carried out using regional climate model RCM outputs. These studies rely on either multi-model ensembles or on single-model approaches. The RCM-ensembles account for uncertainties inherent to the different models. A normalized interquartile range NIQR of the member ensemble for each bioclimatic index is assessed in order to quantify the ensemble uncertainty. Conversely, the decreases in the DI pattern throughout the country show large uncertainties, except in Minho northwestern Portugal , where precipitation reaches the highest amounts in Portugal.

The HyI shows significant decreases in northwestern Portugal, with relatively low uncertainty all across the country. The CompI depicts significant decreases over Alentejo and increases over Minho, though decreases over Alentejo reveal high uncertainty, while increases over Minho show low uncertainty. The assessment of the uncertainty in climate change projections is of great relevance for the wine industry. Quantifying this uncertainty is crucial, since different models may lead to quite different outcomes and may thereby be as crucial as climate change itself to the winemaking sector.

In line with some earlier studies by other authors, but in much more comprehensive way, our study reveals details of the alongstrike changing structural geometry of the Carpathian orogenic front and offers a model of its tectonic evolution. At places the frontal thrust of the Carpathians is blind and accompanied by well developed wedge tectonics phenomena. Elsewhere it is emergent at the surface and shows an apparently simple structure. The base of the fold-thrust zone rests on a substratum with highly variable palaeotopography, which includes a major palaeovalley incised in the Mesozoic basement to a depth exceeding 1 km.

The palaeovalley floor was covered with salt-bearing evaporites at the time when the thrusting took place. The wedge tectonics phenomena include backthrusts and a prominent crocodile structure. The tectonic wedge is formed by stacked thrust-slices of the Cretaceous-to-Oligocene flysch of the Skole nappe. This wedge has forced a basal Miocene evaporitic layer including salt to split into two horizons 1 the lower one, which acted as a tectonic lubricant along the floor thrust of the forward-moving flysch wedge, and 2 the upper one, along which the Miocene sediments of the Carpathian foredeep were underthrusted by the flysch wedge.

This resulting crocodile structure has the flysch wedge in its core, a passive roof of Miocene sediments at the top and tilted Miocene strata at its front, defining a frontal homocline. A minor triangle zone, cored with deformed evaporites, has formed due to backthrust branching at the rear of the frontal monocline. At other places, the Carpathian flysch and its basal thrust, emerge at the surface.

The flysch must have once also formed a wedge there, but was mostly removed by erosion following its elevation above the present-day topographic surface. A detailed lithostratigraphic study is achieved on the outcropping uppermost part of the Upper Cretaceous successions upper part of Tanjero Formation and the lowermost part of the Kolosh Formation. On the basis of the identified planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, five biozones are recorded from the uppermost part of Tanjero Formation and four biozones from the lower part of the Kolosh Formation Lower Paleocene in the Sirwan section.

Provenance and paleo-weathering of Tertiary accretionary prism-forearc sedimentary deposits of the Andaman Archipelago, India. In order to understand the provenance and tectono-sedimentary processes occurring in the Andaman Subduction Zone ASZ , the Late Cretaceous to Oligocene sedimentary records from the Andaman Islands have been studied.

These sedimentary records are considered to have preserved the history of the India-Asia collision, evolution of the Himalayas, climatic development and palaeo-drainage reorganizations on the Indian and Asian plates. About 47 sandstones and mudstones shales and siltstones samples were analyzed for whole rock major, trace, and rare earth element compositions. The geochemical results suggest mixing of sediments derived from the mafic igneous sources comprising local ophiolites and volcanic arc of the ASZ and an older Archean to Proterozoic age felsic cratonic source with compositions similar to average granodiorite or upper continental crustal sources.

The compositions were dominated by sources of the mafic arc during deposition of the Mithakhari Group, whereas they were controlled by continental sources during deposition of the Andaman Flysch Group. The Hope Town Conglomerate unit of the Mithakhari Group was mainly derived from weathering and erosion of the subaerially exposed local ophiolite thrust sheets, whereas its Namunagarh unit contains significant detritus from volcanic arcs. The Andaman Flysch turbidites were deposited with a greater supply of sediments from first-cycle active continental margin sources probably located in the Tibetan and eastern Myanmar region and recycled quartzose sedimentary sources within the nascent Himalayas.

These variable values were either due to non-steady state weathering conditions in the sources or the changing climatic conditions owing to the motion of Indian plate with reference to the equator. Paleozoic tectonics of the Ouachita Orogen through Nd isotopes. A combined isotopic and trace-element study of the Late Paleozoic Ouachita Orogenic belt has the following goals: The ultimate aim is to constrain the tectonic setting of the southern margin of North America during the Paleozoic, with particular emphasis on collisional events leading to the final suturing of Pangea.

The authors interpret the Ordovician signature to be essentially all craton-derived, whereas the Carboniferous signature reflects mixed sources from the craton plus orogenic sources to the east and possibly the south, including the evolving Appalachian Orogen. The proposed southern source is revealed by the tuffs to be too old and evolved to be a juvenile island arc terrane.

They interpret the tuffs to have been erupted in a continental margin arc-type setting. Surprisingly, the foreland molasse sequence is indistinguishable from the main trough flysch sequence, suggesting the Ouachita trough and the craton were both inundated with sediment of a single homogenized isotopic signature during the Late Carboniferous. The possibility that Carboniferous-type sedimentary dispersal patterns began as early as the Silurian has important implications for the tectonics and paleogeography of the evolving Appalachian-Ouachita Orogenic System. A lidar, GIS and basic spatial statistic application for the study of ravine and palaeo-ravine evolution in the upper Vipava valley, SW Slovenia.

The analysis of high resolution airborne lidar topography represents an essential tool for the geomorphological investigation of surface features.

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Here we present a detailed lidar-based geomorphological analysis of the ravines cut into the slopes of the upper Vipava valley, NW Slovenia. The NE slopes are defined by an Oligocene thrust-front of Mesozoic carbonates overthrusted on Tertiary flysch and covered by numerous fan-shaped Quaternary gravity flows, deposited in palaeo-ravines cut into the flysch base rock. In contrast, the opposite SW slopes are composed solely of flysch.

The large dextral-slip Vipava fault extending in the NW-SE direction is present in the central part of the valley. Our research revealed that although the ravines on both slopes of the Vipava valley are lithologically and tectonically controlled, significant statistical differences in their directions exist. Thus, ravines on opposite slopes are not solely related to the Vipava fault system deformation, but instead reflect a more complex tectonic setting.

We believe that the ravines are controlled by second-order faults and fault zones that connect the Vipava fault with adjacent faults. Micro-scale observations in karst caves help to identify different processes that shaped local morphology. These occur in porous layers separating calcite laminae in the clayey coating on the layer below the surface of the speleothems, and are also incorporated within actual crystals.

It is likely that they are derived from the weathered rocks of the Eocene flysch. Probably they were first transported into the caves by floodwaters forming cave sediments.

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Later, depending upon the climate conditions, they were moved by air currents or by water to the surface of active speleothems. They might also be redeposited from overlying soils enriched with wind-transported minerals from the flysch , or from higher passages filled with weathered flysch sediment, by drip water percolating through the fissured limestone. As some of the identified minerals are carriers of rare earth elements, Ti and Zr, their presence could affect any palaeoclimatic interpretations that are based upon the geochemical composition of the speleothems.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the chemical and pharmacological properties of the essential oil of Lavandula stoechas subsp. Oxygenated monoterpenes, such as 1,8-cineole, lavandulol, and necrodane derivatives, are the main components of essential oil. It revealed important antioxidant activity with a high ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and showed an outstanding effect against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, such as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic yeasts.

Besides, animals exhibited normal behaviour after essential oil administration, revealing low toxicity. The essential oil of L. Life-cycle assessment of typical Portuguese cork oak woodlands. The environmental profile derived from reproduction cork production and extraction in two Portuguese regions Tagus valley and Alentejo representative of the Portuguese sector were assessed in detail using the Life-Cycle Assessment LCA methodology from a cradle-to-gate perspective. The production line was divided into four stages considering all the processes involved: According to the environmental results, there were remarkable differences between the two production scenarios mainly due to the intensity and repetition of forest activities even though the cork yield was reported to be the same.

The management system in the Alentejo region presented the worse environmental profile in almost all the impact categories under assessment, mainly due to the shorter cycle duration of the mechanical cleaning and pruning processes. Cork stripping was identified in both scenarios as the production stage with the highest contribution to the environmental profile due to the cleaning and pruning processes. A sensitivity assessment concerning the cork yield was performed since the average production yields in the Portuguese montados are lower than the ones used in this study.

Thus, if the cork yield is reduced, the environmental profile in both scenarios gets worse since almost all the forest activities involved are the same. Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic data were obtained for fourteen fine- to coarse-grained samples of accreted flysch of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Valdez and Orca Groups in southern Alaska to determine the flysch provenance.

Argillites and greywackes from the Orca Group, as well as compositionally similar but higher metamorphic grade rocks from the Valdez Group, show a restricted range of correlated?? All samples have similar trace element compositions characterized by moderate light rare earth element enrichments, and low ratios of high field strength elements to large ion lithophile elements.

Based on petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data the sedimentary rocks are interpreted to have been derived largely from a Phanerozoic continental margin arc complex characterized by igneous rocks with?? The latter conclusion is supported by the?? However, trondjemitic clasts in the Orca Group have significantly lower?? The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions of both the Valdez and Orca Groups overlap the values determined for intrusive igneous rocks exposed within the northern portion of the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Coast Mountains Plutonic Complex in western British Columbia and equivalent rocks in southeastern Alaska.

The isotopic data support previous conclusions based on geologic studies which suggest that the flysch was. HDMR methods to assess reliability in slope stability analyses. Stability analyses of complex rock-soil deposits shall be tackled considering the complex structure of discontinuities within rock mass and embedded soil layers.

These materials are characterized by a high variability in physical and mechanical properties. Thus, to calculate the slope safety factor in stability analyses two issues must be taken into account: French audio books free download Where the Roots Reach for Water: Read and download books online for free Study Guide: Free download books in pdf file Celebrating Statistics: Pda-ebook download Interactive 3. Free books by you download Della Rosmunda tragedia di Giovanni Ruccellai patrizio fiorentino nuova edizione dedicata all' eccellenza di Madama Maria Cavendish contessa di Westmorland.

Download ebooks for ipod touch free Cross: Free download of books pdf John Henry Newman: In every proceeding that determines any type of rights and obligations, the right of due process shall be ensured , which shall include the following basic guarantees: It is the responsibility of every administrative or judicial authority to ensure compliance with the applicable laws and the rights of the parties. In the following section, we shall discuss countries that generally provide for due process of law.

Legislators are therefore always responsible for establishing guarantees of a rational and fair procedures and investigation. No one maybe convicted or deprived of his rights without having been summoned, heard or convicted in a legal proceeding before a predetermined competent tribunal or judge.

Regarding legislation, Argentina is worth mentioning, with its Law In fact, there are many points in common between procedural due process of law , in the form in which it evolved in the United States, and the right to a fair trial of the European Convention of Human Rights, especially the fact that both of them are applicable to administrative cases, as originally provided for by U. In that respect, despite the controversy surrounding the expression civil rights and obligations in Article 6.

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The conclusion as to the applicability of Article 6 is, however, without prejudice to the question of how procedural guarantees were complied with in such proceedings. Thus, the Court has understood in its previous case law that the characteristics of impartiality and independence […] should be mandatory for any body in charge of ruling on the rights and obligations of individuals. With that in mind, […] they should not only correspond to strictly jurisdictional bodies but the provisions of Article 8.

There is one characteristic of due process of law, however, conceived in , that is irreconcilable with the right to a fair trial [ processo efetivo] , as interpreted by the European Court, that is of great importance for understanding the current stage of administrative justice in the Latin America: It does not form part of the legal tradition of Continental Europe or of Latin-American administrative law: According to the European Court case law, if the national laws provide means of appealing an administrative decision, they should be subject to the rules of Article 6.

In this context, the right to a fair trial implies a means of appeal rather than a constituent element of the administrative decision. The practical difference is substantial: The Latin-American doctrine according to which prior administrative due process debido procedimiento administrativo is a sine qua non for the elaboration of administrative decisions restricting individual rights is merely rhetorical.

The proceeding is inherent in the jurisdiction, and neither of them can dispense with autonomous management in relation to the parties to the dispute. Independence was not only the spark that gave rise to administrative justice in the 19 th Century and to the development of specific administrative law, but even today it is considered to be an element inseparable from the jurisdictional function.

Independence is expressly incorporated into a number of different national and international norms, such as the European Convention of Human Rights Article 6. It is therefore possible to argue that in the period in which it was inconceivable for administrative jurisdiction to be autonomous from the public administrative authorities, the expression processo administrativo administrative proceeding was inapplicable. The expression of will of the administrative authorities involving the citizen could be called a procedimento administrativo administrative procedure , although that term would be more appropriate for administrative actions that were interna corporis or that could not place the rights or interests of individuals at risk.

In the case of an administrative jurisdiction before the Judiciary, the processo administrativo administrative proceeding should be qualified by the term judicial: However, not infrequently in certain Latin-America legal systems the processo administrativo is associated with situations in which there is no autonomous jurisdiction or, more precisely, where there are no guarantees of due process of law a fair trial ; and vice-versa: In the Brazilian legislation, the expression processo administrativo is used to characterise procedimentos insofar as the processo in Brazil, in practice, are conducted by organisations or administrative authorities which lack prerrogatives to act with effective independence; the Latin-American Constitutions and laws that provide for due process of law do so by inserting it within a declared administrative procedimento.

In Continental Europe, the expression processo administrativo administrative proceeding is used to refer to the courts or to a proceeding in progress before an autonomous or non-judicial authority: Administrative law in Latin America is more heavily influenced by the European tradition than by the spirit of the laws of due process. In Latin America, the system of undivided jurisdiction prevails and its courts commonly make up for the absence of prior due process of law by means of broad judicial review in which those same guarantees are provided.

In addition, the reality of the Latin-American administrative authorities is not compatible with a system of autonomous or quasi-autonomous authorities. The classic border between administrative functions and jurisdictional functions, according to Monroy, is provided by the primary and secondary effect that they produce, respectively, in the area of social relations.

This explains the reluctance to admit the primary jurisdiction , i. This situation is not changed by the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights which, following the example of the European Court, requires a fair trial effective proceeding by an autonomous tribunal for administrative cases within the public administrative authorities. In reality, regarding the procedure prior to restrictive administrative decisions, the Inter-American Court decided that: The scholarly writings of Hispanic Latin America have preferred the expression debido procedimiento legal to differentiate it from due process of law, which is inherent only in a judicial proceeding trial conducted before an autonomous body.

However, besides the risk of confusion with procedural due process of law the counterpart of substantive due process of law , it fails to answer the essence of the question: Is an autonomous jurisdiction inherent in an initial administrative decision or not? There can be no doubt that autonomous jurisdiction is not an exclusive function of the Judiciary; it can be exercised by the Executive. It would be mere speculation to project the present debate into a past period when the Judiciary supposed to devote itself exclusively to questions of private law and the Executive to public law ruling on disputes, as well — at the time, an autonomous administrative decision-making body was inconceivable.

It is therefore time to confront the central topic of this article: Is due process of law, through jurisdiction, a prerequisite for the formation of an administrative decision restricting individual rights under Latin-American law? In reality, according to the letter of most of the laws in force in Latin America, what is required is for the administrative decision to originate from a fair proceeding, in order words, observance of the prior guarantees of due process of law is a condition precedent for the enforcement of administrative decisions.

That is the mens legis. It is insufficient to argue that compliance with the due process of law clause could be ensured even without a prior non-judicial administrative proceeding if a rejected claimant party could have recourse to a judicial means of challenging the decision , unless that judicial means of challenge automatically unconditionally suspended the enforceability of the disputed administrative decision and also involved a trial with full powers of review ; that is the only way that would make it equivalent to a judicial or essentially jurisdictional proceeding prior to an administrative decision restricting the rights of an individual.

From a different perspective, regarding administrative decisions made at the request of an individual, the question has now been examined whether the petitioner should have the option of [first] exhausting the recourses in the non-judicial administrative channels or else initiate judicial proceedings immediately. There are only two possibilities: The indispensability of the prior proceeding non-judicial administrative appeal should be proportional to its effectiveness and, consequently, to the limits of review in any posterior judicial review.

Thus, there are two possibilities: However, as in the previous situation proceeding initiated ex officio , if a non-judicial administrative appeal results in another decision against the petitioner in the appellate phase, then we should rethink the scope— intensity — of appropriate judicial supervision to avoid the risk of creating overlapping jurisdictions.

It would lead to an undesirable duplication of jurisdictions to a adopt a fair and impartial hearing procedural due process prior to the [enforcement of the] administrative decision, while at the same time maintaining a judicial system of administrative jurisdiction monist or dualist or a nonjudicial jurisdiction with broad powers of review exhaustive review , in both cases, a posteriori to the administrative decision.

The historical evolution of the administrative jurisdiction in Europe from the 19 th Century shows that independence is a vital prerequisite for its existence; the location of that jurisdiction within the structure of the state is of merely secondary importance: Administrative jurisdiction is currently conceived of as inherent in a fair trial and must not be confused with the primary actions of public administrative authorities, understood to be purely executive, sometimes resulting from procedimentos administrativos [administrative procedures].

Based on such premises, the combination of the organisation of the administrative jurisdiction within the state non-judicial, judicial or hybrid; monist or dualist and the nature of the means of elaboration of administrative decisions that restrict the rights and interests of individuals whether based on proceedings or procedures lays the groundwork for the formation of a model of administrative justice. The scope and intensity of the administrative jurisdiction are proportional to the level of specialisation of the state bodies by which it is exercised; the greater the scope and intensity of the jurisdiction prior to the formation of the administrative decision prior review , the less important the bodies devoted to a posteriori jurisdiction subsequent review will be; and vice-versa: It is therefore necessary to analyse the optimal point in time for the administrative jurisdiction: In the current legal system of Latin-American countries, the fair trial is advocated as inherent in the formation of administrative decisions, and due process of law is expressly adopted; besides that, since the 19 th Century, the judicial system of monist jurisdiction has predominated in Latin-American.

On the model of the common law countries, it would be natural to imagine in Latin America a reinforced non-judicial administrative jurisdiction prior to administrative decisions primary jurisdiction side by side with a non-specialised judicial jurisdiction that is prone to show deference to administrative decisions. In practice, however, the opposite situation occurs: In this context, where the current legislation is divorced from reality, we are trying to determine where the Latin-American administrative jurisdiction is heading.

How can we interpret the evolutionary historical framework of its administrative justice over the years of its existence and put it in perspective? Even after the influence of the U. Constitution with respect to the unified judicial system, in the early 19 th Century, and of administrative and procedural due process of law in the late 20 th Century, Ibero-America, naturally oriented by civil law, remains tied to the culture of Continental-European administrative law.

The transformations undergone by administrative law in European countries have not been followed in Latin America, however, resulting in a lacuna in its administrative justice system that can still be felt today. The evolution of administrative jurisdiction in Europe gradually became noticed in Latin America in various ways; it was not until the end of the 19 th Century that timid experiments were begun with a system of specialised jurisdiction which, in certain countries, was tied to the Judiciary and, in others, separated from both the Judiciary and the Executive. This system is currently found in only five different Latin American countries: The absolute majority of the Latin-American countries have adopted the unified judicial system, which, however, since it is inherent in common law , was not easily assimilated by them and made little progress towards the innovations displayed by US administrative law from the late 19 th Century: The occasional specialised bodies — typical of the monist judicial system — are incapable of avoiding the trend of their judges to show favouritism towards administrative actions or in the exceptional cases in which they act more boldly of eliminating the mistrust of the jurisdiction aroused by the administrative authorities, who claim that the courts are abusing their authority and that the judicial decisions are of doubtful quality.

Moreover, in Latin America, civil servants in positions of authority do not always have legal expertise and, in most cases, their duties include both investigation and decision-making in the context of administrative procedures that result in decisions restricting the rights of individuals. Now that it has become firmly established that administrative decisions are subject not only to the applicable statutes but also to the supremacy of constitutional law and international human rights conventions -- a concept which has become ingrained in Latin-American and Continental European legal doctrines and encouraged by the case law by the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights - public administrative authorities are required to have a high level of legal expertise, along with a certain degree of independence in decision-making.

It is also extremely important to understand that the effects of administrative decisions on the interests of private citizens, guided by respect for their fundamental rights, must be the result of fair hearing, in which the decision-making authorities must not be confused with the executive authorities. In this context, it is inevitable to conceive of an administrative jurisdiction that is implemented in two distinct phases, before and after the elaboration of the administrative decision, in order to satisfy both the need for all public institutions to respect the Rule of Law and the guarantee of effective judicial protection, although not necessarily in the hands of the Judiciary.

Without many alternatives, this is currently the road that should be followed by the administrative jurisdiction in Latin America. The panorama of Latin-American constitutional and statutory law makes it strikingly clear that administrative jurisdiction must be handled by a Judiciary that lacks a specialised structure except for the five countries mentioned above , while at the same time due process of law must clearly be a constituent element of administrative decisions that restrict the rights of individual. It has therefore become urgently necessary to advocate a reform of the State by endowing it with a structure capable of conducting prior jurisdictional proceedings through civil servants trained in law and autonomous, impartial and specialised administrative authorities.

As the State becomes structured in such a way as to create a primary jurisdiction for the elaboration of administrative decisions, a posteriori jurisdictional supervision will cease to be the only protective mechanism and the interests of the individual will be safeguarded better, because citizens will not have to suffer the consequences of a decision against them until they have first had an opportunity to defend themselves in a fair trial. If the Continental-European legal system now co-exists with non-judicial procedures prior to administrative decision and a predominantly a posteriori administrative jurisdiction it is because its culture enables administrative authorities, despite their lack of independence, to act with reliable degrees of impartiality.

The same cannot be said of Latin America, however, where it would be advisable to split the jurisdiction corresponding to a proceeding conducted by autonomous judges or authorities by shifting part of it to a non-judicial phase prior to the formation of the administrative decision. The Latin-American model is moving towards a transitional phase, in search for the implementation of the administrative due process of law that is enshrined in its constitutions and laws and inherent in its unified judicial system that has been in force for years.

Finally, the Latin-American organisational model is tending to move towards the hybrid jurisdictional system of the United States, experienced by Honduras in the s and 80s, but which is not completely similar to it. It is a model that tends to preserve its own identity because the Latin-American experience with non-judicial jurisdiction has moved towards bodies and tribunals that are autonomous from the Executive, as we have seen in Bolivia, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Guatemala, Ecuador and Uruguay in the 19 th and 20 th Centuries.

English version of the chapter included in the collective work published in Germany: Moreover, in , each judge tried an average of 1, cases, an increase of 1. Although the judges are trying more cases each year, the total number of judgments 1 million or 4. There are four indications that lead to this conclusion: It is necessary to point out the scope and context of the terminology used in this text. See Perlingeiro, supra note 3. In , 25 million tax enforcement cases were pending in Brazilian courts, which amounts to See also Maria F.

Criteria partly inspired by the system developed by Michael Asimow. See Asimow, supra note 9. T here are 19 Latin-American countries of Iberian origin: According to Rivero, in the current state of the art, it would be rash to conclude that a real Latin-American system administrative law exists R IVERO , supra note 6, at OF See generally Albert P. Proceso Constitucional Argentino [Historical Introduction: Translated from the French version by Horacio H.

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On the subject of the disputes about the conflict between the governmental powers and activities of administrative litigation at the time, see J AUN R. T he Belgian law of the time is featured in the following work: On the subject of the influence of the liberals on the incorporation of the unified judicial system, see R IVERO , supra note 6, at T here are currently Councils of State with functions of administrative jurisdiction: France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Greece; cf.

Rivero warns of the ideology unavowed Polizeistaat throughout the 20th Century, in the United Kingdom, in the name of royal prerogatives, in the United States in the name of state sovereignty; and, in France, the theory of acts of government: This Constitution was repealed by the Constitution of , which restored the judicial system of monist jurisdiction that was traditional in Honduran constitutional law Honduran Constitutions of , , , , , , , , , , and Guatemalan Constitutional Amendment art.

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