Changes in the life of saturation

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This is already having malign effects on society see the presidential election. Even if these companies wanted to empower less-malign effects, they have no idea how to, and doing so would certainly impair their bottom line. Thus these companies will consume more and more of the available attention by delivering whatever they can find to grab and hold attention.

Keeping people in a continual state of anxiety, anger, fear, or just haunted by an inescapable, nagging sense that everyone else is better off than they are can be very profitable. In short, the individual researchers and developers may be motivated by a sincere desire to advance understanding of mood, cognition, etc. Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.

What is Dissolved Oxygen?

However, back then, the challenge was information overload. Today, we now also have organizations that are actively vying for our attention, distracting us with smartphone notifications, highly personalized news, addictive games, Buzzfeed-style headlines and fake news.

Age-related changes in oxygen saturation over the first year of life: a longitudinal study.

There are two major problems with these kinds of interactions. The first is just feeling stressed all the time, due to a constant stream of interruptions combined with fear of missing out. The second, and far more important, is that engagement with this kind of content means that we are spending less time building and maintaining relationships with actual people. Technological developments hold tremendous potential to cure disease, solve massive human problems, level the information playing field, etc.

But our ability to adapt at a species level happens on a much slower cycle, and our human behaviors get in the way. This is a large-scale societal goal!

This is the greatest business, political, and social and economic challenge of our time, simply learning to call what we have created what it really is and then regulate and manage it accordingly, bring it into the polity in the place it should really have. Today we cede that power to an array [of] commercial vendors and providers. As individuals find tools for coping and managing their digital lives, technology companies will find new, invasive ways to exploit data generated on the internet in social media. And there will be more threats from more kinds of bad actors.

And it will take many years to understand how to negotiate that race and come to some kind of detente. In the long run, we are reasonable, too. We will learn how to reign in the pitfalls, threats, bad guys and ill-meaning uses. These will continue to show up, but the march is towards progress. Alex Halavais , director of the M. From a very early age, people need to understand how to interact with networked, digital technologies. They need to learn how to use social media, and learn how not to be used by it. They need to understand how to assemble reliable information and how to detect crap.

They need to be able to shape the media they are immersed in. They need to be aware of how algorithms and marketing — and the companies, governments, and other organizations that produce them — help to shape the ways in which they see the world. Better, more meaningful lives.

And with digital tech, we learn faster. We converse and communicate and acknowledge each other like never before. And that is always a good start. Bad things, like greed, hate, violence, oppression will not be eradicated. But the digital is already carrying, delivering and instantiating much promise. This is not rosy-colored utopian wishful thinking.

It is a realistic take on the net effects. Association between early hyperoxia and worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Archives of surgery Chicago, Ill. Arterial blood gas reference values for sea level and an altitude of 1, meters. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

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Both hypoxemia and extreme hyperoxemia may be detrimental in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Association between administered oxygen, arterial partial oxygen pressure and mortality in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Arterial oxygen tension and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients.

Oxygen in the ICU: Too Much of a Good Thing? Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Normal oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep. How low does it go? Reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly.

Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperoxia in the intensive care unit and outcome after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Critical Care and Resuscitation. Hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia after sudden cardiac arrest.

Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. Relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Association between mean arterial blood gas tension and outcome in cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. The American journal of emergency medicine. Repeatability of blood gas parameters, PCO2 gap, and PCO2 gap to arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference in critically ill adult patients. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: Oxygen saturation limits and evidence supporting the targets.

Advances in neonatal care. Likewise, white sharks are also limited in dive depths due to dissolved oxygen levels above 1. Tracked swordfish show a preference for shallow water during the day, basking in oxygenated water 7.

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Albacore tuna live in mid-ocean levels, and require a minimum of 2. Many tropical saltwater fish, including clown fish, angel fish and groupers require higher levels of DO, such as those surrounding coral reefs. Coral reefs are found in the euphotic zone where light penetrates the water — usually not deeper than 70 m.

Crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters are benthic bottom-dwelling organisms, but still require minimum levels of dissolved oxygen. If dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below a certain level, fish mortality rates will rise. In the ocean, coastal fish begin to avoid areas where DO is below 3. A fishkill occurs when a large number of fish in an area of water die off. It can be species-based or a water-wide mortality. Fish kills can occur for a number of reasons, but low dissolved oxygen is often a factor. When a body of water is overproductive, the oxygen in the water may get used up faster than it can be replenished.

This occurs when a body of water is overstocked with organisms or if there is a large algal bloom die-off. Fish kills are more common in eutrophic lakes: High levels of nutrients fuel algae blooms, which can initially boost dissolved oxygen levels. But more algae means more plant respiration, drawing on DO, and when the algae die, bacterial decomposition spikes, using up most or all of the dissolved oxygen available.

This creates an anoxic, or oxygen-depleted, environment where fish and other organisms cannot survive. They occur when the water is covered by ice, and so cannot receive oxygen by diffusion from the atmosphere. If the ice is then covered by snow, photosynthesis also cannot occur, and the algae will depend entirely on respiration or die off. In these situations, fish, plants and decomposition are all using up the dissolved oxygen, and it cannot be replenished, resulting in a winter fish kill.

Just as low dissolved oxygen can cause problems, so too can high concentrations. Extended periods of supersaturation can occur in highly aerated waters, often near hydropower dams and waterfalls, or due to excessive photosynthetic activity. This is often coupled with higher water temperatures, which also affects saturation. A dead zone is an area of water with little to no dissolved oxygen present.

They are so named because aquatic organisms cannot survive there. They can occur in large lakes and rivers as well, but are more well known in the oceanic context.

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These zones are usually a result of a fertilizer-fueled algae and phytoplankton growth boom. These anoxic conditions are usually stratified, occurring only in the lower layers of the water. Naturally occurring hypoxic low oxygen conditions are not considered dead zones. Such naturally occurring zones frequently occur in deep lake basins and lower ocean levels due to water column stratification.

Stratification separates a body of water into layers. This layering can be based on temperature or dissolved substances namely salt and oxygen with both factors often playing a role. The stratification of water has been commonly studied in lakes, though it also occurs in the ocean. It can also occur in rivers if pools are deep enough and in estuaries where there is a significant division between freshwater and saltwater sources.

The uppermost layer of a lake, known as the epilimnion, is exposed to solar radiation and contact with the atmosphere, keeping it warmer. Within this upper layer, algae and phytoplankton engage in photosynthesis. The exact levels of DO vary depending on the temperature of the water, the amount of photosynthesis occurring and the quantity of dissolved oxygen used for respiration by aquatic life.

Below the epilimnion is the metalimnion, a transitional layer that fluctuates in thickness and temperature. Here, two different outcomes can occur. This means that the dissolved oxygen level will be higher in the metalimnion than in the epilimnion. The next layer is the hypolimnion. If the hypolimnion is deep enough to never mix with the upper layers, it is known as the monimolimnion.

The hypolimnion is separated from the upper layers by the chemocline or halocline. These clines mark the boundary between oxic and anoxic water and salinity gradients, respectively.

While lab conditions would conclude that at colder temperatures and higher pressures water can hold more dissolved oxygen, this is not always the result. This organic material comes from dead algae and other organisms that sink to the bottom. This turnover redistributes dissolved oxygen throughout all the layers and the process begins again. Stratification in the ocean is both horizontal and vertical. The littoral, or coastal area is most affected by estuaries and other inflow sources.

The sublittoral, also known as the neritic or demersal zone, is considered a coastal zone as well.

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