Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Shared Service Centern (German Edition)
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Das gesamte Interview wurde als Podcast aufgezeichnet und kann hier abgerufen werden. Juli Prosecuting the unspeakable: A report by projectcounsel. Uncovering a mass grave near Srebrenica. Unarmed Bosnian Muslim males were rounded up and murdered and bulldozed into mass graves. But they have not seen such a cascade of events such as we have seen in the last two months. Today marks the 15 th anniversary of the massacre at Srebrenica.
The biggest event in the last few months was the capture at the end May of the former Bosnian Serb commander Ratko Mladic who engineered that massacre after 16 years on the run. Among its holdings, the appeals court ruled that corporations can be held liable under the Alien Tort Statute, a federal law that allows U.
But there is a fascinating e-discovery element to these war crimes proceedings, and how the United Nations faces the need to manage the accumulation, organization, and access to evidence relating to war crimes. The UN team that is responsible for gathering and handling the information to be used in such trials faces the challenge of making millions of documents in many formats and many languages available to prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and other court stakeholders. This war crimes evidence originates in multiple formats from disparate sources, for example — TV program tapes, radio broadcasts, news and military photographs, home movies, home photos, recorded telephone communications, and other rich media formats in addition to masses of paper documents and the standard electronic text of emails and other natively electronic documents.
For those of us involved in the commercial sector of e-discovery it can be a most banal experience, having an irredeemable dullness. But the United Nations war crime tribunals work embody every extreme and special circumstance when it comes to eDiscovery challenges and requirements. It is thrilling — and gruesome — stuff, with every trial having its own complexities involving data formats, scalability, language support, rules of procedure, and confidentiality. The tribunals face the daunting task of ensuring full and equitable access to all of this diverse evidentiary information by all parties to the trial.
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Enabling Prosecution of the Unspeakable: Van der Waerden later said that her originality was "absolute beyond comparison". Although Noether did not seek recognition, he included as a note in the seventh edition "based in part on lectures by E. From to Russian topologist Pavel Alexandrov lectured at the university, and he and Noether quickly became good friends.
He began referring to her as der Noether , using the masculine German article as a term of endearment to show his respect. In his memorial address, Alexandrov named Emmy Noether "the greatest woman mathematician of all time". In addition to her mathematical insight, Noether was respected for her consideration of others. Although she sometimes acted rudely toward those who disagreed with her, she nevertheless gained a reputation for constant helpfulness and patient guidance of new students.
Her loyalty to mathematical precision caused one colleague to name her "a severe critic", but she combined this demand for accuracy with a nurturing attitude. Completely unegotistical and free of vanity, she never claimed anything for herself, but promoted the works of her students above all. She later spoke reverently of her "dissertation-mother".
Tsen" in English , who proved Tsen's theorem. She also worked closely with Wolfgang Krull , who greatly advanced commutative algebra with his Hauptidealsatz and his dimension theory for commutative rings. Her frugal lifestyle at first was due to being denied pay for her work; however, even after the university began paying her a small salary in , she continued to live a simple and modest life. She was paid more generously later in her life, but saved half of her salary to bequeath to her nephew, Gottfried E.
Mostly unconcerned about appearance and manners, biographers suggest she focused on her studies. A distinguished algebraist Olga Taussky-Todd described a luncheon, during which Noether, wholly engrossed in a discussion of mathematics, "gesticulated wildly" as she ate and "spilled her food constantly and wiped it off from her dress, completely unperturbed". Two female students once approached her during a break in a two-hour class to express their concern, but they were unable to break through the energetic mathematics discussion she was having with other students.
According to van der Waerden's obituary of Emmy Noether, she did not follow a lesson plan for her lectures, which frustrated some students. Instead, she used her lectures as a spontaneous discussion time with her students, to think through and clarify important problems in mathematics. Some of her most important results were developed in these lectures, and the lecture notes of her students formed the basis for several important textbooks, such as those of van der Waerden and Deuring.
Noether spoke quickly — reflecting the speed of her thoughts, many said — and demanded great concentration from her students. Students who disliked her style often felt alienated. Her most dedicated students, however, relished the enthusiasm with which she approached mathematics, especially since her lectures often built on earlier work they had done together.
She developed a close circle of colleagues and students who thought along similar lines and tended to exclude those who did not. A regular student said of one such instance: Noether showed a devotion to her subject and her students that extended beyond the academic day. Once, when the building was closed for a state holiday, she gathered the class on the steps outside, led them through the woods, and lectured at a local coffee house.
In the winter of — Noether accepted an invitation to Moscow State University , where she continued working with P. In addition to carrying on with her research, she taught classes in abstract algebra and algebraic geometry. She worked with the topologists, Lev Pontryagin and Nikolai Chebotaryov , who later praised her contributions to the development of Galois theory.
Although politics was not central to her life, Noether took a keen interest in political matters and, according to Alexandrov, showed considerable support for the Russian Revolution. She was especially happy to see Soviet advances in the fields of science and mathematics, which she considered indicative of new opportunities made possible by the Bolshevik project.
This attitude caused her problems in Germany, culminating in her eviction from a pension lodging building, after student leaders complained of living with "a Marxist-leaning Jewess". Noether planned to return to Moscow, an effort for which she received support from Alexandrov. Although this effort proved unsuccessful, they corresponded frequently during the s, and in she made plans for a return to the Soviet Union.
Noether's colleagues celebrated her fiftieth birthday in , in typical mathematicians' style. Helmut Hasse dedicated an article to her in the Mathematische Annalen , wherein he confirmed her suspicion that some aspects of noncommutative algebra are simpler than those of commutative algebra , by proving a noncommutative reciprocity law. She solved immediately, but the riddle has been lost. Apparently, Noether's prominent speaking position was a recognition of the importance of her contributions to mathematics.
Antisemitic attitudes created a climate hostile to Jewish professors.
One young protester reportedly demanded: Noether accepted the decision calmly, providing support for others during this difficult time. Hermann Weyl later wrote that "Emmy Noether—her courage, her frankness, her unconcern about her own fate, her conciliatory spirit—was in the midst of all the hatred and meanness, despair and sorrow surrounding us, a moral solace. When one of her students appeared in the uniform of the Nazi paramilitary organization Sturmabteilung SA , she showed no sign of agitation and, reportedly, even laughed about it later.
As dozens of newly unemployed professors began searching for positions outside of Germany, their colleagues in the United States sought to provide assistance and job opportunities for them.
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel
Albert Einstein and Hermann Weyl were appointed by the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , while others worked to find a sponsor required for legal immigration. Noether was contacted by representatives of two educational institutions: After a series of negotiations with the Rockefeller Foundation , a grant to Bryn Mawr was approved for Noether and she took a position there, starting in late Another source of support at the college was the Bryn Mawr president, Marion Edwards Park, who enthusiastically invited mathematicians in the area to "see Dr.
She also worked with and supervised Abraham Albert and Harry Vandiver. Her time in the United States was pleasant, surrounded as she was by supportive colleagues and absorbed in her favorite subjects. Although many of her former colleagues had been forced out of the universities, she was able to use the library as a "foreign scholar".
In April doctors discovered a tumor in Noether's pelvis. Worried about complications from surgery, they ordered two days of bed rest first. During the operation they discovered an ovarian cyst "the size of a large cantaloupe ". For three days she appeared to convalesce normally, and she recovered quickly from a circulatory collapse on the fourth. Noether", one of the physicians wrote. A few days after Noether's death her friends and associates at Bryn Mawr held a small memorial service at College President Park's house.
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Hermann Weyl and Richard Brauer traveled from Princeton and spoke with Wheeler and Taussky about their departed colleague. In the months that followed, written tributes began to appear around the globe: Her body was cremated and the ashes interred under the walkway around the cloisters of the M. Carey Thomas Library at Bryn Mawr. Noether's work in abstract algebra and topology was influential in mathematics, while in physics, Noether's theorem has consequences for theoretical physics and dynamical systems.
She showed an acute propensity for abstract thought, which allowed her to approach problems of mathematics in fresh and original ways. In the first epoch — , Noether dealt primarily with differential and algebraic invariants , beginning with her dissertation under Paul Gordan. Her mathematical horizons broadened, and her work became more general and abstract, as she became acquainted with the work of David Hilbert , through close interactions with a successor to Gordan, Ernst Sigismund Fischer.
In the second epoch — , Noether devoted herself to developing the theory of mathematical rings. In the third epoch — , Noether focused on noncommutative algebra , linear transformations , and commutative number fields. Although the results of Noether's first epoch were impressive and useful, her fame among mathematicians rests more on the groundbreaking work she did in her second and third epochs, as noted by Hermann Weyl and B.
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In these epochs, she was not merely applying ideas and methods of earlier mathematicians; rather, she was crafting new systems of mathematical definitions that would be used by future mathematicians. In particular, she developed a completely new theory of ideals in rings , generalizing earlier work of Richard Dedekind. She is also renowned for developing ascending chain conditions, a simple finiteness condition that yielded powerful results in her hands.
Such conditions and the theory of ideals enabled Noether to generalize many older results and to treat old problems from a new perspective, such as elimination theory and the algebraic varieties that had been studied by her father. In the century from to Noether's death in , the field of mathematics — specifically algebra — underwent a profound revolution, whose reverberations are still being felt. Mathematicians of previous centuries had worked on practical methods for solving specific types of equations, e. Noether's most important contributions to mathematics were to the development of this new field, abstract algebra.
A group consists of a set of elements and a single operation which combines a first and a second element and returns a third. The operation must satisfy certain constraints for it to determine a group: It must be closed when applied to any pair of elements of the associated set, the generated element must also be a member of that set , it must be associative , there must be an identity element an element which, when combined with another element using the operation, results in the original element, such as adding zero to a number or multiplying it by one , and for every element there must be an inverse element.
A ring likewise, has a set of elements, but now has two operations. The first operation must make the set a group, and the second operation is associative and distributive with respect to the first operation. It may or may not be commutative ; this means that the result of applying the operation to a first and a second element is the same as to the second and first — the order of the elements does not matter. A field is defined as a commutative division ring. Groups are frequently studied through group representations. In their most general form, these consist of a choice of group, a set, and an action of the group on the set, that is, an operation which takes an element of the group and an element of the set and returns an element of the set.
Most often, the set is a vector space , and the group represents symmetries of the vector space. For example, there is a group which represents the rigid rotations of space. This is a type of symmetry of space, because space itself does not change when it is rotated even though the positions of objects in it do. Noether used these sorts of symmetries in her work on invariants in physics. A powerful way of studying rings is through their modules.
A module consists of a choice of ring, another set, usually distinct from the underlying set of the ring and called the underlying set of the module, an operation on pairs of elements of the underlying set of the module, and an operation which takes an element of the ring and an element of the module and returns an element of the module. The underlying set of the module and its operation must form a group. A module is a ring-theoretic version of a group representation: Ignoring the second ring operation and the operation on pairs of module elements determines a group representation.
The real utility of modules is that the kinds of modules that exist and their interactions, reveal the structure of the ring in ways that are not apparent from the ring itself. An important special case of this is an algebra. The word algebra means both a subject within mathematics as well as an object studied in the subject of algebra. An algebra consists of a choice of two rings and an operation which takes an element from each ring and returns an element of the second ring.
This operation makes the second ring into a module over the first.
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Often the first ring is a field. Words such as "element" and "combining operation" are very general, and can be applied to many real-world and abstract situations. Any set of things that obeys all the rules for one or two operation s is, by definition, a group or ring , and obeys all theorems about groups or rings. Integer numbers, and the operations of addition and multiplication, are just one example.
For example, the elements might be computer data words , where the first combining operation is exclusive or and the second is logical conjunction. Theorems of abstract algebra are powerful because they are general; they govern many systems. It might be imagined that little could be concluded about objects defined with so few properties, but precisely therein lay Noether's gift to discover the maximum that could be concluded from a given set of properties, or conversely, to identify the minimum set, the essential properties responsible for a particular observation.
Unlike most mathematicians, she did not make abstractions by generalizing from known examples; rather, she worked directly with the abstractions. The maxim by which Emmy Noether was guided throughout her work might be formulated as follows: This is the begriffliche Mathematik purely conceptual mathematics that was characteristic of Noether. The Slovak company provides outsourcing services for corporate customers in Germany, the European Union and at a global level. The size and breadth of activities and quality of work delivered by T-Systems Slovakia is a major reason why the T-Systems brand is the market leader in Germany and one of the big four ICT service providers in Europe.
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This is a type of symmetry of space, because space itself does not change when it is rotated even though the positions of objects in it do. This style of mathematics was consequently adopted by other mathematicians, especially in the then new field of abstract algebra. The Slovak company provides outsourcing services for corporate customers in Germany, the European Union and at a global level. One can ask for all polynomials in A, B, and C that are unchanged by the action of SL 2 ; these are called the invariants of binary quadratic forms and turn out to be the polynomials in the discriminant. Then take a look at the section called Application Tips on our career site. A distinguished algebraist Olga Taussky-Todd described a luncheon, during which Noether, wholly engrossed in a discussion of mathematics, "gesticulated wildly" as she ate and "spilled her food constantly and wiped it off from her dress, completely unperturbed". He regained mobility, but one leg remained affected.
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