Noble Notes on Famous Folks
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Words of Wisdom: 41 Inspirational Quotations for Young Nonprofit Leaders
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Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. Amazon Renewed Refurbished products with a warranty. Fleming spent the next couple of decades investigating the antibacterial effects of what he at first called "mould juice" and later named "penicillin" after the fungus' genus Penicillium. Chain and Florey contributed by conducting rigorous clinical trials that proved the great usefulness of penicillin and figuring out how to purify and produce it in bulk. Penicillin cures staph infections, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, pneumonia, meningitis, diphtheria, syphilis and other serious infectious diseases.
In , an American named Hermann Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that radiation causes mutations. A biologist by training, he spent the s investigating the effects of X-rays on various organisms and in found a clear link between radiation exposure and lethal mutations.
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In the following years, Muller worked tirelessly to publicize the grave dangers of radiation exposure. When his work was recognized by the Nobel Committee, it drew public attention to the health effects of nuclear fallout, especially in the wake of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
For the remainder of his life, Muller was a leading voice in the campaign against nuclear weapons testing and worked to diffuse the threat of nuclear war. Maurice Wilkins shared the prize with them for producing some of the earliest evidence in support of their claim — he used a technique called X-ray crystallography to map out the shape of the DNA molecule. Their prize remains controversial because of who was left off the list of honorees. Watson and Crick formed their hypothesis on the shape of DNA in only after analyzing an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by a biophysicist named Rosalind Franklin a year earlier.
The image was shown to Watson and Crick without her knowledge. Franklin had already written a draft of her paper on the helical form of DNA before Watson and Crick wrote theirs, but her contributions were overlooked for years. Franklin was never able to make her case to the Nobel Committee. Watson, Crick and Wilkins received the honor four years after she died. During the world wars, the Red Cross visited and monitored the POW camps of all warring parties, organized relief assistance for civilian populations, and administered the exchange of messages regarding hundreds of thousands of prisoners and missing persons.
At 35, the Rev.
Martin Luther King Jr. His "I Have a Dream" speech, which he delivered one year earlier from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to a crowd of ,, was but one of many famous and influential speeches King gave as a leader in the civil rights movement. Heisenberg received the physics prize in for discovering the underlying principles of quantum mechanics, the rules that govern the behavior of subatomic particles. Quantum mechanics completely changed our understanding of reality. It says that light, electrons, atoms and, indeed, all things act simultaneously like particles and like waves.
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The so-called "uncertainty principle" follows from that; it states that it is impossible to know with perfect accuracy both a particle's position and its velocity. Know where a particle is, and you have no idea where it is going, or how fast. Yet another curious aspect of quantum mechanics is that it shows there is no reality — at least not on the atomic scale — that exists independently of our observations of it.
Sartre was one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy, particularly Marxism and existentialism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but refused it, saying he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution. Sartre published his treatise on existentialism, "Being and Nothingness," in