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We observed a decrease in the concentration of urinary lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde MDA after the 3-day juice fast. This may have been based on the high polyphenol content providing antioxidant protection for lipids in the intestine during the digestion.
Similar effects on postprandial lipid peroxidation were observed by our laboratory and others utilizing other polyphenol sources. For example the addition of a spice mix or red wine to a high fat meal dramatically decreased postprandial urinary MDA formation 28 , Another study by Bub et al. Since the microbiota changes mostly returned to baseline levels, it appears unlikely that changes in the well-being were related to the gut microbiota. As mediator of mood, appetite and sleep, serum levels of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin could play a role in well-being.
However, no significant change in serum serotonin levels were found data not shown.
Possibly participants felt good about the weight loss that was maintained through the two weeks after returning to the customary diet. Further mechanistic studies are required to confirm that changes in the microbiota are directly linked to weight loss. The juice- based diet also, significantly increased serum and urine NO and decreased a marker of lipid oxidation.
Future studies will need to be performed to determine if these biochemical changes are associated with vasodilation and improved cardiovascular health. The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Office for Protection of Research Subjects of the University of California, Los Angeles. All subjects provided written informed consent before the study began. The study was divided into three periods: During the run-in period the participants were asked to continue their usual diet and refrain from consuming vitamins and antibiotics.
One of the green mixes also contained ginger. The root mix was a juice blend of apple, lemon, ginger and beet. The nutritional facts are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
During the follow-up period participants resumed their usual diet consumed during the run-in period following the same fruit and vegetable serving, vitamin and antibiotic restrictions. Nutrition facts are provided in Supplementary Table S1. Subjects with a history of diabetes mellitus on medications, hyperlipidemia on medications, or other serious medical condition within 6 months prior to screening were excluded.
In addition, individuals using antibiotics or laxatives during 2 months prior to the study were excluded. A total of three stool samples were collected from each subject: Each time an aliquot of the stool specimen was collected by the participant and delivered to the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition in a cooler within a few hours of collection. Urine malondialdehyde concentration was determined in form of thiobarbituric acid TBA reactive substances by deproteinization and derivatization with TBA according to the method of Korchazhkina et al.
The reagent 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane was used to prepare a standard curve. Serum samples were mixed with ethanol in a ratio of 1: Urine was centrifuged at the same speed and injected. The concentration was determined in comparison to a sodium nitrate standard calibration curve. The urinary creatinine level was measured in the same manner after a proper dilution with distilled water.
All authors reviewed the manuscript. Supplementary information accompanies this paper at doi: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
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Received Dec 8; Accepted Apr 6. To view a copy of this license, visit http: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The gut microbiota is an important contributor to human health. Results Thirty participants were screened.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants. Open in a separate window. Intestinal microbiome Fecal microbiota composition of 20 participants collected at day 0, 4 and 17 was analyzed by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene. Table 2 Effect of juice based diet on fecal microbiota genus. Genus Day 0 Day 7 Day 17 Anaeroarcus 0. Plasma antioxidant capacity and urine lipid peroxidation The effect of juice based diet on plasma antioxidant capacity was determined by analyzing the trolox equivalents TE using the TEAC method.
Plasma and urine nitric oxide To evaluate potential effects of vegetable and fruit nitrate content on vasodilation we determined the effect of juice based diet on plasma and urine nitric oxide NO concentrations.
General well-being score All participants completed a general well-being questionnaire at baseline, day 4 and at the end of study. Discussion The scientific base for the popularity of juice based diets has not been explored. Methods Study design and juice intervention The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Office for Protection of Research Subjects of the University of California, Los Angeles.
Stool Collection A total of three stool samples were collected from each subject: Malondialdehyde Urine malondialdehyde concentration was determined in form of thiobarbituric acid TBA reactive substances by deproteinization and derivatization with TBA according to the method of Korchazhkina et al. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary Information K, docx. Notes Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Footnotes Electronic supplementary material Supplementary information accompanies this paper at doi: Health effects of intermittent fasting: The American journal of clinical nutrition.
Polyphenol-based nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: Review of human evidence. Functional components and medicinal properties of food: Journal of food science and technology. Li AN, et al.
Hello, am starting the 7 day flush tomorrow was wondering are any of the other juices posted on the website interchangeable for the juices on the 7 day plan?? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Recent studies show that dietary interventions with polyphenol rich extracts and foods, including dealcoholized red wine polyphenols, cocoa-derived flavanols, quercetin and grape anthocyanins, modulate the human gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes and increasing Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and Verrucomicrobia 11 — 13 , which is also a key difference in the gut microbiota found in obese and lean individuals 14 , He travelled in a truck with a cameraman, a sound guy, a juicer and a generator. Visit the forum http:
Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols. Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1—10, doi: Korpela K, et al. Gut microbiota signatures predict host and microbiota responses to dietary interventions in obese individuals. Tilg H, Moschen AR. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. Clinical microbiology and infection: Etxeberria U, et al.
Reshaping faecal gut microbiota composition by the intake of trans-resveratrol and quercetin in high-fat sucrose diet-fed rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.
Roopchand DE, et al. Duenas M, et al. A survey of modulation of gut microbiota by dietary polyphenols. Turnbaugh PJ, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Establishing a causal link between gut microbes, body weight gain and glucose metabolism in humans - towards treatment with probiotics.
Beneficial microbes 1—12, doi: Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Polysaccharides utilization in human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: Upadhyaya B, et al. Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and immunometabolic functions. Olli K, et al. Remely M, et al. Increased gut microbiota diversity and abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia after fasting: Mechanistic insights into the vascular effects of blueberries: Evidence from recent studies.
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