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In compliance with his wishes, Vale- tinguish him from the censor, his great rius Flaccus was chosen his colleague, grandfather, Cato of Utica, the place as the only person qualified to assist him of his death , was born 93 B. He up in the house of his uncle, Livius Drufulfilled this trust with inflexible rigor; sus. He early discovered great maturity and, though his measures caused him of judgment and firmness of character.
He appears to he demanded a sword of his teacher, to have been quite indifferent to the honor; stab the tyrant, and free his country from andl when, before this, some one express- servitude. With his brother by the ed his wonder that no statue had been mother's side, Caepio, he lived in the tenerected to him, he answered, "I would derest friendship. Cato was chosen priest rather have it asked why no image has of Apollo.
He formed an intimacy with been erected to Cato than why one has. His first appearance ed to say, when he would excuse the er- in public was against the tribunes of the rors of another. Cato's political life was people, who wished to pull down a basila continued warfare.
He was continually tca erected by the censor Cato, which was accusing, and was himself accused with in their way.
On this occasion, he disanimosity, but was always acquitted. His played that powerful eloquence, which last public commission was an embassy afterwards rendered him so formidable, to Carthage, to settle the dispute between and won the cause. He served his first the Carthaginians and king Massinissa. When the term of his office had with the well-known words,'"Prceterea expired, he travelled into Asia, and carcenseo, Carthaginenm esse delendam" I am ried the Stoic Athenodorus with him to also of opinion that Carthage must be de- Rome.
He was next made questor, and stroyed. He died a year after his return executed his difficult trust with the strict B. Cato, who was est integrity, while he had the spirit to so frugal of the public revenues, was not prosecute the public officers for their acts indifferent to riches. He was rigorously of extortion and violence. His conduct severe towards his slaves, and considered gained him the admiration and love of them quite in the light of property.
He the Romans, so that, on the last day of his made every exertion to promote and im- questorship, he was escorted to his house prove agriculture. In his old age, he gave by the whole assembly of the people. In the games of Flora, the dancers the verses of Horace allude- were not allowed to lay aside their gtrments as long as Cato was present. The Narratur et prisci Catonis Swepe mero caluisse virtus. The example f He was twice married, and had a son by Sylla, in usurping supreme power, was each of his wives.
His conduct as a hus- followed by many ambitious men, whose hand and a father was equally exemplary. Crassus hoped to purchase tih Rustica. Those of which the loss is most sovereignty with his gold; Pompey exto be regretted are his orations, which pected that it would be voluntarily conCicero mentions in terms of the highest ferred upon him; and Cuesar, superior to encomium, and his history of the origin both in talent, united himself to both, an1. At the head of the senate, preventing greater evils, proposed that the sole prop of the republic, stood Catu- Pompey should be made sole consul, conlus, Cicero and Cato.
Lucullus, who trary to the constitution, and the proposistood very high in the favor of the army, tion was adopted. The year following, which he had so victoriously commanded, Cato lost the consulship by refusing to might alone have upheld the senate, had take the steps necessary for obtaining it.
Cato, keeping rival of Curio with three of Ceesar's lealoof from all parties, served the common- gions, departed for the camp of Pompey, wealth with sagacity and courage; but he at Dyrrachium. He had still been in often injured the cause, which he was hopes to prevent the war by negotiation; trying to benefit, by the inflexibility of his and when it broke out, he put on mourncharacter.
He was on the way to his ing in token of his grief. Pompey, havestate, when he met Metellus Nepos, who ing been victorious at Dyrrachium, left was travelling to Rome to canvass for the Cato behind to guard the military chest tribuneship. Knowing him to be a dan- and magazine, while he pushed after his gerous man, Cato returned immediately, rival. For this reason, Cato was not stood candidate for the office himself, present at the battle of Pharsalia, after and was chosen, together with Metellus. Here he learned that line broke out.
Cato supported, with all Pompey's father-in-law, Scipio, had gone his power, the consul Cicero, first gave to Juba, king of Mauritania, where Varuls him publicly the name of father of his had collected a considerable force. Cato country, and urged, in a fine speech pre- immediately set off to join him, and, afserved -by Sallust, the rigorous punish- ter undergoing hunger, thirst and every ment of the traitors.
He opposed the hardship, reached Utica, where the two proposition of Metellus Nepos to recall armies effected a junction. The soldiers Pompey from Asia, and give him the wished him to be their general, but he command against Catiline, and came near gave this office to Scipio, and took the losing his life in a riot excited against lim command in Utica, while Scipio and Laon this account by his colleague and bienus sallied out against Caesar. After the return of Pompey, he had advised them to protract the war, frustrated many of his ambitious plans, but they ventured an engagement, in and first predicted the consequences of which they were entirely defeated, and his union with Crassus and Caesar.
He Africa submitted to the victor. Cato had afterwards opposed, but in vain, the di- at first determined to defend himself to vision of lands in Campania. Caesar at the last, with the senators in the place; that time abused his power so much as but he afterwards abandoned this plan, to send Cato to prison, but was constrain- and dismissed all who wished to leave ed, by the murmurs of the people, to set him. His resolution was taken. On the him at liberty. The triumvirate, in order evening before the day which he had fixto remove him to a distance, had him ed upon for executing it, he took a transent to Cyprus, to depose king Ptolemy, quil meal, and discussed various philounder some frivolous pretext.
He was sophical subjects. He then retired to his compelled to obey, and executed his com- chamber, and read the Phcedo of Plato. On finding than had ever been deposited in it by any that it was gone, he called his slaves, and private man. In the mean time, he con- demanded it with apparent equanimity; tinued his opposition to the triumvirate. His son and sus with an extraordinary power, he was his friends came with tears, and besought a second time arrested; but the people him to refrain from his purpose.
At first followed him in a body to the prison, and he reproached his son for disobedience, his enemies were compelled to release then calmly advised those present to subhim. Being afterwards made pretor, he mit to Caesar, and dismissed all but the carried into execution a law against brib- philosophers Demetrius and Apollonius, ery, that displeased all parties. After the whom he asked if they knew any way by.
They were commodious house has been erected for silent, and left him, weeping. He then the accommodation of visitors. It is received his sword joyfully, again read situated directly on the brow of the Phcedo, slept awhile, and, on awaking, mountain, and commands an enchantsent to the port to inquire if his friends ing view of the country on both sides of had departed. He heard, with a sigh, the Hudson, embracing a tract about that the sea was tempestuous. He had miles in length and 50 in breadth. This again sunk into slumber, when word was place, which is 12 miles from the town brought him that the sea was calm, and of Catskill, is approached by a good turnthat all was tranquil in the harbor.
He pike road, which winds up the side of the appeared satisfied, and was scarcely alone mountain. Two miles west of Pine when he stabbed himself with his sword. Orchard are the fine cascades of the The people rushed in, and took advan- Kaaterskill, a stream which is supplied tage of a swoon, into which he had fallen, by two small lakes situated high in the to bind up his wounds; but, on coming mountains. The upper fall is feet in to himself, he tore off the bandages, and height; and a few rods below is the other, expired 44 B.
This was in The City of Dream: Annual Register of World Events: He was obliged to pression a caucus meeting caulkers' meetleave Paris, went to Brussels, published ing. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater: The New South African Citizenship:
The Uticans buried of 80 feet, both perpendicular. The him honorably, and erected a statue to stream passes into a deep and very pichim. But Caesar, when he heard the turesque ravine, which is bordered by news of his death, exclaimed, "I grudge mountains rising abruptly or thee thy death, since thou hast grudged feet. It is a bishop's see. It contains a CATS, James; born in , at Brou- cathedra-l, 17 Catholic churches and chapwershaven, in Zealand; one of the fathers els, 1 Greek church, and an hospital.
It of the Dutch language and poetry. He has a remarkable harbor, one of the most studied at Leyden and Orleans. In secure in Europe, being defended by a and , he was ambassador to England, castle and strong battlements, and enand afterwards grand pensioner of Hol- closed with rocks of such height, that the land.
His poetly is distinguished for sun is seen in winter only a few hours in simplicity, naivetU, richness of imagina- the day. Population of the circle, 31, tion, and winning though unpretending square miles, He died in The adverse mountains in New York, much the high- winds which often prevail here render est in the state. They extend along to the navigation dangerous. The Cattegat the west of the Hudson, from which is noted for its herring fishery. It contheir base is, at the nearest point, eight tains the islands Samsoe, Anholt, Lessor miles distant.
The principal summits and Hertzholm. The former, according to the what is now Hesse, also part of Franconia measurement of captain Partridge, is and Westphalia.
They carried on bloody feet above the level of tide water; wars with the Hermunduri and Cherusci. The Catskill In the time of Caesar, they dwelt on the mountains present scenery of singular Lahn, and opposed him with effect. Druseauty and grandeur, and have become a sus defeated without reducing them.
In noted resort of travellers during the sum- the reign of Marcus Aurelius, they made mer. On a level tract of about 7 acres, incursions into Germany and Thrace, but called Pine Orchard, elevated feet were afterwards defeated by Didius Juli. In , they made their last ap- Western Asia, extending from south-east pearance in history in union with the to north-west, and occupying the isthmus Franks. According to Cmesar, their terri- containing , square miles between tory was divided into districts,.
The length of which was obliged to send annually is computed at miles; the breadth is men into the field, whose place was various; fiom Mosdok to Tiflis it may supplied the following year by those who be estimated at miles. Torrents, had before remained at home to cultivate precipices and avalanches render the the ground.
Their food was milk, cheese mnountains almost impassable. The Cauand game; their dress, the skins of ani- casus is divided into two parallel chains. Their limited princes, who gov- The central ridge, from which the liounerned in connexion with a diet, annually tains fall off on each side, consists of varidistributed the lands among the families. The summits are See Germania. On the western declivity is'according to some, at Sirmium, a small the Elburs, which a Russian measureiown on a peninsula of lake Benacus, ment makes 16, feet high.
The Casinow lago di Garda , of rich and respect- beg is 17, feet high. The most eleable parents, went, in his youth, to Rome, vated summit the Snowy mountain is where his accomplishments soon won on the eastern side, west of the Cuban. He was the friend of Cicero, traveller in It is also called'Schahof Plancus, Cinna, and Cornelius Nepos; dagh King's mountain and Schah-Elburs; to the last he subsequently dedicated the Elburs being the common name of all the collection of his poems.
This collection high, conical summits rising from the is not of great extent, but shows what he chain of the Caucasus. The limit of was capable of doing in several kinds of perpetual snow on these mountains is poetry, had he preferred a steady course feet higher than on the Alpine reof study to pleasure and travelling. Prob- gions of Savoy and Switzerland. Two ably a part of his poems have not come of the passes, or gates, as they are often down to us.
Of the merit of his produc- called, are remarkable-the Caucasian tions, there has been but one opinion pass and the Albanian or Caspian pass. Most of the rivers, which take their rise Tibullus and Ovid eulogize him; and in the Caucasus, flow in ain easterly diMartial, in one of his epigrams, grants to rection to the Caspian sea, or in a westerhirn alone a superiority over himself. In ly course to the Black sea. On the northsportive composition and in epigrams, ern declivity, the Terek flows easterly wshen he keeps within the proper limits into the Caspian, and the Cuban westerly of that species of poetry, he is a tnodel.
On the southern declivity, afterwards sung of Dido. He was the the Kur flows easterly into the Caspian, first of the Romans who successfully im- and the Rioni called by the ancients the itated the Greek lyric poetry. The four Phasis westerly into the Black sea: A weighty objection, however, connect the Caucasus with the othler against most of his writings, is their li- chains of Western Asia. The highest centiousness and indelicacy. The com- ridge of the Caucasian chain is rugged mon opinion is, that he died 57 B. Scaliger main- extremely fruitful.
The whole surface of tains, but without sufficient proof, that he the country abounds in forests and foundied in his 71st year. The edition of his tains, orchards and vineyards, cornfields works by Volpius Padua, , and that and pastures, in rich alternation. Grapes of Doring Leipsic, , 2 vols.
His poems nuts and figs, grow spontaneously. Grain are usually published with those of Ti- of every description, rice, cotton and hemp bullus and Propertius. They underthe people of the mountains, particularly take private expeditions, lull their enethe Lesghians, in their plundering expe- mies into security, and then attack them ditions, rob the cultivators of the fruits of unawares.
They show the greatest fortitheir industry, and carry off the men for tude in enduring hardships and reverses slaves. There are multitudes of wild an- of fortune.
Amrong them, and, in fact, inlals of every description here. The throughout the Caucasus, hospitality and pheasant is a native. The mineral king- an implacable spirit of revenge prevail dorn is full of the richest treasures, which No stranger can travel in their country are nearly untouched. Mineral waters without having a friendly native or Kunak abound, and there are fountains of petro- to accompany him, by whom he is every leuli and naphtha in many districts.
Some where introduced, and kindly received fountains throw up a slime with the pe- and entertained. All the regions on and troleumn, which, being deposited, forms about the Caucasus are comprehended hills, styled by the natives growing moan- under the name of Caucasian countries tains.
The medicinal baths of Caucasia containing , square Iniles and are called by the general name of the 1,, inhabitants. Since the peace baths of. The inhabitants con- concluded between Russia and Persia, in sist of small tribes of various origin and , they have belonged to the Russian language-Georgians, Abassians, Lesghi- empire, though without being completely ans, Ossetes, Circassians, Taschkents, subject to it; for only a small portion, the Khists, Ingooshes, Charabulaks, Tshet- Georgian territories, have a well ordered shenzes, Tartars, Armenians, Jews, and, government, mostly military.
Some casian provinces are, at present, six in of them are Greek and Armenian Chris- number: The province of Tiflis or tians; others are Mohammedans; others, Grusia, also called Georgia 17, square Jews; and others worship stars, moun- miles, and , inhabitants; the capitains, rocks and trees. Many of the tribes tal, Tiflis, q. Imiretta, called by the are distinguished for the beauty, symme- Russians lelitenia 13, square miles, try and strength of their frames, particu- and , inhabitants; capital, Cotatis.
The province of Circassia, 32, are the handsomest people in the world; square miles, and , inhabitants. D atinder petty sovereigns, who often rule ghestan, i. The most famous are tile Les- , inhabitants; Derbent is its capghians, who inhabit the Eastern regions, ital. Schirvan square miles, and are the terror of the Armenians, Per- , inhabitants , with Bakou, the best siarls, Turks and Georgians.
Freedom harbor in the Caspian. This region, fiom makes them courageous and formidable its abundance of beautiful flowers, is to all their neighbors. They are forced, called the Paradise of Roses. In the by the want of the most common neces- neighborhood are the fountains of naphsaries of life, to resort toplunder. Hence tha, to which the Parsees perform piltheir weaker neighbors seek to appease grimages from India. IIere, too, is the themwithpresents. Therocksandcrags, temple of fire, where a fire is kept peron the other hand, protect the Lesghians petually burning.
The ing 33, square miles, with , inmanagernent of domestic affairs rests habitants, of whom 21, are Russians wholly with the females. These pre- and 48, colonists. Here are 22 fortipare, from soft and fine wool, cloth dress- fled places as Georgievsk, Kizliar a es and coverings of various kinds. Every prince in the neigh- against the savage tribes of the mountains. The trade is mostly seen of this extraordinary word is in Gorin the hands of the Armenians.
Gordon founded in , and enlarged by Mora- says that, more than 50 years previous to vians from Sarepta, with schools and a the time of his writing, " Samuel Adam. He was born in Paris, in fact that the meetings were first held in , where he went through a complete a part of Boston "where all the shipcourse of study, and devoted himself to business was carried on," Mr. After the restora- inferred that caucus miight be a corruption tloll, lie published a journal, jVain Jaune of caulkers, the word meeting being under Tlie Yellow Dwarf , which was constitu- stood. Pickering was afterwards in tional in its sentiments, and, at the same formed that several gentlemen had men.
He that it was suppressed, after the second thinks he has sometimes heard the exrestoration, in He was obliged to pression a caucus meeting caulkers' meetleave Paris, went to Brussels, published ing. Pickering says that this cant thlere the,7ain Jaune refugie, and changed word and its derivatives are never used in the title, when the work was suppressed good writing. We must add, however, in that place al-'o, to that of Le Vrai that all the newspapers of the U. States Liberql The True Liberal , under which, use it. Cauchois, through the CAULKING, or CAUKING, Of a ship, conrepresentations of the French ministry, sists in driving a quantity of oakum, or became an object of so much suspicion old ropes untwisted and drawn asunder, to the Belgian government, that he, with into the seams of the planks, or into the 19 other French refugees, was ordered to intervals where the planks are joined toquit the country, and go to Hamburg.
Here he composed a very ener- rotting it. Among the ancients, the first getic memorial to the states-general, in who made use of caulking were the inwhich he represented his persecutions as habitants of Pheeacia, now Corfu. Wax a violation of national law. This occa- and resin appear to have been commonly sioned a most animated debate in the used previously to that period. The Belgian parliament, in which Hogendorp Poles use a sort of unctuous clay for the and Dotrenge distinguished themselves, same purpose on their navigable rivers.
The name of caustic Lat. KaLio, I burn is given where he has since been an industrious to substances, which, by their chemical contributor to several liberal journals. They are called, likewise, potential cauStates, and cannot be traced back to the teries, to distinguish them from the fire mothercountry. Caustics, in genJohn Pickering, in his Vocabulary or Col- eral, act by decomposing chemically the lection of Words and Phrases, which have tissues to which they are applied, by debeen supposed to be peculiar to the U.
States, for those eschar, or slough. The earliest account he has whilst, on the contrary, inflammation is. In both cases, sup- losopher and poet of the 13th century, puration occurs sooner or later, and sep- the friend of Dante, and, like him, a zealarates the disorganized from the surround- ous Ghibelline.
When the dissensions ingparts. Almost all the substances used of the Guelfs and Ghibellines disturbed as caustics have only a local action: The sorbed, and of exercising a deleterious Ghibellines were exiled to Sarzana. On action on the economy in general: The he died at Florence. In his youth, actual cautery and the knife are, in gen- he made a pilgrimage to St. Jago de eral, preferred to them.
They are used Compostella, in G alicia. Returning home principally in order to establish issues, through France, he fell in love, at Touparticularly in cases in which it is neces- louse, with a young lady of the name of sary to produce a powerful derivation; Micandetta. To her most of his verses to stop the progress of certain gangrenous which we possess are addressed. They affections, such as anthrax; to open cer- are remarkable, considering the period at tain indolent abscesses; to change the which they were written, for their beautimode of vitality of the skin in some can- fill style.
The learned cardinal excrescences of wounds or proud flesh; Egidio Colonna, and some others, have and, finally, to prevent the absorption of made commentaries on it. His Rime, the virus deposited at the surface of poi- published by Cicciaporci, appeared at soned wounds. This is seen in flat, the works. It is most commonly situated irregular, brittle pieces, or in round sticks, within the bastion, and made much in like the nitrate of silver; of a grayish- the same form.
Sometimes the cavaliers white, sometimes reddish; of a savor ex- are placed in the gorges, or on the middle tremely caustic, and a slight odor sui of the curtain; they are then made in the generis.
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This substance is extremely form of a horse-shoe. Their use is to caustic; it decomposes quickly the parts command all the adjacent works and with which it is put in contact, and leaves surrounding country. They are seldom on the skin a soft, grayish eschar, which made except when a rising ground overcomes off slowly. Taken internally, it looks some of the works. In modern acts in the same way as all corrosive times, it is considered that cavaliers in a poisons: It has ditch separates the cavalier from the parsucceeded in the gravel, in nephritic col- apet of the bastion, cause the grenades to ics, and other affections proceeding from fall upon the defenders of the latter; for superabundance of uric acid.
It has been which reasons it is considered best to put recommended, likewise, in the treatment them on the curtains or behind the bastions. This solution, classes of troops, and a formidable power even when very diluted, soon irritates the in the hands of a leader who knows how stomach, and brings on anorexia, which to employ it with effect.
This requires a prevents it from being used for any length bold and active spirit, able to avail itself, of time. The efficacy of cavalry arises sodium. Its physical properties are sim- particularly from the moral impression ilar to those of potassa, and it may be which it produces on the enemy. This used with advantage as a succedaneum is greater in proportion to the size of the when employed as a caustic. In fact, the mass and the rapidity of its motion. Its sub-carbonate, which forms during its ac- adaptation to speedy movements is antion on the skin, is not deliquescent, as other great advantage, which enables a that of potassa, and, consequently, is not commander to avail himself immediately subject to spread.
It is a very impor- riod, the Macedonian, were much more tant instrument in completing the defeat numerous. The Romans learnt its use of an enemy, in disconcerting him by a from Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians. At sudden attack, or overthrowing him by a a later period, the cavalry of the Gauls powerful shock. The use of cavalry is, was particularly good. In the middle it is true, oftentimes limited by the na- ages, the knights fought only on horseture of the ground. In forests, in moun- back, and disdained the foot-service.
In unknown, and was only gradually remodern times, cavalry' has been led stored in the progress of time. After the against intrenchments, but only to its introduction of artillery, although cavalry own destruction. In some instances, too, was used, yet its manceuvres were awkthe cavalry has been dismounted, and ward and inefficient. The genius of Gusemployed as infantry; which may, on tavus Adolphus first perceived the imporpeculiar occasions, be advisable, but, on tant use which could be made of it. He the whole, is contrary to their nature and was without the heavy cavalry, which, purpose, and, if made a part of their duty, since the time of chivalry, had gone out like other half measures, is usually disad- of use; but he found that the advantage vantageous.
It is also unadvisable to of this species of troops did not consist in keep large bodies of cavalry united during its weight, but in its quickness of motion. They are to be collected in With reference to this, he formed his large masses only for particular objects. Napoleon appears to have culty. This, together necessary to divide the cavalry into light with certain erroneous dispositions which and heavy horse.
There is sometimes, had crept into some armies, and had also, an intermediate class. These dif- caused the cavalry to fail in services on ferent sorts are employed for different which they ought never to have been put, purposes. The heavy cavalry, with defen- and which were sometimes performed as sive armor cuirassiers , is more frequently well or better by other troops, gave rise, employed in mass, where force is requi- of late years, to doubts concerning their site; the lighter troops are used singly, utility, which, however, are now abanand in small detachments, where swift- doned.
The writings of general Bismnark, ness and continued effort are required. Fate of the Cavalry in the Campaigns of The use of cavalry is probably nearly as Frederic I1 and in those of a later Period. They will, no doubt, The Egyptians are said to have had cav- effect a change in the arms, and even ill alry before the time of Moses.
The the organization, of the infantry, who can Israelites, when at war with their neigh- do little against lancers, if rain prevents bors, often had to encounter cavalry, but them from firing. In the Prussian cavwere afraid to mount horses until the alry, which is among the finest in the.
The Greeks appear world, lancers are very numerous. A not to have introduced cavalry into their French author calls the cavalry, very aparmies till the second Messenian war, propriately, I'arme, die moment; because and, even after that time, had compara- they are peculiarly fitted to take advantively few; but with them it was consid- tage of decisive moments. A moment ered the most respectable class of troops, may occur, when a great victory can be in which only the wealthy citizens served.
A commander of cavalry must the author. The work was published at therefore be possessed of the rare courage the expense of the king, aId intended as which shrinks not from responsibility. Thunberg has namtruth of these remarks. Napoleon won ed a family of plants Cavanilla. Cavanilthe battle of Marengo chiefly by Keller- les died in The campaigns in Russia, and the relieved with recitative. Caves are principally met with in leon failed to follow up his advantages limestone of the transition and floetz periafter the victories of Lfitzen and Dresden, od, in gypsum, sometimes in sandstone, chiefly because his cavalry were raw and and in volcanic rocks basalt, lava, tufa, inexperienced.
The form of the cavern The best cavalry is now generally consid- depends partly upon the nature of the ered to be the Prussian and some species substance in which they exist; but it it of the Russian.
The French never were frequently altered by external causes. In good horsemen, and the English have reference to their internal construction, not kept pace with the numerous im- the hollows in the earth may be divided provements introduced by the wars on into three classes: It is a fact of interest, that wide clefts; those of the second admit the more civilization takes root among a the day-light at both ends, and form natnation, the more importance is given to ural passages, which sometimes serve the infantry.
All savage nations begin with rivers as beds; the third and most comcavalry, if they have horses. At present, mon class consists of those which form a infantry is the most numerous class of line of grottoes, about of an equal height. There are many and cia. In , he went to Paris with the various causes for the formation of caves.
He published there, in , fectly uniform direction, the gentle and Observations on the Article Spain in the equable declivity of most caves, appear New Encyclopedia, written with as much to be the effect of the long continuance of patriotism as profound reasoning. In the water in them, the action of which has following year, he commenced his great widened the existing crevices.
In trachyt botanical work, MJonadelphiae Classis Dis- and lava, caves appear to have been prosertationes decem Paris, , Ma- duced by the effects of gas. The caves drid, , 4to. After of gypsum often contain foul air; the his return to Spain, he wrote another caves of limestone, various figures of stabeautiful work, Icones et Descriptiones lactites, produced by the deposit of the Plantarum, qucv aut Sponte in Hispania lime dissolved in the water. The most crescunt aut in Hortis hospitantur Ma- of these lime caves contain remnants of drid, , 6 vols. It contains a number of new phants, bears.
Many caves are remarkgenera and species, natives of Spain, able only on account of their great size, America, India and New Holland. In or sublime from the awful gloom which pursuance of a commission from the king, pervades them, and the echoes which roll Cavanilles travelled in Valencia, and col- like thunder through their vaulted paslected the materials for his Observaciones sages. Some are of great depth, as that of sobre la Historia Natural, Geografia,.
Jgd- Fredericshall, in Norway, which is calcuricultura, Poblacion, etc. One of lencia Madrid, , 2 vols. Its sides are formed sive, and abound in objects of curiosity of ranges of basaltic columns, which are In South America is the cavern of Guaalmost as regular as hewn stone. The charo, which is said to extend for leagues. The passage was born in His first occupation at the entrance glitters, in the torch-light, was that of clerk to a collector of the exas if it were studded with diamonds.
The cise in the country. He then went to roof is adorned with stalactites, many of London, and put himself apprentice to a them 20 feet long, and hung with festoons printer. When his indentures expired, he of various forms and brilliant appearance. He published, in January, , ance of trees and brooks turned to marble. Cave was deprivits lowest part, feet below the surface.
Having Derbyshire, passes through several stalac- consumed his property by his early extravtic caverns. Other caverns in England agances, he collected three small vessels contain subterraneous cascades. In the for the purpose of making a predatory rock of Gibraltar, there are a number of voyage to the Spanish colonies. He sailstalactic caverns, of which the principal is ed from Plymouth in , took and deSt. Michael's cave, feet above the stroyed many vessels, ravaged the coasts sea.
See Buckland's Reliquiae circumnavigated the globe in 2 years and Diluvianme, London, Volume 78 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 77 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 76 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 75 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 74 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 73 Issue 1 Jan , pp. Volume 72 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 71 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 70 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 69 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 66 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 65 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 64 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 63 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp.
Volume 62 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 61 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 60 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 59 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 58 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 57 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 56 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 55 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 54 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 53 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 52 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 51 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 50 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 49 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 48 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp.
Volume 47 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 46 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 45 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 44 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 43 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 42 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 41 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 40 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 39 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 38 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Volume 37 Issue Jahresband Jan , pp. Her grandson is the present Lord De Clifford. The great Clifford estates, however, remained with the Earls of Thanet till , when the last and eleventh Earl bequeathed them to an illegitimate son born and bred in France, who took the name of Tufton, received a baronetcy, and was the father of Lord Hothfield, the present possessor.
She was the wife of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork and Burlington, who, in honour of this succession, was created in the following year Lord Clifford of Lanesborough. This title became extinct with his great-grandson, who had, however, previously claimed and obtained another Clifford barony of earlier date created by writ 3 Charles I. She brought it to the Cavendishes by her marriage with William, fourth Duke of Devonshire; but when the sixth Duke died s. Unlike most of its compeers, this renowned house still boasts of a descendant in the male line, Lord Clifford of Chudleigh.
Dugdale, and most other authorities, make him the son of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford by his wife Maud de Beauchamp; but Sir Harris Nicolas has proved, by a careful comparison of dates, that this is impossible, and he was probably, as Froissart calls him, Roger's brother.
He was "a chief man among the Lollards," but made his recantation before he died, and in his will confesses that he was "fals and traytor to my Lorde God, and to all the blessed companie of Hevene, and unworthie to be clepyed a Cristen man. They then removed to Ugbrooke, which has ever since been their residence.
He had begun life as a sailor, but in entered the King's Household, first as Comptroller, and then as Treasurer; from whence he was promoted in to the high office of Lord Treasurer of England, and in the same year—the year before his death—created Lord Clifford of Chudleigh. Another family, sprung from the same stock, retained their ancestral name of Pons, which became Poyntz in the English tongue. His grandson and namesake had summons to parliament in This barony fell into abeyance on the death of the fourth Lord in the fourteenth century; but there remained two other branches of the family, believed to be descended from a second marriage of Nicholas, second Lord Pointz, to a Gloucestershire heiress who brought him Iron-Acton.
Pavilly, c Neustria Pia, Ralph de Pavilly witnessed a charter of William Earl of Surrey, temp. His successor, Reginald, "in was summoned in the character of a baron to attend the King on urgent affairs, as well affecting the state of the nation as the King's crown and government, and two years afterwards had the like summons to attend at Chester, upon an expedition about to be made into Wales.
He died about , and was succeeded by Walter de Paveley, who imports to be the person summoned in , in the capacity of a baron, to attend the King at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The last was Sir John, Prior of St. John of Jerusalem, who left two daughters as his heirs. Lo, and Joan, Ralph Cheyne. There was a flourishing branch seated at Bickenhall in the county of Somerset; and another in Hampshire; but this latter, according to Woodward, was founded by Walter de Pavilly, Mayor of Rouen, who was one of those who were banished from Normandy on account of their adherence to King John.
He settled at Winchester, whence the name came into the county. Reginald de Paveley in was one of the Hampshire barons summoned to serve against Llewellyn. The Paveleys were "among the earliest extinct families" in Bedfordshire, and were seated at Melchborn, where a brass plate is preserved in the church in memory of Robert Paveley, who died in Johns inherited a considerable property in Bedfordshire by a marriage with the heiress of this family; and since they have forsaken Bletsoe, Melchborn has been their chief residence.
In Norfolk we find "the ancient family of De Pavilli, soon after the Conquest, enfeoffed of several lordships by the Earl Warren. This heir was probably the Roger de Pavilli who, in the same reign, was a benefactor to Dereham Abbey and Castle Acre. They were seated at Ryburgh Parva, where Paveli's manor recalls their memory, and John Paveli, apparently the last of the race, was buried in It has long since passed away, and is now only retained by Lullingstone Peyforer—the moiety of the manor that was held by Osbert Peyforer in He was, under Bishop Odo, the mesne lord of several other Kentish manors, and his descendants were of great note in the county.
Fulk Peyforer, Sheriff of Kent in , was seated sometimes at North Court, in Ealing, or sometimes at Colebridge in Boughton-Maleherbe, and with his son William was knighted at the siege of Carlaverock. His name constantly recurs in the county history. He was a man of ample possessions, and had married the heiress of Leverland: In the south chancel of Colebridge Church there remains "a very ancient figure in Bethesden marble of a man in armour, with his sword and shield, lying cross-legged: He was succeeded by his son Sir William.
I can find no further mention of the family after There is some hint of an heiress, Juliana de Peyforer; at all events their large estates passed into other hands about the end of the fourteenth century. Alan de Plugenoi occurs in Oxfordshire Rot. Another Sir Alan, his descendant, fought on the King's side at Evesham, and received as his reward one of the manors forfeited by the rebels, with the custody of Dunster Castle in Somersetshire.
Of another promised recompense he was, however, disappointed. In he succeeded his mother's brother, Robert de Waleraund, in the Herefordshire barony of Kilpeck, and had summons to parliament from to By his skill a large portion of the Haywood, hitherto uncultivated, was redeemed and bears to this day the name of Alansmore, and the Abbey of Dore where he was afterwards buried was enriched by a grant of the advowsons of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of Hentland, St.
Weonards, Llangarren, and Little Dewchurch, appertaining to it. He died in , and was succeeded by his son of the same name, a combatant in the Scottish wars, and in a Baron of Parliament. He obtained a charter for a weekly market and yearly fair at Kilpeck. On his death without issue in his sister Joan, wife of Edward de Bohun, became his heir; but she also died childless. It was probably the nephew of this last Lord Plugenet that founded the family still existing in Ireland, though their pedigree declares that they are of Danish origin, and were seated at Bewley Beaulieu in co.
Louth as early as the eleventh century. It must, however, be owned that there is a suspicious minuteness in the first dates given: Walter, or William, his son, obt. They at all events bear the bend of the Lords Plugenet; and about , John Plunket, presumed to be the nephew of the second Lord, was living at Bewley, and there founded a church with his wife Alicia. His grandson Patrick was killed by Mac Mahon during a cattle foray in ; and the next heir, Oliver, "was appointed to have the leading of the shire of Louth," in , when there was a great gathering of Plunkets at "the general hosting of the hill of Tara;" Lord Louth bringing, with the Plunkets of the barony of Ardee, six archers on horseback, and Lords Killeen and Dunsany twenty-four horsemen, for the barony of Skrine.
In the ensuing century, Oliver sixth Lord, joined the rebellion in and was outlawed in ; whereas his son Matthew followed Charles II. Yet he, too, suffered outlawry in , when loyalty to the House of Stuart had become treason to the new dynasty; and his successor Oliver could obtain no reversal of the sentence, and was incapacitated from taking his seat among the Irish peers.
The next two heirs remained titular Barons of Louth; but the title has been since restored, and is now borne by the fourteenth Lord. The younger branch was the more distinguished of the two. All his three sons founded families. The eldest was the ancestor of the Earls of Fingall; the second, Sir Christopher, was the first Lord Dunsany; and the third, Sir Thomas, had to wife the heiress of Rathmore, which remained the home of his descendants.
His son Sir Alexander "a person of great account," was appointed Chancellor of Ireland in Yet, only thirteen years after that, all his three sons were in arms against their Sovereign; and Christopher, second Earl, having changed sides more than once during the Civil War, was seven times indicted and outlawed, and died a prisoner in Dublin Castle. His successor, pleading that he himself was only two years old when the rebellion broke out, recovered his rights; but Peter, the fourth Earl, was again outlawed for his loyalty to James II.
This fresh outlawry was taken off in , having lasted only six years; and since then the title has been transmitted in undisturbed sequence to the present time. The barony of Dunsany certainly dates from , in which year we find Sir Christopher styled Dominum de Dunsany; and, according to Camden, was conferred upon him for his "great worth and valour" by Henry VI.
Dunsany, fifteen miles from Dublin, where he had his castle, is still the seat of his posterity, and had come to him from his mother. He is now represented by the sixteenth Lord. Another peerage was granted in to William Conyngham Plunket, a very eminent lawyer, who rose through every step in his profession to be Lord Chancellor of Ireland in He took the title of Baron Plunket of Newton, co. Cork, now borne by the fourth Lord.
His coat of arms is differenced by a portcullis from that borne by the Lords Louth, Fingall, and Dunsany, which is—strangely enough—in all three instances precisely the same, without mark of cadency or distinction of any kind. The old baronial name is retained by the village of Wearn-Plugenet, and Preston-Plucknett, in Somersetshire. An eruption of the sea into Flanders compelled the inhabitants to emigrate in great numbers.
Many of the wanderers sought refuge in England, and were allowed to inhabit the borders of Scotland. Shortly afterwards, about , the King removed this colony to the Welsh border, and gave them permission to settle at Rhos, near Tenby, which they were to take possession of for themselves.
He was twice married, and left descendants settled at Grange, Killoughran, and Temple Shannon, Wexford. Cork, through an heiress. They are still seated at Killoughdrum Forest, co. Wexford, and bear Gules a cross moline Argent, over all a bend Azure. Their crest is a message of peace—the dove bearing the olive branch, wholly inappropriate to their regicide founder. Robert de Pontchardon is on the Dives Roll. William de Punchardon in held six fees in Somerset and Devon: William de Punchardon of Heanton-Punchardon, Devon, was living Pole , and in Oliver de Punchardoun had a writ of military summons for the war in Wales.
Durham, received its name from this family. It chaunced that among other lewd persons, this Sir Anthon entertained at his court one Hugh de Tountchardon, that for his evill deeds and manifold robberies had been driven out of the Inglische Courte, and had come from the South to seek a little bread, and to live by stalinge. And to this Hughe, whom also he imployed to good purpose in the Warr of Scotland, the Busshop gave the lands of Thikley, since of him caullid Thikley-Puntchardon, and also made him his chiefe huntsman.
And after, this blake Hugh dyed afore the Busshop: And this Hughe is him that the silly people in Galtres doe call Le Gros Veneur, and he was seen twice after that by simple folk, afore yat the forest was felled in the tyme of Henry, father of King Henry that now ys. Woe to the wight who shall his ire provoke When the stern huntsman stalks his nightly round, By blasted ash, or lightning-shivered oak, And cheers with surly voice his spectre hound.
It is clear, however, that Thickley cannot have been granted to this Wild Huntsman by Anthony Beke, who only became Bishop of Durham in , for "Evayne de Punchardon demorants a Thikley" appears in the list of the knights of the "Franchise de Duresme demy Tyne et Teys" who fought at the battle of Lewes in Hutchinson's Durham ; and the family were seated in the county a hundred years before that. Richard de Punchardon witnesses a deed of Roger de Coigners during the shrievalty of Ralph Haget The name is found in several other counties. Lydiard-Puncherton, or Punchardon, a hamlet and manor in Somersetshire, took its name from Hugh de Punchardon, who held it temp.
William his son was living there in the reign of Henry III. The Punchardons were of great account in Devonshire. I will not avouch a remainder of them yet in being but it is very probable: This was in We also meet with them in Hampshire. They were benefactors to Beaulieu Abbey. In the list of Hampshire gentry made out in by Cardinal Beaufort, we find Richard Punchardon, who died John Pinsard occurs in Boldon Buke, the first survey made of the county This Reginald had to wife Petronilla, the daughter of Osmund de Gatesheved Gateshead and the heiress of Cocken, "one of the most romantic spots on the Wear," and both were benefactors to the monks of Finchale.
Perhaps Peter de Penchere, who was a witness to Matthew de Lumley's charter to the same Priory belonged to the family. In the 14th century John Pynchard held lands in Middle Herington; after this we hear of them no more. Albreda de Pinchard occurs in Buckinghamshire c. But their name has no title to be here, for they descended from John de Placetis or de Plessetis, a Norman by birth, who, from being a domestic servant at the court of Henry III.
She was, as we have seen, a most unwilling bride; for though, after the death of her first husband, John Mareschal, the King issued his mandate that she should be "earnestly persuaded—not to say, commanded—to marry this low-born adventurer, he seems himself to have doubted her obedience;" and on Christmas day following promised to his favourite, in case she could not be induced to comply, the fine she would have to pay for marrying without the Royal consent. Freeman throws discredit upon this descent. Pedigree and deed together go down before the fact that there was no such person as Oger de Pugoys, and that Bedingfield had quite another owner.
It appears twice in Domesday, at p. The Bedingfields migrated from Suffolk to their present home at Oxburgh in Norfolk during the early part of the 15th century, when Edmund thirteenth in descent from Oger de Pugoys married the heiress of Sir Thomas Tudenham. Their grandson, another Edmund, had a patent from Edward IV. The next heir—again Sir Edmund—was the father of Sir Henry Bedingfield, who, with a following of one hundred and forty men, appeared at arms at Framlingham in Suffolk, to support Queen Mary's title to the crown.
He was rewarded for his loyalty with part of Sir Thomas Wyatt's estate, and held the offices of Knight Marshal of the army and Captain of the Queen's Guard. Furthermore, as a fervid and austere Catholic, he was the appointed custodian of the Princess Elizabeth during her year's imprisonment at Woodstock, and proved a harsh jailor. He was one of those whom Elizabeth dismissed with thanks when she came to the throne, adding a taunt to her farewell, and saying to him: Whenever I have one who requires to be safely and straitly kept, I will send him to you.
She herself went to visit him in This was five years before his death. His descendant and namesake, "the seventeenth Knight of this Family," joined the Royal Standard with his two sons in the Civil War, was taken prisoner and thrown into the Tower, where he was kept in durance for three years, and lost the whole of his estate, part of which was sold by the rebels, and the rest sequestrated.
At the Restoration, Charles II. He is still represented in the direct male line. The name of Pogeys occurs in the chartulary of Battle Abbey. It has since had a great variety of owners. The churchyard at Stoke-Poges was the scene of his well-known Elegy. The celebrated poet spent a great part of his youth in this village, and lies buried here himself under a tomb which he had erected over the remains of his mother and aunt. The name speaks for itself. It would seem that the former also held land in Yorkshire. Clement's, Pontefract, by the name of William Pictavus. They became extinct at too early a period to have left materials for any connected history of themselves; nor, when we find them ended in co-heiresses, is it easy to show particularly the marriages made by the heiresses or the issue from them.
Robert Pictavus was the last who held the manor, and had seven daughters; Eva, married to Richard de Reecroft; Dionysia, mother of Richard le Wallis" from whom Burgh took the addition to its name ; "Galiena, Agatha, Matilda, Muriel, from whom descended Richard de Rockley, and Agnes, who married Elias de Midhope.
Perhaps this was the same Robert Pictaviensis who was a benefactor to St. Peter's, York, and Nostel Priory Mon. Robert, his Brother, thereupon brought a Writ of Right against the said William temp. I suppose, those five of his seven Sons proved better Soldiers, who went into Ireland at the Conquest thereof.
Elsewhere he tells us that, when Henry de Laci built Kirkstall Abbey in , "William Pictavensis was Lord of the Soil, of whom it was rented at five Marks per Annum, and that he resided at Hedingley is probable from an ancient deed sans date in my Collection. The name is found in many other parts of England. Among the adherents of the rebellious barons under King John we find another Sir Hugh, who held seven knight's fees at Ifford and Werpesburn in Sussex, and was twice married.
From his first wife, Beatrix de Say, widow of Hugh de Nevill, he was divorced; but the second, Philippa, one of the co-heiresses of Richard de Montfichet, brought him a great estate in Essex, where the manor of Playz, in Beacontree Hundred, and the hamlet of Plaistow, near Stratford, are named from him. His great-grandson Giles was summoned to a great council held by Edward I.
Sir Richard, the grandson of Giles, was, in , found heir to Stansted Montfichet on the death of John de Lancaster; and the next heir, Sir John, called the fourth baron though neither he not his predecessor were ever summoned to parliament was the father of Margery, the heiress of the house, who carried the barony to the Howards. According to an old deed quoted by Blomfield the last Sir John de Playz had a brother named Richard, living at Fettwell in Norfolk, but of him or his posterity we hear nothing more.
A family of this name was seated at Halnaby in North Yorkshire, and afterwards through a Surtees heiress at Dinsdale in the county of Durham, continuing till the early part of the last century. William de Playz is mentioned in Yorkshire as early as Rot. Pavillioun in Leland's list; from Pavelion, near Mantes, in Normandy. Thorold de Papelion is on the Dives Roll. He witnessed William the Conqueror's confirmation charter to the church of Durham; and is mentioned among those present at a great Council held at Westminster in Mon.
Ralph Papelion, in , was elected Abbot of Westminster. Then, again, we meet with the family in Kent and Sussex; three of the name, Henry, Thomas, and Laurence in Kent; Roger, in both counties; and William, in Sussex only; about The two latter were seated at Bosham, where Roger held his land "by the service of carrying two white capons to our Lord the King, as often as he should pass by the gate of the said Roger.
The Papillons now of Crowhurst, in the same county, are of an entirely different origin. They belong to the French Huguenot families that came over to England at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and acquired Crowhurst through a Pelham heiress. This name occurs several times in the Norman Exchequer Rolls of the twelfth century. Ralph Percehaie is one of the tenants in chief entered in Domesday, and held in Berkshire vii.
No more mention of his posterity is to be found in that county; but in the Rotuli Curiae Regis of occur Roger Percehaie of Bedfordshire, and Reginald Percehaie of Norfolk. They are said to have been collaterals of the great House of Percy, though their coat has no resemblance to the five fusils in fesse of the latter. They bore Ermine on a chief Gules a lion passant crowned Azure.
To my ears it is obviously a nickname. The first Percehaie—it is never De Percehaie—may have been some adventurer who had stormed the guarded hate that surrounded some outlying hamlet or manor; or had cunningly stolen through to take it by surprise. Or he may have been simply a mauvaise fete given to breaking bounds in an altogether different sense. This enigmatical name was very generally distributed throughout the country. We find it in Cheshire between and , when Andrew Fitz Geoffrey Percehai granted to Adam de Dutton a bovate of land in Budworth, where he and his ancestors held eight bovates by knight's service under Gilbert Fitz Brito.
It is entered, temp. Stephen, in the chartulary of Garendon Abbey in Leicestershire, where Percenhaie de Sepenheve appears as a witness. William Percehay and John his son held in Huntingdonshire about Rot. The Percehaies of Little Chaldfield, in that county, were close neighbours of the Percies of Great Chaldfield see above: The longest-lived family was the one seated in Yorkshire. They held Ryton in Rydale, and Park in Lincolnshire, but the Sheriff of Lincolnshire reports them as non-resident in William Percehaie was Sheriff of Yorkshire in ; and John Percehaie de Ryton occurs in among the gentry of the county.
Her father had been the son of another county heiress, Margaret d'Arcy of Flixburgh. Dugdale, in his Visitation of Yorkshire, furnishes us with the pedigree of four generations, commencing with Leonard grandfather of the above-named younger son and ending with Christopher, then in eleven years old. He was the son of an earlier Christopher, who had been one of Cromwell's Commissioners of Sequestration in Yorkshire, and proved the last of the line.
Hugo de Periers possessed estates in Warwick Rot. Sir Richard de Perers was M. He had been pardoned for his participation in the death of Gaveston in In he received a writ of military summons to serve against the Scots; in was empowered to raise one hundred archers in Essex; in was Commissioner of array and Leader of the levies in Hertfordshire: Holt-Perers in Norfolk preserves his name. The Queen had died two years before, but she appears to have remained at Court, and exercised extraordinary influence over the aged King. In he granted her "all the jewels which belonged to Philippa his late Queen, with all her goods and chattels;" and bedizened in these, as Lady of the Sun, she paraded the streets of London in a dazzling blaze of splendour.
She rode in great state from the Tower to a tournament held in her honour at Smithfield, followed by "many lords, knights, and ladies; each lady leading a lord or knight by his horse's bridle, till they came to West Smithfield, where presently began solemn justs, which held for seven days. Nor did she rest content with her authority and magnificence at Court. She aspired to be a power in the State. She liked to help and promote her friends, and even to interfere with a high hand in the administration of justice.
She would, we are told, sit in Court by the side of the Judge, and dictate to him his verdict. She "was in such credit with Edward III. Yet," adds Sir Richard Cotton, "those two suits whereof she was condemned, seemed very honest; her mishap was, that she was friendly to many, but all were not so to her. This request was allowed; and she, with the rest of the accused, and "others of their affinitie" was commanded to depart from Court.
All duly obeyed; but she, at least, quickly returned, and was at Shene when the King died. Walsingham asserts that she drew the rings from his fingers as he lay powerless on his deathbed; and one of the counts against her in the new reign was that "contrary to that she had promised by oath in the last parliament, she had presumed to come within the Court and to obtain of the King whatsoever was to her liking. Within two years, however, she was reinstated by Richard II. Lord Windsor "was by Indenture retained to serve the King with one hundred men-at-arms for half a year; and in consideration thereof he had restitution of the Landes which were belonging to Alice Perers sometime a Concubine to King Edward III.
It has been urged on her behalf—though unfortunately there are many instances to the point—that Lord Windsor would never have married a woman who had been the King's mistress. There is no certainty that she deserved the ugly name with which she has been branded: Froude insists that the story "which throws a stain of dishonour on the end of our great English sovereign," rests on the unsupported authority of a priest, and is altogether unworthy of credit. Her family had for many years been involved in angry lawsuits with the Abbot of St.
Albans; and long after this affair" the death-bed scene "which Walsingham describes so rhetorically, we find her still a great lady, her father's heiress, carrying on the controversy with the Abbey. She was evidently regarded there with bitter personal hostility, and charges from that quarter require to be scrutinized.
Although there is no hint in the Roll that she was the King's mistress, the complaint has appeared to harmonize so well with Walsingham's charge as at least to confirm it. The particulars when looked into amount to no more than this: Lord Windsor was a favourite with Edward, and an object of jealousy both with other noblemen, and with the popular party in Parliament. A hostile commission was to be appointed to inquire into Lord Windsor's conduct in Ireland. Lady Alice, who may have been a favourite with the King also without being a concubine, interceded with him successfully in her husband's defence to prevent his being sacrificed to his enemies.
They had no children, but she left some daughters by her former marriage. One of them, Joan Skerne, is mentioned in her will. Another family of the same name, but said to be of entirely different origin, and derived from Perieres in Brittany, existed in the West of England, where Philip Perer held of the Honour of Plympton, Devon.
These arms are Party per pale indented Or and Gules. Burke assigns them to the Perrys of Cornwall. Ralph Pinel, in , held a barony in Essex and Suffolk. It is impossible to decide to which of the Norman families of the name he belonged. There were three, all bearing different arms, "maintained in their nobility" during the seventeenth century; the Sieur des Hayes, the Sieur de Bois-Pinel, and another near Rouen; and in four Pinels figured in the great Assembly of the Nobles.
Several of the name are found in the Norman Exchequer Rolls of The name continued in the former county for many generations: John Pinel occurs there about There is some hint of a previous scandal in the family. Two coats are assigned to this name by Robson: Per pale, Argent and Or, an eagle displayed, standing on a billet raguly Azure: Roger Poutrel and Galfrid Poterel are entered in the Norman Exchequer Rolls of the end of the twelfth century; and it is possible that their name was derived from the manor of Potereau, mentioned by Anselme.
It dates from the Conquest in England. Werburgh's, contains the following entry: In Leicestershire the Poutrells gave their name to Cotes-Poutrel, which they held of the Honour of Chester, and to Hoton-Poutrel, where they are found in Ebrulf in Normandy, probably by gift of these Poutrels;" and here he quotes in corroboration a deed of the Conqueror's. Hoton chapel was given by Robert Poutrel of Cotes to Bolingbroke Priory in Lincolnshire, at the time of his being received into their fraternity. In Nottinghamshire the Poutrels held Thrumpton of the Fee of Busli, and had their seat there till He died 1 Henry IV.
His seal is a fesse between three cinquefoils. The Poutrels had then been seated for eight generations at Thrumpton. The heiress married Smith, whose son took the name of Poutrel. Thomas, his grandson, left an only daughter married to Dethick of New Hall. Henry Poutrel, the last heir-male, who died in , left seven daughters.
Whether the former possessed the estate or not, is uncertain; but the latter enjoyed it, and in the time of Henry III. After many successions of this family of Denebaud, the manor of Hinton came, by the marriage of Elizabeth Denebaud, into that ancient family, who were afterwards ennobled with the barony. Towards the end of the twelfth century, Ralph de Petiville, and Godfrey de Petitvilla are found in the Magn.
But there is no subsequent mention of the family in the Duchy, and I have met with it once only in England. Thomas Petiwille of Scarborough was with the Scots at the assault of Berwick, where he was killed in The "Sire de Praels" is mentioned by Wace at the battle of Hastings. This family used a singular war-cry, "Cesar Auguste! Jean de Preaux founded the Priory of Ste. Another Pierre, their son, whose wife brought him the great inheritance of Crespin, with a share of Tesson, was the last of his race, leaving only two daughters.
This was the Richard de Praers who gave Knockmirton, at that date, to Chester Abbey; and who, according to Ormerod, was a tenant of the Baron of Wich-Malbank at Barthomley in Cheshire, held by this family shortly after The principal line—that of Barthomley—was the first to expire: