Contents:
Seite 1 von 1 Zum Anfang Seite 1 von 1. L'uomo che metteva in ordine il mondo Italian Edition. L'assassino, il prete, il portiere Narratori stranieri Italian Edition. Mia nonna saluta e chiede scusa Italian Edition. Oktober Verkauf durch: Amazon Media EU S. Sagen Sie Ihre Meinung zu diesem Artikel. Spitzenrezensionen Neueste zuerst Spitzenrezensionen. Derzeit tritt ein Problem beim Filtern der Rezensionen auf.
Kindle Edition Verifizierter Kauf. Sulla vecchiaia con momenti tristi e teneri e molto britsh Humor. The Italians who emigrated during the Italian diaspora beginning in were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left. The Italian dialects have declined in the modern era, as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media, from newspapers to radio to television.
Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from Vulgar Latin. The conservativeness of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin.
Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of Florence in the region of Tuscany , and has changed little in the last years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all Italian dialects , radically different from the Gallo-Italian languages less than miles to the north across the La Spezia—Rimini Line. The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common Western Romance languages French, Spanish, Portuguese , Galician , Catalan.
Some of these features are also present in Romanian. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has a large number of inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e. The La Spezia—Rimini Line , the most important isogloss in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 20 miles to the north of Florence.
Italian phonotactics do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, excepting poetry and song, so foreign words may receive extra terminal vowel sounds.
The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, though they appear in loanwords such as jeans , whisky , taxi , xenofobo , xilofono. Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length and intensity. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Italian grammar is typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns nominative , oblique , accusative , dative , but not for nouns.
There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as genders , masculine and feminine. Gender may be natural ragazzo 'boy', ragazza 'girl' or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender masculine costo 'cost', feminine costa 'coast'. Masculine nouns typically end in -o ragazzo 'boy' , with plural marked by -i ragazzi 'boys' , and feminine nouns typically end in -a , with plural marked by -e ragazza 'girl', ragazze 'girls.
For a group composed of boys and girls, ragazzi is the plural, suggesting that -i is a general plural.
The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common Western Romance languages French, Spanish, Portuguese , Galician , Catalan. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. The La Spezia—Rimini Line , the most important isogloss in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 20 miles to the north of Florence. There are three regular sets of verbal conjugations , and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
A third category of nouns is umarked for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural: These nouns often, but not always, denote inanimates. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular. Nouns, adjectives, and articles inflect for gender and number singular and plural.
Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages e.
Italian , speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area e. Italians are not capitalized. There are three types of adjectives: Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change.
The form changing adjectives "buono good , bello beautiful , grande big , and santo saint " change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after. Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a null-subject language , so that nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal inflections e.
Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise pronoun objects come before the verb. There are both indefinite and definite articles in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article. The noun zio 'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus uno zio 'an uncle' or uno zio anziano 'an old uncle,' but un mio zio 'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are una , used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written un', used before vowels: There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural.
There are numerous contractions of prepositions with subsequent articles. There are numerous productive suffixes for diminutive , augmentative , pejorative, attenuating etc. There are 27 pronouns, grouped in clitic and tonic pronouns.
Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: Second person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of address are very important in Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before the verb Lo vedo.
La Scusa (Italian Edition) - Kindle edition by Giovanni Masi, Federico Rossi Edrighi. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. "Augusto Piccoli rimase in silenzio. Poi alzò lo sguardo, improvvisamente deciso. – Voglio la Scusa – disse. Il Consulente aggrottò le sopracciglia.
Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity Vedo lui, ma non lei. Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English. There are three regular sets of verbal conjugations , and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a past participle.
This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Italiano disambiguation. This article is about the standardized Italian language. For other Italian languages originating or spoken in Italy, see Languages of Italy.
Former official language, now secondary. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Dante Alighieri top and Petrarch bottom were influential in establishing their Tuscan dialect as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the Late Middle Ages.
Geographical distribution of Italian speakers. Part of this section is transcluded from Italian phonology. Italy portal Switzerland portal Vatican City portal Language portal. Archived from the original on 20 July Retrieved 8 December Italiano LinguaDue in Italian. Retrieved 22 January Retrieved 19 February Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.
Retrieved 25 April Pei suggests that this statistical method be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical, phenomena.
A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in by Mario Pei — , who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin.
The Italian language today 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana.
Retrieved 10 October A history of Western society. Retrieved 8 July Retrieved 16 July The Impact of the Printing Press". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition". Retrieved 15 October Languages of the World. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Academic Pub. Archived from the original PDF on 29 November Retrieved 5 January United States Bureau of the Census. Retrieved 8 August Retrieved 18 July New data and perspectives Proc.
The Sounds, Forms, and Uses of Italian: An Introduction to Italian Linguistics. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 7 August Journal of the International Phonetic Association. American Association of Teachers of Italian. Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana Archived from the original on Oct 17, Italian language at Wikipedia's sister projects. Articles related to the Italian language.
Italian language in the world. Dalmatian Castelmezzano [a] Judaeo-Italian Vastese. Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Romagnol Forlivese. Fornes Friulian Ladin Cadorino Nones. Austrian German Walser Yiddish. French German Italian Romansh. Lombard Romand Sinte Swiss German. Asturian Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Mirandese.