LAlbero e Ramino (Italian Edition)

---

Life and career Born in Milan, after completing his classical education Feliciani attended the Accademia dei filodrammatici obtaining the diploma. Feliciani is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: La monaca di Monza is a Italian film directed by Carmine Gallone. The film is a drama but is laced with satire. Retrieved November 30, Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier 7 July Ulisse is a [1] Italian fantasy-adventure film based on Homer's epic poem Odyssey.

The movie was directed by Mario Camerini, who co-wrote the screenplay with writer Franco Brusati. The original choice for director was Georg Wilhelm Pabst but he quit at the last minute. In the film Silvana Mangano plays two roles, as Penelope, the faithful wife of Ulysses and the sorceress, Circe. American star Kirk Douglas plays the Greek hero, Ulysses.

Mario Feliciani

Anthony Quinn plays Antinous. The tremendous success of this film led to the making of Hercules , which was credited with igniting the Italian peplum craze of the s. Plot The story is about Ulysses' efforts to return to his home after the end of the Trojan war, and the adventures that befell him.

The movie begins with Eurycleia saying to some women in Ulysses' home that Penelope is in charge of the household. Eurycleia tells the women not to co Starring Sophia Loren, Paul Newman, David Niven and Cecil Parker,[2] the film focuses on an elderly Corsican lady as she recalls the loves of her life, including an anarchist and a Parisian aristocrat. Fleeing her humble origins in Corsica, she traveled to Paris, where she found work in a brothel. There she falls in love with a thief and anarchist, Armand, and becomes pregnant by him.

But before he can use a bomb to assassinate a Bavarian prince, she meets Lord Lendale, who is so enchanted by the young woman that he offers to overlook Armand's activities if she will agree to marry him. Lady L becomes a woman of means, moving in high society, and t Along the way, the widower Laurent meets and falls for the beautiful Catherine, but also learns that his son is dying after witnessing the explosion of a plane with a nuclear device inside. Finding this out, Laurent and Pascal have a string of adventures with Catherine along. Paris doctor Madeleine Damien: Marinette Friedrich von Ledebur: Pet owner Jean-Pierre Castaldi: The motorcycle policeman Yves Barsacq: Charlie Lebreton References Mario Gerosa.

Il cinema di Terence Young. The Golden Arrow Italian: As Jamila falls in love with the mysterious Hassan, Baktiar will try in every way to prevent their marriage. Not being able to speak Italian wasn't a drawback. The script of La Freccia d'Oro - my copy was the only one in English - featured page after page of truly horrendous dialogue Retrieved 15 December The Brush-Off, Time Magazine. Revolt of the Barbarians Italian: La rivolta dei barbari is a Italian film directed by Guido Malatesta.

The film was screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in honor of Francesco Rosi, who had died a few weeks before. Time after time the soldiers are forced to leave their trenches in attempts to storm the enemy positions, always with the same horrific result. The Austro-Hungarian machine guns inevitably mow them down. In one attack a major is killed during a mutiny, and subsequently every tenth man of his battalion is chosen to be executed by a firing squad of his comrades, in some bizarre kind of compensation for the killed officer.

And it gets only worse References In the movie it is possible to see in a scene the type of Brewster Body Shield, an armour used by U. Army in World War I and called in the movie "Coraz Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules is a international co-production filmed in Algeria and directed by Antonio Margheriti.

Plot summary An evil and ambitious usurper named Ganor seizes a kingdom by assassinating the Sultan and imprisoning his son Prince Daikor and daughter Princess Soraya to prevent revolt. Princess Soraya is defiant and escapes by leaping out the palace window into a river. She is discovered by a pair of peasants Anthar and the mute Aimu who become her protectors, and later rescuers and avengers against Ganor.

The film concludes in a showdown in a hall of mirrors. Bosco d'amore internationally released as Forest of Love is a Italian drama film directed by Alberto Bevilacqua. It is loosely based on a novel of Giovanni Boccaccio. Dizionario del cinema italiano. This is a list of male actors from Italy, which generally means those who reside in Italy or those who have appeared largely in Italy film productions.

The origin of this list is in collation of actor-stubs that contain reference to the actor or actress being an "Italian actor" or other indicative phrase. It also includes all actors in Category: Persons are listed alphabetically according to their surname. For a complete list of female Italian actresses, see: List of Italian actresses. Fire Over Rome Italian: Il incendio di Roma is a Italian peplum film directed by Guido Malatesta. Italian Sword and Sandal Films, Three Swords for Rome Italian: I tre centurioni is a Italian peplum film co-written and directed by Roberto Mauri and starring Roger Browne.

Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. Un poliziotto scomodo is a poliziotteschi film directed by Stelvio Massi and starring Maurizio Merli. Inspector Francesco Olmi Olga Karlatos: Brigadier Ballarin Nello Pazzafini: It is based on the novel Maigret al Picratt's by Georges Simenon. One evening, she comes into a police station to inform Inspector Lognon of a crime. She heard two strangers planning to assassinate an old countess in order to rob her of her gold.

Nobody gives her any consideration, but in the following hours, the body of Arlette and the one of a noblewoman are found. Both dead by strangulation. Inspector Maigret is about to depart for his annual leave, but he decides to stay in town to help fellow Lognon in the investigations.

La Pointe Armando Bandini: Gatekeeper at Picrate Mario Feliciani: Director of the Criminal Investigation Puccini is a Italian drama film directed by Carmine Gallone. It stars actor Gabriele Ferzetti in the role of Giacomo Puccini. Elvira Puccini Nadia Gray: Cristina Vernini Paolo Stoppa: Giulio Ricordi Mimo Billi: Padre di Delia Jacques Famery: Antonio Puccini Carlo Duse: Arrigo Boito Piero Palermini: Luigi Illica Mario Feliciani: Filippo Tacchi Attilio Dottesio: Sampieri References "Gabriele Ferzetti".

External links Puccini on IMDb Tambroni Pino Ferrara as Dr. Ardito Angelo Pellegrino as Dr. Dizionario del cinema italiano: Il Mereghetti - Dizionario dei film. Dizionario dei film italiani stracult. Plot The classic scene of the upper middle-class in Rome: It is actually a parade of dingy types: The fate of these people will be the same: Commissario Quintilio Tartamella Philippe Leroy: Giorgio Santi Virna Lisi: Duchessa Silvia Santi Mario Feliciani: Teo Teopulos Irene Papas: Elena Teopulos Evi Maltagliati: La madre di Elena Umberto Orsini: Principe Rubio Marescalli Senta Berger: It is the third chapter in the Amici Miei film series.

Count Mascetti is always the most unfortunate because in addition to end up in a wheelchair has also lost his wife in a road accident. So his friends to not make him suffer the persuade him to move into in a retirement home, where, however Mascetti never ceases to make his jokes to patients and nurses, with his "supercazzola". Soon after that, the architect Melandri and the barkeeper Necchi join him at the retirement home and take part with him in playing pranks to the other elders. In particular, the man targeted by the three, also to include the surgeon Sassaroli , an old man played by Bernard Blier who dreams about hi Goliath and the Vampires Italian: Maciste contro il vampiro is a Italian peplum film directed by Sergio Corbucci and Giacomo Gentilomo.

Maciste Gianna Maria Canale: Rage of the Buccaneers Italian: Assassination in Rome Italian: Assassinio made in Italy is a Italian thriller film of the giallo genre directed by Silvio Amadio.

20th-century Italian male actors

Dick Sherman Cyd Charisse Shelley North Eleonora Rossi Drago Erika Tiller Alberto Closas External links Assassinio ma The Last of the Vikings Italian: L'ultimo dei Vikinghi, French: The film's sets were designed by the Italian art director Italo Tomassi. The Corsican Brothers Italian: It is also known as Lions of Corsica. It depicts real life events of Austrian-born Italian irredentist and sailor Nazario Sauro. Morire per la patria: I briganti italiani internationally released as The Italian Brigands and Seduction of the South is a Italian comedy-drama film directed by Mario Camerini.

O Caporale Ernest Borgnine: Sante Carbone Rosanna Schiaffino: Assunta Carbone Bernard Blier: The founda- tion is made of river stone and till, while the open bricks, some of them in ini- tial position, others in a secondary position, bear marks of mortar. The sepa- rate discovery of the mortar indicates that the wall of the construction was made of mortar and brick and was subsequently destroyed and cogged up by the earth discharged from the vallum.

At the western end of the wall there is a shallow till foundation going deeper to 0. It has a quadrilateral shape of 2 x 1. At the eastern end, the wall has a 0. Only the foundation has been preserved; it is 0. In the northern wing, the apse could not be pursued to the northern wall, which left little trace, particularly river stone in the foundation. The level of the church lying 0.

In the church, in the area where traces of four pillars separating the apse from the nave of the church were discovered prob- ably a rampant or an iconostasis , a recessed lighting fitting made of golden cop- per was discovered. Outside the apse, in the northern wing, several iron pieces were discovered at 0. Outside the same apse, to the south, an arrow head was discovered.

Under the north-eastern corner of the church at 1. In the north-western part of the settlement, an oven of 1. The clay oven contained the following: It was decorated with simple and waved streaks, bands and lines dating back to the 8th — 9th centuries. Under the settlement, there is only yellow clay bearing no trace of material culture. The research revealed three early mediaeval bed levels, as follows: I — level of settlements dating back to 8th — 9th centuries; II — level of findings with fragments of clay pots and iron spurs; III — level of stone and brick apse construction considered to have been a church Referring to the vestiges discovered at Biharea, archaeologist S.

It did not outline an ordinary village, but a small town thanks to which and for which the earth voievode fortress was erected. It was a typical fortress in Central and Western Europe amongst the defence monuments built by the inhabitants of these European territories against the Hungarian penetration Cf. I, translation by G. According to notes 17 and 19 in the abovementioned monograph, the reports were printed in Only part of it was published: The conclusions of his research, with certain touches, are still valid to this day.

For an accurate positioning of the archaeological research, see fig. The earth fortress plan , pp. Abstract Historiography and Archaeology: Gesta Hungarorum Dees of the Hungarians is consid- ered an important work revealing events and realities referring to the Hungarians who had just come to Central Europe and to other peoples in the area who had to suffer because of their actions. Archaeological research at Biharea covered several stages. Cseplo, the director of the Museum of Oradea, and I. They drew up different archaeological reports. Roska searched the area known as the Brick Yard, approximately meters south from the earth fortress, where he discovered a large necropolis with tombs most of them dating back to 11th — 14th centuries, while others dated back to 4th — 5th centuries.

Rusu restarted the research at Biharea in by continuing to search the area approached by M. He did not make diggings at the earth fortress, yet he was concerned with the position and aspect of the fortress, such as topographic data provided by surface research. The archaeological research at Biharea was continued by S. Besides several reports and surveys, the archaeologist from Oradea published the archaeological monograph entitled Biharea.

The archaeological research carried out in confirmed and strengthened the previous conclusions regarding the time the earth fortress was built. The time can be set to a period between the Roman epoch settle- ment and older early feudal settlement. Some contain general historical data on the locality they refer to, but we also may find in their pages information on the mediaeval past of the place in question. The Pearl of Banat with various engravings and maps ] by Lt. The author is Romanian and his name is Cnezul the Chinese man , but it bears the imprint of Hungarian spelling. Animated by the enthusiasm specific to that period, generated by the accomplishment of the Great Union, he writes in the Preface: Iosif Knezy proves to be passionate about the history of his province and wants it to be known by his fellow countrymen.

He finds his documentary sources in the historical works of George Popoviciu and of several Hungarian authors. Unfortunately, the aforementioned author does not reveal his sources, since he makes no claim that his work is a specialised study; instead, he envis- ages it as a work meant to popularise history. Given the time elapsed since its pub- lication, this document has now acquired the status of a historiographic docu- ment, with a dash, perhaps, of social psychology.

Only during the time of the Angevin King Charles Robert did it begin to gain a certain degree of importance. In , it was here that King Sigismund of Luxembourg king of Hungary between and, from , emperor of Germany, crowned, however, as such, in Rome only in rallied his army to wage war against the Turks, the fight taking place at Nicopolis. We shall list them as the author records them: Scrierile [Works] by Demetrius Onciu; 5.

In accordance with the information derived from the aforementioned his- torical sources, Ungurianu refers to the migratory populations that passed through Banat, and then to the arrival of the Hungarians in Pannonia and their contact with the dukedom of Glad. In this letter, the sover- eign pontiff draws the attention of the Hungarian King to the schismatics i. After outlining this situation, Ungurianu briefly reviews the feats of bravery com- mitted by John Hunyadi and Pavel Chinezul.

Locuitorii — Comunele [The Geographical Situation. However, that very year, on November 24, Pavel Chinezul died of apoplexy. The insurgents, however, were completely destroyed. From the city, horsemen led by Alfonso Perez and Nicholas the Voivode and Spanish infantry came out to launch the attack. The next day, Stephen Losonczy closed the city and took all the measures for defence against the besiegers.

After three days, on June 28, Ahmed Pasha with all the Ottoman military forces arrived in the Ottoman camp. The besiegers were far more numer- ous than the defenders46 of the city and they were well equipped with weapon- ry. Until July 25, there were many battles, the forces of the defenders dwin- dling substantially; they retreated in the last fortress, no longer having either food or ammunition.

However, while they were coming out of the city, they were involved in incidents caused by the Ottomans, which eventually escalated into a slaughter and in which Stephen Locsonczy was seriously injured. He ended up alive in the hands of the Turks, who nonetheless beheaded him. They peeled the skin off his head and filled it with straw and sent it to the Sultan, along with other signs of their victory over the Christians.

Being caught red-handed by the Turks, they sentenced him to prison. They were evicted from the city, which was intended only for the Muslims. Other doc- umentary sources claim that the Romanians remained inside the city during the Turkish occupation. Only a century later, in the years , would the Austrian army suc- ceed in freeing most of Banat from the Turkish rule. The same condi- tion, of a city occupied by the Turks, was reserved to it under the peace talks from Karlowitz in The situation would only change in , when the war between the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire broke out.

Refusing to surrender, the Ottomans obstinately kept their ground until October 12, when the imperial troops entered the city, from where they continued to bomb the fortress. He and Mercy were cautioned by Eugene of Savoy to allow no one but Germans of the Roman Catholic religion into the city, demand- ing that all the other nationalities should settle in the suburbs. During the Ottoman rule, the Romanians, on the one hand, and the Serbs, on the other hand, lived in separate, independent suburbs. Nicolae Muncia was the mayor of the Serbian suburb; during the Austrian siege, he, together with Bishop Vladislavlievici, crept out of the city, informing the imperials about the state of affairs inside.

Unlike foreign but also some Romanian historians, who idealise the estab- lishment of the Austrian rule in Banat, in the sense that it was nothing but a source of blessings, Ioan Lotreanu takes a more objective stance, which will gain ground in the Romanian historiography of the interwar period. Thus, he shows that, first of all, the Court of Vienna had an interest in fully exploiting this province, the expected profits being derived from the work of the majority population here, which was of Romanian extraction. Both measures gener- ated serious pressures, aimed at the denationalisation of the Romanians.

The information on the Middle Ages has clear priority and, implicitly, great significance. Schwicker, as well as sev- eral studies belonging to Romanian authors. The impor- tance of this work is all the greater, therefore, as an instrument of research, since it provides concise documentation on each settlement in this region. Only the first volume came out and even that was not as the author had intended it, because of the lack of sufficient financial support for its printing. The author himself confesses to the insurmountable obstacles in the way of valorising the published results of his research: But my joy was short-lived, because in addition to the many obstacles to collecting this material, I now have to face other, greater difficulties: For in addition to the tremendous work I have done to help describe the past of this corner of the country, I have also exhausted my modest cash fund, created and refilled every month from my even more modest civil servant salary.

The encouragement of my friends and the promises of the gentlemen who handle the funds for national culture and propaganda, that is those who administer the public money, have led me to place the first volume of my work under print, and after knocking on all doors, call- ing for assistance at least to partially cover the printing fees for this work, I was astonished when generous hands, after so many pleas I had made, would only give me the sum of 10, lei please read ten thousand lei , whereas for so many other things of little or no importance, hundreds of thousands are given away from the public funds.

And so, with all my hopes dashed, and only because my work was already put to print, I had to cut down on the material and go into debt in order to see printed at least this first volume of the monograph. For this reason, my work has appeared under poor conditions, mainly as regards the technical aspects. But if it is appreciated at its just value and is received with a similar joy to the excitement I experienced about years ago when I started it, all these errors and shortcomings will no longer be noticed in any possible second edition this volume.

Andrea Corrado

This chapter was, of course, written by Ion Stoia-Udrea, one of the leading histori- ans of Banat. In it, the peri- od of Glad and Ahtum is presented in passing and in a confused manner. But as soon as a Knyaz is turned into a nobleman, he enters the ranks of another nation and, a few generations later, his original ethnic character has completely been lost. It remains the same over the centuries, under all the conquerors who succeed one another.

This Banat of Severin was a political organisation stemming from the military needs of Hungary, and its territory fluctuated continuously, according to circumstances. There are a few forays into the history of the Hungarian Kingdom, highlighting especially those aspects which relate directly to Banat; thereafter, the chapter focuses on the time of its partial occupation by the Turks and underscores several characteristics of the Ottoman rule in the province.

It is turned into a pashalik and is divided into four sanjaks: Firstly, the nobility disappeared here having sought refuge in Hungary or Transylvania , because after the introduction of the Ottoman administration in Banat, all the older class privileges were abolished. However, during a certain period around , the life of the peasantry was somewhat eased, because a system of land grants was introduced in Banat; this contributed to the welfare of farmers, which was above the level encountered in the Hungarian areas.

Therefore, part of the populace residing near the borders began to emigrate to Banat. A Historical Monograph] by Dr. While volume I of the work has certain lacks, lacunae, I ask the reader that they should not be attributed only to me but also to the times. These lacks and lacunae I shall redress in Volume II, which will deal primarily with the economic, financial, social and commer- cial life, with ethnography, statistics, communications. These failures may also be accounted given that the period coincided with the aftermath of World War II.

In , on the anniversary of 60 years since the princeps edition of Dr. These annotations, to which reference is made in the text of the paper, are highlighted in the Addenda. The part of mediaeval history is structured as follows: Vechea cetate - The old city, 2. Cetatea sub Anjouvini — The city under the Angevins, 3. That here was a Roman resort may also be proved by the coins or objects dug out during various excavations. In , when a part of the city walls were torn down, various objects came to light, such as coins, traces, sherds of dishes from Roman times.

The castrum is mentioned in the certificate of King Andrew II from It was rebuilt by King Bela IV. There he gathered an army for the expedition that magister Georgius led against the Romanian Voivode Litovoi. Missionary Catholic priests also arrived with various great feudal lords in other regions of Banat.

That is why, in the fourteenth century, in Banat — where the majority population was Romanian — there were Catholic priests, but there were no Catholic parishes. There is evidence that the Orthodox clergy and population were subjected to tithing. The King led, from here, the military operations against the Serbian ruler Stephen.

Amongst the discontented were many noblemen from Banat. It was the latter whom the King wanted to attract to his side. Entry into posses- sion was done, as usual, through the mediation of the Chapter of Cenad, on August 8, Strengthening the fortifications was achieved under the rule of Pavel Chinezul, who spent a great deal of his fortune for carrying out the necessary works.

Another trial that took place in the presence of the king was that of Bishop Sigismund Ernust from Pecs Five Churches , who was sentenced to prison for embezzling the sum of , ducats. He manifests sympathy for Doja and the Transylvanian peasantry, driven to rebel- lion because the terrible hardships of life, being overly exploited by the barons of the Hungarian Kingdom.

In fact, direct Ottoman rule was estab- lished, as it is well known, only later. The act under which Isabella relin- quished Transylvania was approved by the Diet of Cluj, on 26 July The book then details the events related to the occupation of a large part of Banat by the Ottomans. The fortress was captured on September The garrison is summoned to surrender, being guaranteed the freedom to exit the city. Commander Losoncius Losonczy rejects the offer. The Island Small Palanca is under a particularly strong siege, which makes the besieged set fire to their houses and prepare for retreat.

General Aldana with Spaniards carries the food supplies and the weapons from the Island into the city, sets fire to the houses and destroys the bridge connecting the Island and the city. This is the first approach to this topic in the Romanian historiography devoted to the Middle Ages in Banat. Equally valuable are the data about the city during the Ottoman occupation and the reign of Emperor Charles VI. The sanjaks had, in turn, several kaza circles , and these had several nahije In fact, the contributions of this historian represent an important step forward in deciphering the mediaeval past of Banat.

After the Great Union, he founded in Banat approximately branches of the House of National Education, thus con- tributing to the cultural prosperity of this province. As a member of the Romanian National Party, Ungurianu asserted himself in the struggle for the national emancipation of his people from the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the struggle to achieve the unitary Romanian national state. He died on 25 March In addition to his numerous articles in the press of his time, he published the following books: The mention — in brackets — of the language in which the works were written is ours our note — T.

Moreover, academician Ioan-Aurel Pop asserts that: Tribuna Publishing House, , p. Cadusa, who, together with his brother Zuardu and with Boyta were the heads of the army of the Hungarian Duke Arpad. Ioan-Aurel Pop, in op.

1962 films

He considers that this was the year when Ahtum was defeated by the army of Duke Arpad which occurred in around The King of Hungary from to ; however, until , being a minor, he ruled under guardianship. But with the weather changing and the cold set- ting in and the rain falling incessantly, the ramparts and their rat-like holes filled with water and so the soldiers could not keep their ground. Editura Academiei RSR, , p. They also had 12, florins, cash. Editura Institutului Cultural de Vest, , pp. In September-December , he had a serial in the newspaper Dacia, in which he present- ed historical data on Banat from the first half of the nineteenth century, from a work by Fenyes.

Then it is also known that in he administered a historical survey throughout Banat; receiving responses from many locali- ties, he undertook a relentless effort to sort the data received and correlate them with a rich specialised bibliography in the field. Thus, with anger abating and ambition drives being removed, he struck the walls with machines and with contained blows, so much so that he made it impossible for the weapon- ry to be restored through the rain that had been falling for 4 days, so in that area he opened a large space and brought the walls to ruin.

Given his relentless forces, our people left the Island, set the houselets in the city on fire, taking with them a lot of things to defend them- selves and hide Adrian Andrei Rusu, op. Editura de Vest, Some contain general historical data on the locality they refer to, but we also may encounter in their pages information on the mediaeval past of the settlement in ques- tion. Odoricus de Foro Julii de Ordine fratrum Minorum testificor et testimonium perhibeo reverendo patri Fr. Guidoto, Ministro provincie S. Anthonii, cum ab eo fuerim per obedientiam requisitus, quod hec omnia que superius scrip- ta sunt, aut propriis oculis ego vidi aut ab hominibus fide dignis audivi.

Comunis autem locutio illarum contratarum illa que non vidi testatur esse vera. Multa etiam alia ego dimisi que scribi non feci, cum ipsa quasi incredibilia apud aliqu- os viderentur, nisi illa propriis oculis perspexissent1. Antonio — che per obbedienza mi ha richiesto di farlo —, che tutte le cose che qui sopra sono scritte o le vidi con i miei propri occhi o le udii da persone degne di fede.

Affermazioni simili sono frequenti nelle relazioni di viaggio del Due- e Trecento. Anzi, potremmo dire che costituiscono uno degli elementi caratterizzanti di tale tipologia testuale4. Infine, in queste opere di norma prota- gonista del viaggio e autore del testo coincidono In generale, possiamo dire che ovunque le parti di tipo descrit- tivo-informativo appaiono prevalenti: Odorico si limita di norma a riferire pochi dati: Dum autem sic irem, veni ad unum magnum montem Strada facendo, giunsi presso a un alto monte Im- barcatomi su questa nave, in ventotto giorni mi spinsi fino a Tana Arbores isto modo farinam producunt: Hec autem propriis oculis ego vidi.

Huius modi autem panis exterius pulcer est, interius autem aliquantulum niger est. So- no grandi, ma non molto alti. Da questa incisione cola un liquido simile a colla.

Pongono tale liquido in sacchi fatti di foglie, che lasciano poi al sole per quindici giorni. Tutte que- ste cose le ho viste di persona. Lo stesso meccanismo torna anche nel brano in cui viene descritta la pesca col cormorano. In capite eius in domo cuiusdam hospi- tis hospitatus fui. Qui volens complacere michi, dixit: Et sic me duxit super istum pontem, in quo dum sic essem, aspexi et vidi in illis suis barchis mergos super perticas alligatos, quos postea ille homo uno filo ligavit ad gulam, ne illi se in aquam submer- gentes et pisces capientes illos comedere possent.

Unde in una barcha posuit tres magnas cistas, unam ab uno capite navis, secundam ab alio, terciam vero po- suit in medio. Dum autem hoc sic fecisset, illos mergos disolvit, qui se postea in aquam submergebant, et sic pisces quam plurimos capiebant, quos ipsemet postea in illis cistis ponebat. Unde in parva hora omnes ille ciste fuerunt plene pisci- bus. Dum autem sic plene essent, a collo eorum filum illud accipiebat et eos in aquam submergere permittebat, ut inde piscibus pascerentur.

Cum autem pas- ti sunt, ad sua loca revertuntur, et eos ibi ligat sicut prius erant. Ego autem de illis piscibus manducavi. Dopo di che sciolse gli smerghi. Questi si get- tavano immediatamente in acqua e prendevano moltissimi pesci, che poi lui stesso metteva nelle ceste.

Dopo essersi saziati, tornano al loro posto, e lui li lega come erano prima. Questo, ad esempio, capita quando si instaura un dialogo fra il personaggio Odorico e gli abitanti delle terre visitate: Unde mihi aliquando dicebat: Et sibi dice- bam me velle ire. Unde ascendimus unam barcham, et ivimus ad unum illorum monasteriorum magnum que ibi erant. Ad quod cum ivissemus, unum illorum reli- giosorum vocavit dicens: Ipse venit inde ubi occidit sol, et nunc vadit Cambalec ut roget vitam pro magno Cane. Ideo sibi ostendas aliquid quod ipse videre possit si hic est mirabile, ut si reverteretur ad suas contratas etiam dicere possit: Tunc ipse dixit se libenter velle ostendere sibi aliquid novum.

Ebbene, talvolta mi diceva: Dunque salimmo su una barca e ci recammo in uno di quei grandi monasteri che sorgevano da quelle parti. Viene dalle regioni dove tramonta il sole e ora va a Cambalec per pregare per la vita del Gran Can. Quello rispose allo- ra che ben volentieri gli avrebbe mostrato qualcosa di straordinario.

Quando hanno terminato il pasto, aspettano che il monaco cominci nuovamente a suonare la campana prima di fare ritorno nel bosco. Odorico, che finora ha osservato in silenzio, mostra di non capire il significato del gesto: Dum autem sic viderem ista, multum cepi ridere dicens: Tunc ipse respondit dicens: Ei autem respondi dicens: Michi autem respondit dicens: Sic autem isto modo dicere po- teram sibi multa, quod nunquam aliud credere volebat.

Quello mi rispose allora: Turpem inter se consuetudinem habent, nam pater comedit filium, filius patrem, uxor maritum, maritus uxorem. Et hoc per istum modum: Tunc sacerdos et ille cuius pater infirmatur accedunt ad ipsum ydolum, quod est de auro vel de argento, eique faciunt orationes et dicunt: Tunc demon per os ydoli respondet et dicit: Ita quod demon docet ipsum illum modum quem circa patrem tenere debet.

Deinde filius ad patrem accedit et sibi diligenter servit, donec totaliter ipse liberatus sit. Poniamo che il padre di qualcuno si amma- li.

Italian male cyclists

Quindi il demone gli insegna quali misure deve osservare verso il padre. In questo caso, la rea- zione sdegnata del viaggiatore appare maggiormente comprensibile: Hos tales multum reprehendebam dicens: Ad hoc michi respondebant dicentes: Et sic tantum dicere poteram quan- tum ego volebam quod nunquam aliud credere volebant, nec ab isto ritu disce- dere quem tenebant. Al che mi rispon- devano: Durante il viaggio, viene ospitato in domo cuiusdam con il compagno e il servo.

Prima di addormentarsi, si mette le ossa dei confratelli sotto la testa: Et dum sic dormirem, ipsa domus a saracenis subito fuit accensa ut me face- rent mori alta voce populi universi. Nam hoc est Imperatoris preceptum ut cuius domus accenditur, ipse penitus moriatur. Ipsa sic accesa, socius meus cum famulo exivit domum, me in ea cum ossibus remanente.

Qui dum sic essem in domo, ea ardente, ossa eorum fratrum accepi et in uno angulo ipsius me apta- vi. Sic autem igne domum comburente tres anguli ipsius domus fuerunt com- busti, illo solo in quo eram remanente. Me autem sic in illo angulo residente, ignis desuper me aderat, non me ledens neque ipsius domus angulum comburens.

Quamdiu autem in domo cum istis ossibus permanebam, ignis nunquam descen- debat sed ad modum crucis ipse desuper residebat. Cum domum egressus fuissem, tunc autem ipsa totaliter fuit combusta, et non solum ipsa sed multe alie que illi contigue videbantur; et sic inde illesus exivi. Il secondo evento miracoloso si verifica in mare aperto. Viene quindi il turno dei viaggiatori cristiani: Inde michi et socio meo preceptum fuit ut orationes Deo fundere deberemus quatinus nobis finaliter exiberet. Qui si haberi posset, nobis honorem maxi- mum exiberent.

Et ut alii intelligere non possent, ille rector navis armenice fuit locutus dicens: Tunc ego hec et socius audientes, orationes facimus ipsi Deo. Qui videntes ven- tum haberi non posse, ad honorem Virginis gloriose multas missas promisimus cel- lebrare, si ventum possemus in aliquo nos habere. Cum autem ventum mini- me habere nos poteramus, tunc accipiens ex ossibus istis unum, ipsum dedi famulo nostro ut iens ad caput navis ipsum in mari prohiceret festinanter.

Tunc ipso osse sic in mari proiecto, statim nobis ventus ita bonus et prosper effectus est, quod nunquam nobis defecit, donec nos fuimus ad portum ad quem meritis istorum fratrum devenimus cum salute. Nunc ydolatre hanc consuetudinem in se habent: Que si ipsi reperirent illa, in mari proicerent statim; et habentibus illa, mortis periculum magnum immineret. Cum autem sic inquirerent, licet in magna fuerint quantitate, nunquam in aliquo tamen invenire potuerunt. Prima di entrare in porto, perquisiscono tutta la nave per vedere che cosa ci sia a bordo, se per caso vi siano ossa di morti. Non ci stupisce, dunque, che il narratore — a differenza di quanto faccia Guglielmo di Rubruck — alluda appena ai due compagni di avventure40, tacendone comun- que sempre i nomi Il viaggio odoriciano, esperienza totalizzante ed irripetibile, conosce un solo protagonista.

Si noti, a questo proposito, che molti testimoni latini designano la relazione come Iter o Itinerarium Nam dum irem per vallem, que posita est supra flumen deliciarum, multa corpora vidi mortua, in qua etiam audiebam diversa genera musicorum maxime autem nachara, que ibi mirabiliter pulsa- bantur. Unde tantus ibi erat clamor et rumor quod timor michi maximus incuciebatur. Et quamquam sic in illa moriatur, tamen volui in illam intrare, ut viderem fina- liter quicquid hoc esset. Dum autem sic in illam intrassem, ego, sicut iam dixi, tot mortua corpora vidi, quod nisi aliquis illa vidisset quasi sibi incredibile videretur.

In hac etiam valle ab uno latere eius in ipso saxo parietis unam faciem hominis valde terribilem ego vidi, que in tantum terribilis erat quod pre nimio timore spiritum perdere vel perire me credebam. Quapropter Verbum caro fac- tum est ore proferrebam. Et tunc super unum montem arenosum ascendi, in quo circumspiciens nichil videbam preter illa nacha- ra que pulsari mirabiliter audiebam.

Cum autem in capite montis ego fui, illic aurum et argentum ego reperii in maxima quantitate, ibi quasi squame piscium congregatum, de quo posui in gremio meo. Et quia de ipso non cura- bam et etiam cogitans ut non essent illuxiones demonum, illud totaliter in ter- ram proieci. Et sic dante Deo, inde illesus exivi. Mentre attraversavo una valle, che si snoda lungo il Fiume delle Delizie, vidi molti corpi morti; udivo inoltre diversi tipi di strumenti, soprattutto timpani, che erano percossi meravigliosamente.

Nonostante questo, tuttavia vi volli entra- re, per vedere alla fin fine di che cosa si trattasse. Su un fianco di questa valle, inoltre, proprio sulla parete rocciosa vidi un volto umano veramente terribile, tanto terribile che credevo di perdere i sensi o di morire di paura. Mai osai avvicinarmi completa- mente a questo volto, ma mi tenni a una distanza di sette o otto passi. Infine i musulmani, quando lo seppero, mi trattarono con grande deferenza, dicendo che ero santo, mentre coloro che erano morti nella valle erano adepti di un demone infernale. Numerosi sono gli elementi che supportano tale lettura.

In tale contesto ha luogo la lotta tra Odorico e le forze infernali. Ma, soprattutto, autore, narratore e protagonista del suo libro. Anastasius van den Wyngaert O. Odoric of Pordenone, ; prima ed.: Leroux, ] — cfr. Le questioni Torino, Einaudi, , , in part. Le divisament dou monde. Mondadori, , da cui si cita. Studi sul Milione Verona, Fiorini, , , da cui si cita. Ai nostri fini, non appare rilevante, invece, che i testi siano veri, dal momento che la nostra analisi si fonda soltanto su elementi deducibili dalle opere stesse.

Nel primo caso, la sostanza del discorso non cambia, dal momento che le conseguenze sul testo non sono — almeno dal punto di vista della forma narrativa — parti- colarmente rilevanti. Sul caso del Milione, si vedano in particolare: Atti del convegno internazionale Venezia, ottobre , a cura di Silvia Conte Roma, Tiellemedia, Qui e negli esempi successivi, usiamo il tondo per evidenziare le parti di testo pertinenti al nostro discorso.

Discorso del racconto Torino, Einaudi, ; ed. Paris , Nel Devisement troviamo anche passi in cui ci si riferisce a Marco in prima persona. Guilgelmus de Solagna in scriptis redegi sicut predictus Fr. Sulla struttura delle due opere, cfr. Su questo argomento, pur in una prospettiva leggermente diversa, cfr. Versione toscana del Trecento, edizione critica a cura di Valeria Bertolucci Pizzorusso Milano, Adelphi, , , in part. Capitale della dinastia Song dal , fu conquistata dal Gran Khan Qubilai nel Probabilmente le isole Andamane.

Giunto a Tana, fu ucciso il 9 aprile assieme a fra Jacopo e fra Demetrio. Il quarto componente della missione, fra Pietro, venne martirizzato due giorni dopo. Analecta Franciscana, III, p.

Una nota dei camerari del comune di Udine datata 5 aprile ci permette di identificare il socius di Odorico con un tal frater Iacobus de Ibernia cfr. Golubovich, Biblioteca bio-biblio- grafica, III, p. Fonti abba- stanza tarde cfr. Golubovich, Biblioteca bio-bibliografica, pp. Itinerarium, Iter con la corrispondente traduzione Viaggio , De rebus mirabilibus, Diversae historiae, Peregrinacio, Descriptio, ecc.

Anastasius van den Wyngaert nella sua edizione critica del testo cfr. Atti del convegno storico internazionale [Pordenone maggio ], Pordenone, Concordia sette, Reichert, Incontri con la Cina. Sigmaringen , n. Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither, pp. Studi con documenti rari ed ine- diti, sotto la direzione del p. Marcellino da Civezza Prato, R. Guasti, , ; Cordier, Les Voyages en Asie, pp. Olschki, , 36, Sui diversi elementi simbolici che autorizzano tale tipo di lettura, vd. Nevertheless, the narration is entirely conducted in the first person.

Elsewhere the author represents himself as taking part in the action, in order to warrant the truthfulness of his stories. In some cases, the first-person narration enables the author to offer an interpretation of reality to the reader. France joins Russia against the Ottoman Empire while England sustains the Ottomans thus being interested in the fate of the principalities. The politi- cal atmosphere of the 19th century began with a rising in the claims of the two principalities, thus their fate reached the international debate after which they were granted certain privileges.

Following these historical events, the Romanians came to a conclusion that would determine their manner of acting in the 19th century: The 19th century brought about radical changes in the lives of the people both in Transylvania and Romania. The more and more frequent contacts with the Occident lead to economic, social and cultural changes, to the birth of the in- tellectual elite that was to fight in the European spirit for the Romanian nation. All these profound transformations as well as the militant spirit drawn towards the forming of the nation fell into the specific atmosphere of South East Europe where there was a continuous fight for the assertion of the nation.

In this his- torical context the Romanians had something more that drew them towards West: This is the structure upon which Western cultural models left their marks: Furthermore these models together with Romanticism formed the basis of the modern culture which was able to sustain the crucial historical moments of the 19th century such as political confrontations and the Revolution in The cultural relations between England and the three Romanian provinces had been quite scarce up to the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th when we can notice the first literary contacts.

The first English writings entered the Romanian culture first through Greek and Serbian intermediaries and later through French and German ones. These works were those considered of great value by other European cultures, thus they were worth translating into their respective languages.

Andrea Corrado | Revolvy

The very moment they entered the Romanian culture circuit they highlighted the level and needs of the Romanian collective mentality at that time. In Transylvania the anglophilia was much stronger than in the Principalities both because of the predominant German influence and the social political situation of the Ro- manians here who were fighting for their freedom in the enlighten spirit of the epoch in which constitutional monarchy represented a model to follow4.

There had to be a contact for a cultural model to enter a different mentality than the one that generated it. At the beginning this contact was made by means of travelling which was meant to broaden the human horizon, which made man think, learn and change himself in order to change others. The result of these travellings can be found in the image of the foreigners, expressed in letters, notes, articles, short stories, diplomatic documents. This image is usually provided by means of a comparative approach which helps project the self image upon the Other who is the foreigner, thus different from us.

By studying an image we try to live again a historical event, to interpret it, to understand it, to explain the way in which a collective identity has generat- ed certain ideas and attitudes such as the concepts of fatherland, nation. This is the perspective through which national images formed as a result of the contact between two cultures should be looked upon5. When defining national images we must take into account the human pres- ence with all the characteristics involved: This image of alterity, of the Other, and the self image coexist in a fundamen- tal relationship and help the researcher define the identity.

Each way of living has a central figure, an image of the human model: This English model is enriched by the Romantic spirit, it becomes engaged in the fight against tirany, despotism, imperialism and acquires new features which have a great impact upon the collective mentalities all over Europe. This is the model the Romamian travellers, students, intelectualls will meet and try to give as an example for those at home, but only after their contact with England and the English.

It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the Romanians from the three provinces started travelling throughout Europe. Some of them had to go in exile while others were driven either by the wish to discover new places, to study or had to take care of their health. Travel literature, a genre often criticized, even forgotten on the shelves or in the drawers is a rich source which helps us understand the collective mentality of a certain people, the stereotypes that dominated its psy- chology, its evolution.

However, travel literature is subjective. There are writers, scholars or simple travelers who decided to share their experience and opinions having a certain goal: They all fulfill their goal by presenting the image of the Other, thus trying to introduce new models worth being followed. Out of the three Romanian provinces those living in Transylvania were the diligent travelers who set forth having a certain goal: Another goal of their journey was the theme of our Latinity; they travelled to study and search in the archives.

One of the most experienced travelers in the first half of the 19th century was Ion Codru Dragusanu, a descendent from an ancient free noble family. Quite educated for his time, — he could speak German, he had read the classics, — he left for Wallachia where from he started his journeys first by accompanying others such as ruler Alexandru Ghica. In this way he had the possibility to travel through Austria, Italy, Germany, France, England, Switzerland wherefrom he wrote let- ters to a friend sharing his spontaneous thoughts and impressions without ever forgetting to be a good patriot.

His first contact with the English was in Le Havre where their influence was to be felt quite strongly, but the impression was not a good one. It changed next morning when after having suffered all night long from sea sickness he went on the deck and talked to the steersman and the man was pretty kind. It is also now that he gave his first description of the geography of England as seen from the sea: One could only see the clear blue skies and the green waters, mirroring each other.

The steersman spoke French, so I approached him and asked him several questions. His remarkable gift as a writer left us a picturesque image of London. Step by step the English capital reveals itself in the front of the curious eyes of the trav- eler: He was deeply impressed by the large gardens and parks which he compared with plains: One will find, but only sel- dom, beds of flowers.

He was not the only one to write as such, almost all the Romanians who wrote their impressions after visiting England used to compare it to France. A profound observer, he notes: Then the exem- plary cleanness of the streets shocks you, as well as the simplicity of the buildings and the uniform clothing of men, which is generally grey or a gloomy ash grey. All streets are large and straight, especially the main ones, which are also paved with wood frames or covered in macadam.

The houses do not have such exqui- site architecture as in Paris, nor are they as solid, because this city is a whole world of almost two million inhabitants. London has stretched each year passing by, and has engulfed private properties that would sum up a surface as big as Olt County in our country. Many neighbourhoods have the name of Such-and- such Garden.

The luxury in London is comfortable, there carpets on the stairs up to the level of the street, however this luxury is far from that in Paris. They only keep here samples of merchandise, and they all own factories so big so they could equip twenty ships in any port of the world, for a whole week. He has a great admiration for the English because they are the first to put into practice the latest scientific discoveries: The Transylvanian traveller is deeply impressed by the experiments in the fields of chemistry, physics, and mechanics done at the Royal Polytechnic Institution and by the fact that they are presented to the large public so that everyone may have access to the latest discoveries.

He also went to the Covent Garden to attend an opera. Each part of the English life is dealt with: Thus the Englishman is simple in everything, even in food: The meat is wonderful, most tender, because they do not work their land with their horned beasts, and game is kept in parks, where it gets fat. But, as I say, from the steak heat- ed-up blood is dripping, and they could eat it if they feel like it, otherwise they say it is ruined by continental tastes. For the high houses, it is made with sweet sultanas.

Then come potatoes, boiled, and served whole, with their skin on, then bread, fresh butter, and this is all. Hence another characteristic of the Englishman: The portrait of the Englishman is completed with his image as the greedest eater in the world. In spite of the simplicity of his food the Englishman eats a lot: He respects this lifestyle wherever he goes on the continent, as he travels a lot and he enjoys travelling, and eating well and drinking, sleeping well and being comfortable everywhere. The author of the letters makes a com- parison between the English traveller and the Romanian one: But there is also another category of Romanians, the nobleman who travels in order to ruin himself and he gives the example of Dudescu.

It is a bitter example meant to be a lesson for those at home to follow the English model and not the Romanian one. We were hot after all our excursions, so [our guide] took us to a cafe, in order to cool down. It seemed quite strange for him at the beginning, but, finally he enjoyed it which made him come to the con- clusion: They believe less, but do more for the dignity of religion, which is devoid of all kind of hocus-pocus.

He considers it to be too violent for his taste and leaves the Box Hall. Order, discipline and correctness are characteristics of the Englishman and the English society no matter where one encounters them. I have observed this closely in London — you will not find soldiers here. Either there is not much of an army, or regular sol- diers are allowed to don civil clothing when not on duty. At the royal court and high lords, even nowadays one must wear tight trousers, silken socks and shoes. The Englishman is a man of words for whom exactitude is sacred and who never changes his subsequence but, on the contrary he remains faithful to it all his life, a quality worth giving for example.

Even the life of lords and the royal family is characterized by simplicity and solidity, but also by opulence. He visits the royal apartments and he remarks again that neither the apartments nor the throne hall is adorned as those in Versailles.

Here he is impressed more by the Chapel and the large park. He admires the fact that the English have only two political parties — unlike the French - the Tory and the Whigs that rule in turn. He explains and mocks the meaning of their names, but he com- pletely agrees with their denomination. It is an ob- servation which was meant to have a great impact at home where people were not free to speak themselves. Writers compare the former with the ancient Greeks, and the latter with the Romans, but this is true only from the point view of the main characteristics of the nation, because I believe that the reverse would not be false either.

The French have a frivolous inconstancy and a convulsive tendency to rebel, but they have a tasteful and attractive luxury, and their writings are full of spirit — thus they resemble the Grecians, while their great deeds and their influence on the general culture of other peoples make them the true Romans of modern times. On the other hand, the English are thoroughly endowed with constancy, the chief virtue of Rome, but they have the speculative spirit and egotistical habits that focus on their own interest, which are nothing more but Grecian attributes.

It was a great loss for our culture in the three provinces that his work was published much later after it was written down. His letters were written in the Latin spirit of the epoch, making use of orthography and vocabulary which only the Transylvanian intel- lectuals of that time could understand but not the large public. This is the rea- son why his work was put aside for 45 years. The Anglo-Romanian relations have evolved for a long period of time and known a wide range of fields: As England has been a powerful country along centuries and because the industrial revolution started there it has also become a model, an effective example especially for a country such as Romania, where modernization was imperative.

For example Petrache Poenaru was interested in industry, manufactures, techni- cal problems, comminication; Vasile Alecsandri and Jean Bart, both writers, left in their books the image of the most civilized country. Vasile Alecsandri, who was also a diplomat, together with Ion Ghica drew their attention upon the prob- lems of the Union and Independence.

There are many notes, articles private and diplomatic letters which give us a great picture of England wherefrom we find out the details of British everyday life, the social life of different classes, the traditions, religion, the educational system, the parliament system. The Romanians went to England not only to ask for politcal support, but also to observe, to learn and to bring back all this knowledge and disseminate it at home so that the Romanians could live a better life.

The travellers and the dip- lomats admired the bicameral English Parliament, and the constitutional monar- chy, models which finally they succeeded to implement in their country. They also admired the English woman who was so independent and emancipated as com- pared to the Romanian one. The educational system in England was also a model for establishing new schools in the three provinces. Many times it has been said that the Romaninans have a special philia for the French people who influenced the formation and development of our culture and society.

But the modern spirituality of the Romanian people was formed not only under the French and German influence, but also the English spirit pene- trates the Romanian collective mentality, thus the English culture becomes a model for the Romanian culture. Florin Faifer, Semnele lui Hermes. Editura Minerva, , p. By defining, admiring or criticizing the Other, in our case the English, we can find both the needs and the characteristics of our people. Propaganda, cultural diplomacy, cultural politics, and image strategy are but greatly resembling terms yet they bear slight differences.

Carmen Burcea goes even further in analysing and stressing the difference between cultural politics, which she con- siders as the most appropriate and efficient tool to achieve and implement political plans, while the task to promote an external positive image of a coun- try mainly belongs to cultural diplomacy as a parallel or alternative to political or economic diplomacy. Thus, culture is an external action tool for affirmation and influence. Carmen Burcea manages to make a very interesting combination between pol- itics, culture and propaganda.

In this equation, culture is the attractive layer of politics, while propa- ganda is the tool providing cohesion. In , western newspapers published a piece of information according to which a group of Romanian exiled in Paris proposed the throne of the planned Moldavian-Wallachian Kingdom to the Portuguese Prince Dom Luis, brother of Dom Pedro V of Portugal. The prince refused because he had other plans and concerns for the future6. Nevertheless, the diplomatic relations between the two countries considerably developed after World War I.

Following the after war deep changes in the international political and trade relations, Portugal intended to obtain all the advantages the country had made so many sacrifices for. All these issues compelled the Government not to give up the complete remoulding of the organic law of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Lisbon also needed a skilful and clever policy in all these countries.

The fact that they could turn into a market for Portuguese goods that could not be found in the Balkans could support the state recover an important part of the material loss. A great supporter of the Portuguese monarchy, which was replaced by the republic in , the Portuguese diplomat, initiated several propaganda actions with politicians in Bucharest, as well as with the Royal House through Queen Mary whom he had met at literary meetings held in Bucharest and to whom he was very close.

He had two main advantages. An eloquent example in point was the change of the personal coat-of-arms when he inherited the title of Earl of Cunha of Portugal, a change done by Mateiu Caragiale in Bucharest. Out of the Portuguese writers, he greatly admired Eca de Queros. It was under his influence that he wrote the novel A morte de amor Death of Love , where he showed the bohemian life in Lisbon.

The novel was published in , while he was a diplo- mat at the Political Directorate of the Portuguese State Secretariat11, under the nickname Marco Sponti, most likely for reasons of diplomatic discretion. Two years later, when he was 30, he published the volume entitled Charneca, a work pertaining to the Portuguese Symbolism. Clever and slender, used to exploit every contact to his interest, Martinho de Brederode managed to know the members of the most important literary soci- eties in Bucharest due to his charm Queen Mary, Tudor Arghezi, Lucian Blaga, Mircea Eliade, Mircea Vulcanescu, Duiliu Zamfirescu, and Mateiu Caragiale.

Due to his diplomat qualities, he managed to know the representatives of the most important Legations in the capital of Romania Franz Rattigan — UK. He met Mateiu Caragiale the year he arrived at Bucharest, in In , Brederode inherited the title of Earl of Cunha. Consequently, he needed to change his coat-of-arms.

Mateiu Caragiale was the one helping him and Brederode promised him the medal Christ Great Cross, an important decoration of Portugal often awarded to diplomats in mission in the capital of Portugal. Then, Mateiu Caragiale helped Martinho de Brederode several times to pub- lish articles about himself or Portugal in Universul. Unfortunately, we could not find in the diplomatic and private correspondence existing in the Portuguese archives any mention of the Portuguese diplomat regarding the son of the great playwright.

However, without mentioning the name, Martinho de Brederode spoke of the article on Vasco da Gama in his Report dated October 21,

• I Only Cry At Night, living with Sickle Cell Disease
• Lange pleureur fait son cirque (Policier, thriller) (French Edition)
• Dehn- und Kräftigungsgymnastik (German Edition)
• Introduction to Partial Differential Equations: From Fourier Series to Boundary-Value Problems (Dover Books on Mathematics)
• Le Roi du Djandjo : la métamorphose des sorciers hommes-lions (French Edition)
• Sustaining and Accelerating Pro-Poor Growth in Africa