Confesiones de un joven novelista (Spanish Edition)

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In short, a readable text that based on the lived experiences of Eco, allows potential novelists know different forms and mechanisms of development of a good fiction that allows text to tell the truth. Intelligent reading from a writer who has handled these aspects of creation and interpretation since he began to write.

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Your display name should be at least 2 apocalipticos e integrados umberto eco long. Only when the teacher possesses this philosophical training will it be possible to realize the demand which Herbart expresses in the follow- ing words: Inclination and love of his profession is as indispensable for the teacher, as it is for the minister or the physician. But this does not mean that one is born a teacher and has no need of thorough prepara- tion. They have to master one, or even two, difficult languages, to be acquainted with the masterpieces of a rich literature extending over many centuries ; they have not only to write, but to speak these languages easily with genuine foreign intonation.

This requires them to go through a special scientific and practical training of the ear and of the speech organs, and involves an expensive stay abroad. You should master thoroughly the language you are go- ing to teach. Your pronunciation should be correct and be founded upon a good knowledge of phonetics. Your knowledge of grammar should be complete and positive. You should keep the right balance between the theoreti- cal and practical study, and between the historical devel- opment of the language and its present condition.

You should read extensively ; yet the thorough reading of a few books is better than the superficial reading of a large number. You should train yourself not only to write correctly, but also to judge correctly what has been written in the foreign language. Your practical and theoretical knowledge of the language should be accompanied by a knowledge of its cultural values. You should have an elementary knowledge of the languages which are closely related to the language chosen. You should visit the foreign country and get intimately acquainted with the foreign life.

As a teacher you should be cultured, skillful and active. The scientific study of a foreign language must necessarily begin with the exact understanding of the formation of its speech sounds, and for this exact understanding the student must have a general idea of phonetics. Johann Storm, pro- fessor of Romance and English philology at the University of Christiania, says in his highly esteemed book "Die lebende Sprache: A teacher must be trained to observe, to analyze and to imitate con- sciously the foreign sounds, compare them with those of his native tongue and know the special difficulties which con- front the beginner.

The most valuable general works on phonetics which will give the necessary foundation are the following text-books: Henry Sweet "A Primer of Phonetics" 3rd ed. Oxford, , it is practically an abridged and carefully revised edition of his "Handbook of Phonetics" beginners may possibly find it too concise ; Paul Passy's "Petite phonetique comparee des prin- cipals langues europeenes" Leipzig ; Otto Jespersen's "Lehrbuch der Phonetik" and "Phonetische Grundfragen" 2 — 13 — vol. Leipzig and W.

Victor's "Kleine Phonetik" Leip- zig which will answer all the needs of the ordinary teacher. A large work of great importance which deals with phonetics mainly from the point of view of comparative phil- ology is E. Siever's "Grundziige der Lautphysiologie" 5 ed. The first general analysis of the sounds of modern Spanish was made by Fernando Araujo in his "Recherches sur la pho- netique espagnolle" Phonetische Studien, vol. Questions of Spanish pronunciation are treated also in different articles in "Le maitre phonetique see Periodicals , one by A.

Kuersteiner December, is especially in- teresting. A new school of phoneticians employs physical apparatus in their investigations, their principles and methods being ex- plained in vol. Josselyn, late professor of Romance lan- guages at Boston University, has published an analysis and de- termination of Spanish speech sounds along experimental lines under the title of "Etudes de phonetique espagnole" Pa- ris Another very useful and instructive volume is Mol- ton Avery Colton "La phonetique castillane.

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Traite de phone- tique descriptive et comparative. The Grammars of modern and old Spanish, the titles of which are given in the corresponding chapter, contain a short account of the various Spanish sounds. Likewise the first part of the excellent "Gramatica historica" by R. Menendez Pi- dal Madrid gives an account of the history and theory of sound changes phonology as well as the analysis and clas- sification of the actual sounds phonetics of the Spanish lan- guage.

But the student should not forget that even the best book on — 14 — this subject will not enable him to dispense with making care- ful observations of his own. After getting acquainted with the principal features of the physiology of sounds the proper study of the language begins. A paper which is urgently recommended to every teacher of modern languages is "The value of phonetics in teaching mod- ern languages" by Dr.

It is indispensable for the young philologist to acquire a clear and systematic view of the laws of the language which he studies. To do this he must begin by studying a syste- matic grammar. Without hesitation I suggest the names of three philologists, whose transcendental works the library of every teacher of Spanish ought to contain. They are Bello, Cuervo and Isaza. They are Latin-Americans, and the great linguistic movement started by them forms a noticeable con- trast to the linguistic silence in Spain.

In the grammar of Bello, with the superb notes of Cuervo Andres Bello, "Gramatica de la lengua castellana con extensas notas y un copioso indice de Rufino Jose Cuervo," Paris, the highest point is reached in grammatical production. In the "Diccionario de la conjugacion castellana" by Emiliano Isaza, and in the "Estudios gramaticales ; Introduccion a las obras filologicas de Andres Bello con una advertencia y no- ticia bibliografica por M.

Suarez, we pos- sess the very best that has been published in this matter. These books cannot be too earnestly recommended. Of more bulky works nothing better has been written on the Spanish language than the "Diccionario de construccion y regimen," and with a deeper knowledge of the psychology of the Spanish, than the "Apuntaciones criticas sobre el lenguaje bogotano" Paris In this edition a new work is an- nounced: Another first rate book is Emiliano Isaza's "Gra- matica practica de la lengua castellana" 39th edit.

Among the textbooks on Modern Spanish Grammar pub- lished in Spain the following can be warmly recommended: Vicente Salva, "Gramatica de la lengua castellana, segun ahora — 16 — se habla" Paris, 14th edition and the "Gramatica de la lengua castellana" by the Real Acadmia Espanola.

The latter being of great significance because it is considered an authority among the Spanish speaking people. Various books deal with special parts of modern Spanish Grammar. Thus on Syntax the following works give much useful information: Luis Parral "Analisis logico-gramatical" Tarragona , a text-book very useful to teachers; Simon Aguilar "Tratado de analisis gramatical y logico, seguido de unos elementos de composicion castellana;" and Luciano Gis- bert "Teoria y analisis de la oracion gramatical.

Benot's "Examen critico de la accentua- cion espafiola. The following will be especially serviceable to teachers: Martinez y Garcia "Curiosidades gramaticales. Gramatica ampliada del idioma espafiol y sus dialectos" Madrid Pascual Martinez Abellan "Rarezas de la lengua espaiiola" contains a complete discussion of the influence of prepositions on the meaning of words.

Orellano "Cizaiias del lenguaje; Vocabulario de disparates. Seijas "Diccionario de bar- barismos cotidianos. Students who aim to acquiring a knowledge of the two — 17 — other Romance languages that share the extensive territory of the Iberian Peninsula, that is, besides the Castilian and its dialects, the Portuguese-Galician and the Catalan languages, may find an excellent account in Grober's "Grundriss der ro- manischen Philologie;" "Das Catalinische" by A. Morel Fatio and "Die portugiesische Sprache" by J.

Other texts which may be recommended are A. Nonell y Mas "Analisis de la llenga catalana antiga comparada ab la moderna" Man- resa ; P. Morphologie" 2nd volume of Skizzen lebender Sprachen, edit, by Wilhelm Vie- tor. For other dialectical varieties the student may consult I. Leite de Vasconcellos "Dialectos beires Oporto The best publication on the subject of Spanish spelling is the "Metodo de Ortografia Espaiiola" 5th edit.

Madrid , by Julian Martinez Mier, which contains not only interesting linguistic and historical observations, but also a list af galli- cisms, barbarisms and other vices of the Spanish language. It is based on the rules set in force by the Spanish Royal Academy. Students and teachers will find most useful for study Fran- cisco A.

Comeleran "Gramatica comparada de las lenguas cas- tellana y latina" and Raimundo de Miguel "Gramatica cas- tellana comparada a la latina" Madrid , and "Gramatica hispano-latina, teorico-practica para el estudio simultaneo de las lenguas latina y castellana comparadas" Madrid A number of dictionaries of different kinds should be found on the shelves of a well-equipped reference library. Apart from the ordinary small school dictionaries, a teacher will be in constant need of at least one large Spanish dictionary with Spanish explanations.

The Spanish language is still very poor in complete works of philological character. The last edition of the "Nuevo diccionario de la lengua castellana por la Aca- demia Espaiiola, anadido con unas voces, frases, etc. Another work is the "Diccionario de la lengua castellana de la Real Academia Espaiiola Madrid , 14th edition — the best edition being the first in 6 volumes The later editions are only shortened revisions of the first.

Some students may like to possess one of the small illus- trated dictionaries, like the "Diccionario castellano enciclo- pedico" Paris by Lorenzo Campano. This dictionary is based on the last edition of the "Diccionario de la Real Aca- demia Espanola," very complete, cheap and most useful for all ordinary purposes. Others are "Nuevo Diccionario de la lengua castellana" by Roque Barcia Barcelona , the "Diccioniario manual de la lengua espafiola Madrid by R. In Spanish-English dictionaries we do not possess complete and exhaustive works which would satisfy the requirements of modern philology.

The best among the larger dictionaries are Mariano Velasquez de la Cadena "Nuevo diccionario ingles- espanol y espafiol-ingles," completely revised and enlarged by Gray and Iribas New York ; Arthur Angeli "A new dic- tionary of the English-Spanish and Spanish-English Lan- guages" New edition revised and corrected by J. McLaughlin, — 19 — London ; and an abridgment: The most handy dictionaries for "Synonyms" are Roque Barcia "Sinonimos castellanos" Madrid , and Benjamin Moury Campo "Sinonimos castellanos y voces de sentido ana- logo" Madrid Eduardo Benot's "Diccionario de ideas afines" facilitates precision of expression, supplies a variety of words for different shades of meaning, and affords welcome assistance in the writing of Spanish.

For the derivation of words the student will do well to con- sult the "Glosario etimologico de las palabras espafiolas" by L. Diez's "Etymologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen," with Jarnik's "Neuer vollstandiger Index" is still an indispensable work for advanced students.

Indispensable, also, is Korting's "Lateinisch-romanisches Worterbuch," in which not only Latin, but also Greek, Germanic and other known or supposed types of Modern Romance words are ar- ranged under one alphabet. Among dictionaries of provincialisms the best are the "Dic- cionario provincial casi razonado de voces y frases cubanas" by Esteban Pichardo; the "Diccionario de chilenismos" by Zorobabel Rodriguez Santiago de Chile ; "Voces usadas en Chile" by Echevarria Reyes Santiago de Chile ; "Neologis- mos y Americanismos y Papeletas lexicograficas" by Ricardo Palma; "Hondurenismos, vocabulario de los provincialismos de Honduras" Tegucigalpa by Alberto Membrefio; "Vi- cios de lenguaje.

Abeille Paris ; "Vocabulario Rioplatense razonado" by D. Cagini San Jose ; "Modismos, locu- ciones y terminos mexicanos" by J. Sanches Somoano Madrid ; "Diccionario de peruanismos" by J. Calcaiio Caracas ; "Apuntes para un catalogo razonado de las palabras mexicanas introducidas en el castellano" by Eufemio Men- doza; "Consultas al Diccionario de la Lengua. Algo de lo que falta en el vocabulario academico y de lo que sobra en el de los ecuatorianos" by Charles R. No such works exist for Bolivia, Nicaragua and Paraguay. In Spain, the "Diccionario de voces aragonesas de Jero- nimo Borao" 2nd ed.

It is well adapted to the requirements of mod- ern philology and is the most complete work published to date. Besides the practical study of the language, the study of those works which give the beginner an idea of the principal problems of the Science of the Spanish language and which will teach him to find relations where the layman sees only isolated or disconnected instances, must not be neglected.

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Then he will not accustom himself to see in the study of Gram- mar a necessary evil, as it often happens with young students, but convince himself that the knowledge of the historic de- velopment is not only helpful but indispensable for a full comprehension of the modern language. The student should not begin the study of Old Spanish Grammar before having read Old Spanish texts, or he should at least begin their study simultaneously. As the best introduction to a scientific study of the origin and growth of the Spanish language one may refer to the following books "Manual elemental de gramatica historica espaiiola" by Ramon Menendez Pidal Madrid , which is an attractively written, practical and clear summary of the latest results of Spanish philological re- search; "Gramatica historica de la lengua castellana" by Sal- vador Padilla Madrid ; "Estudio elemental de grama- tica historica de la lengua castellana" by Jose Alemany Mad- rid ; P.

This work contains a fine outline of historical grammar and selections from the Spanish clas- sics prior to the XV. Another first-rate book is Jose Rufino Cuervo's "Disquisiciones sobre filologia castellana. Keller "Histori- sche Formenlehre der spanischen Sprache" , and by the same author. Those who wish to have a survey of the development of Spanish, in comparison with that of the other Romance lan- guages should refer to W.

Meyer-Luebke "Einfiihrung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft" Heidelberg , or in its Spanish translation "Introduccion al estudio de linguistica romance" Madrid ; Korting's Handbuch der romanischen Philologie" Leipzig ; W. Diez "Grammatik der romani- sche Sprachen" 5te Auflage, Bonn and finish with the "Grundriss der romanischen Philologie," edited by Grober with the assistance of numerous specialists, which includes scholarly chapters on the history, object and method of Ro- mance philology, on the Romance languages and their dialects, Romance metre and the literature, history, civilization, art and sciences of the Romance nations.

The enormous, ever in- creasing material has been compiled and organized in a clear, comprehensive form, giving an attractive statement of the whole Romance science. Two very well written and practical little books are Adolf Zauner: An account of the history of the Spanish language consider- ing the special needs of the American students still remains to be written. The fundamental questions concerning the history of lan- guages in general with which the young philologist ought to be acquainted, has been discussed in a masterly way by Henry Sweet in his "History of Language" London More detailed books on the subject, which will be found especially useful for beginners or for those who wish to follow up spe- cial branches of study are: Otto Jespersen "Progress in Language" London , an original and attractive book, dealing with the origin and development of language and with the question whether development of language is progress or decay; G.

The psychological study ought to go hand in hand with the historical. The student must not only have a clear idea of — 24 — how the phenomena of language have developed, but also how this development is affected by the special character of the people. The most thorough treatise on the general laws of the life and development of language is H. Paul's '"Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte" The whole field of the modern science of language is treated from a psychological- historical point of view, enabling the student to obtain a good understanding of all the important questions.

An adaptation of the above work for English readers is H. This is in many respects a new book and presents the subject in an easy form; the numerous English examples which it contains make it particularly instructive for English readers. Tucker "Introduction to Natural History of Language" Books of a more advanced character for the same purpose are: Delbriick "Einleitung in das Sprachstudium" , 5te Auflage; there is also an English version and "Grundfra- gen der Sprachforschung" — opposed to Wundt.

Wil- helm Wundt "Volkerpsychologie. Students will also derive profit from the reading of, von Ginneken "Principes de Lin- guistique psychologique" , L. Siitterlin "Das Wesen der sprachlichen Gebilde," and Wegener's "Untersuchungen iiber — 25 — die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens," a suggestive book dealing with the psychological side of language. For the classification of languages the two very interesting summaries "Die Sprachstamme des Erdkreises" Leipzig and "Die Haupttypen des Sprachbaus" Leipzig , both written by the late Prof.

Franz Nikolaus Fink of the University of Berlin. Lastly the most important of H. Stein- thal's linguistic works: Misteli, is worth study- ing as a general survey of the different types of language structure. Simultaneously with the study of philology the student ought to study the history of the literature.

Both studies are closely associated and supplement each other. Henry Paul in his "Methodenlehre" "Grundriss der germanischen Philolo- gie" says: Such an attitude may be compared to the careful examination of the catalogue of a picture gallery without paying any attention to the pictures. A text on literature is only valuable in so far as it serves as a guide, which presents the results in a systematic order; it may be useful for preparation, for help, or to avoid useless reading, but it should only serve as a means and not as an end in itself.

The study of the Spanish literature has therefore necessarily to be accompanied by the reading of the principal literary monuments of the different periods, because the best descrip- tion, or the most eloquent exposition never can take the place of the direct study of the work nor the personal impression it leaves on the reader. Well versed in all the modern literatures, especially the French and English, he renders his work more readable and valuable by making striking com- parisons, and citing references familiar to the English reader.

Indirectly he sketches the influence that Spanish literature had — 27 — in Europe and its relations to other literatures. In this work has fortunately been translated by Adolfo Bonilla y San Martin, the Spanish edition containing a fine introduction written by Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, the most eminent of Spanish scholars and critics. The second Spanish edition of this book has been published in , and is a translation from the French. This work has also been translated into Spanish and honored with a preface by Rufino Jose Cuervo.

El intruso by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez

A history of Spanish literature published in Germany which deserves to be mentioned is Ferdinand Wolf's "Studien zur Geschichte der spanischen und portugiesischen Nationallitera- tur" Berlin , a work which in some respects is unsur- passed even today. The Spanish edition brings the studies up to date and contains notes by Marcelino Menendez y Pe- layo.

The "Spanische Literatur" by G. Baist in the first volume of G. Grober's "Grundlagen der romanischen Philologie" Strassburg is a model of exact scholarship. The "His- tory of Spanish Literature" by George Ticknor Boston , especially the Spanish edition annotated by Gayangos y Vedia, was considered an authority for a long time, but today it is antiquated, although it has not lost its value entirely.

Lemcke in his "Handbuch der spanischen Literatur" Leip- zig — 56 shows good taste and independence of judg- ment. Students who know Italian and French may also use the "Letteratura spagnuola" Milano by Licurgo Cappalletti, the "Manuale di letteratura spagnuola" Milano by Bernardo Sanvisenti. This book is written in a clear and vigorous style and contains an abundance of notes and excellent discussions of various literary problems; but the most interesting feature of this book lies in the combining of the history of the Spanish language with that of its literature.

The others which have been published are nothing more than a compilation of literary data, like the "Historia critica de la literatura espaiiola" by Amador de los Rios, the "Resumen historico-critico de la li- teratura espafiola segun los estudios y descubrimientos mas recientes" Madrid by Angel Salcedo Ruiz. This author has also written, together with Manual Alvarez, a "Historia de Espaiia, resumen critico e historia grafica de la civilizacion espaiiola" Madrid An extensive summary of the dif- ferent literary epochs up to the beginning of the XIX century is contained in the "Historia de Espaiia y de la civilizacion espafiola" Barcelona in 4 vols, by Rafael Altamira y Crevea.

And last but not least the two little volumes of Dr. Beer's "Spanische Literaturgeschichte" Sammlung Goschen which gives a concise, clear and vivid description of the Spanish literature and contains a useful bibliography, should not be forgotten. Apuntes para una historia de la literatura hispano-americana a principios del siglo XX" Paris may be recommended.

It is impossible to study the history of literature as an iso- lated entity. Literatures act and react upon each other at cer- — 29 — lain periods, and the student who seeks to unravel the literary- history of a country with real understanding should possess some knowledge of these influences and causes. Works which give a comparative study of Spanish literature in special re- lation to its point of contact with the English literature is Martin Hume's "Spanish Influence on English Literature" London , and Fitzmaurice-Kelly's "The Relations be- tween Spanish and English Literature. He must first try to get a clear survey of the chief periods and their inter-relation, and then should he devote to its leaders and leading causes a greater attention.

A mistake which the beginner too often makes is that he tries to special- ize too early, in the false supposition that he will in this way most rapidly obtain a historical-critical sense. Only in this way does the student acquire the ability to judge correctly a literary production. Without a knowledge of all the periods in their principal outlines the student falls into infructuous dilettantism.

The history of various branches of Spanish literature has also been separately investigated. It is the only history of the Spanish drama which one can read from beginning to end with interest and profit.

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