Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization (Democratization Studies)
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Attention is paid to post-conflict situations and semi-authoritarian regimes where democratization has stalled, and international support of democratic decentralization is assessed. Request an e-inspection copy. The Bookshelf application offers access: Offline Computer — Download Bookshelf software to your desktop so you can view your eBooks with or without Internet access. The country you have selected will result in the following: Product pricing will be adjusted to match the corresponding currency.
The title will be removed from your cart because it is not available in this region. The October elections were supposed to bring a relatively smooth restoration of democracy, but things went terribly wrong. In July, a new constitution was adopted and approved by referendum but controversies regarding electoral and citizenship laws tainted the electoral process.
The Supreme Court told the two most popular opposition parties that they could not present candidates and Alassane Ouattara, a former Prime Minister, was excluded from the race on the grounds of its contested nationality. Ultimately General Guei was forced out of office by protests in October after he re following his refusal to fused to step down despite losing the elections to Laurent Gbagbo, leader of the oldest opposition party, the Front Populaire Ivoirien FPI.
Another round of consultations took place on 15 February. Open and transparent local elections were held in 25 March. However, the EU demanded a national and multiparty dialogue, national reconciliation and legal proceedings concerning human rights abuses. The resumption of full co-operation would depend on the progress achieved, pending a further review in January Eventually, the E C U normalized its cooperation. In March , it increased its macroeconomic support to 56 million euros and adopted a million euro five-year program covering the period On 19 May , a group of armed men stormed the Parliament, taking hostage its members, the Prime Minister and forty members of the government.
On 29 May, the head of the army, Commodore Frank Bainiramara, with the consent of the President who stepped aside, assumed executive power and repealed the multi-ethnic Constitution. On 6 June, the military government outlined a plan to restore civil order, which appeared to accede to the demands of the coup plotters for the restoration of the supremacy of ethnic-Fijians in government. The armed insurrection was immediately condemned by the Presidency of the EU.
You've successfully reported this review. International efforts to support democratic decentralisation and civil society in particular are assessed. As table 1 shows, this kind of assistance increased significantly over the years, in absolute as well as in relative terms. A recent study of E C U aid towards ACP countries found that the performance of a country in terms of political rights and civil liberties plays only a minor role in the allocation of E C U aid and factors such as the degree of openness and human development play no significant role Wolf and Spoden Nevertheless , serious cases of corruption, including bribery, are now grounds to suspend for suspending the co-operation article The Europeanization of European Politics.
Consultations under articles 9 and 96 of the Cotonou Convention were held with the de-facto government of Fiji. It demanded four benchmarks to be met: Nevertheless, the Council EC suspended all investment projects under the European Development Fund EDF programs until free and fair elections were held and a legitimate government ha d s assumed office. New aid commitments would be conditioned upon the progress made towards the restoration of democracy, as assessed by compliance with the benchmarks.
The Council would revoke these measures when democracy is was fully restored. Tensions between ethnic Fijians and ethnic Indians continued to escalate, however. In July , the EU threatened to tighten its sanctions. In late August-September , parliamentary elections were held and judged relatively free and fair by international observers. The four cases illustrate the difficulties of conducting political dialogue in a consistent and systematic manner.
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They clearly demonstrate that the operational mechanisms within the Commission to manage these instruments have not been sufficiently been clarified. They also indicate that there is only a narrow range of circumstances in which the consultation procedure of the suspension mechanism can be invoked. In the latter cases, such as Zimbabwe, the semi-authoritarian regime resists and resents having its legitimacy contested by outside actors.
The increasing acrimony and confrontation between the regime and the EU makes it particularly difficult to apply a positive approach of support and inducement as long as the autocratic leaders remain in power. However, the legitimacy of European electoral observation is often criticized as undue interference in domestic affairs. It becomes thus urgent to devise more legitimate processes of international electoral observation, based perhaps on existing multilateral arrangements and involving existing regional organizations.
The Limits to EU Policy Formulation and Implementation Capacity Clearly, while progress has been made in recent years, E C U democracy assistance policy still lacks clarity, coherence, and consistency. Within the Commission itself, responsibility for encouraging democracy abroad remains fragmented and divided between several directorate generals, in particular external relations, enlargement, and development assistance.
The creation of the Europe Aid Co-operation Office may well enhance the management of aid but may also further complicate the translation of broad policy goals into consistent operational strategie s. Indeed, most changes have tended to focus on procedural improvements, while limited progress has been made on the far more important issue of linking resources to strategic objectives. However, long-term democracy assistance work more often takes places within the realm of development co-operation. At the operational level, there remain thorny issues.
The new system of performance-based programming process is likely to be more demanding than ever , and the EU D d elegations are likely to bear the heaviest burden. Moreover, conducting structured political dialogue and organising broadly based consultations will inevitably lengthen prolong programming. Although this may ultimately increase the effectiveness of aid, the articulation of country strategies, the monitoring of government performance and the regular review of the quality of democratic governance are particularly challenging endeavours requiring sustained efforts and specialised skills.
In order to assess democracy and governance in partner countries, the E C U is increasingly relying on quantitative performance indicators. Less attention has been given to the manner in which performance indicators are identified, specified and monitored. The method is as important as the indicators themselves. The strategic planning department would support country delegations in the design of country assistance strategies and ensure the consistent application of policy guidelines.
A Democracy and Government Governance Unit should perhaps be established. It would provide critical institutional support to the country delegations, which remain the central locus for conducting political dialogue in specific countries, as each case is unique. The unit would work out methods to assess democratic governance and identify the performance indicators for monitoring progress or detecting regress. Policy research and evaluation capabilities should be dramatically enhanced.
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The E C U aid apparatus still lacks the research capacities of institutions such as the World Bank and encounters difficulties in setting its own agenda and having its voice heard in multilateral forums. The need for more coherent aid policies and strategies should not lead the EU to adopt the agenda of the International Financial Institutions IFIs , but rather to influence it and challenge it. After all, the identity of E C U aid is founded on its distinctively political character and approach.
But challenging the intellectual monopoly of the IFIs on aid polices and the predominance of economic approaches to development will require the E C U to enhance its credibility as an innovator and leader in development thinking. The establishment of the Quality Support Group QSG is evidence of the current efforts at enhancing the quality of programming, but fails to address the central question of strategy and the translation of general objectives into coherent policies and consistent programmes.
A systematic review of the suspension mechanism since should be conducted.
It is thus essential to have a critical look at how it can be improved to better manage these politically sensitive processes. International Cooperation for Democratization London: Burnside, Craig, and David Dollar. International Co-operation for Democratization London: Frank Cass , pp. Collier, Paul, and David Dollar.
What Have We Learnt? World Bank, Research Paper, October.
Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization
Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. Cox, Aidan, and Jenny Chapman. Policies, Management and Distribution Brussels: Foreign Aid and Political Reform: European Union Development Policy London: Mac Millan Press , pp. Johns Hopkins University Press. Cambridge University Press, Nobel Symposium 93 , pp. Aid and Reform in Africa: Towards a Stronger Political Partnership Maastricht: How to Co-operate with Politically Fragile States? Kampala, Uganda, February. European Court of Auditors. Communication from the Commission on Conflict Prevention Brussels, A White Paper Brussels, Commission Staff Working Paper: Challenges and Options for a Renewed Partnership Brussels: COM 97 final, 21 May.
Peace-building, Conflict Prevention and Beyond Brussels, Gwin, Catherine, and Joan Nelson.
Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization - CRC Press Book
Etudes du CERI EU Crisis Response Capability: Institutions and Processes for Conflict Management Brussels: ICG Issues Report 2. Additions to IDA Resources: Kapur, Devesh, and Richard Webb. How European Aid Work: Your request to send this item has been completed.
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